1. Research objective and study rationale: [250-word maximum] What is the primary research objective of this study? 。 What is the rationale for this objective (i.e., the reason(s) that it is important to achieve the objective(s) or to answer the research question(s))? In terms of public health importance and contribution to knowledge, how strong is the rationale for this study and how well is it presented by the authors (e.g., conceptual framework, supporting evidence, logic)? 。 How well grounded is the rationale in the published literature (e.g., biological, epidemiological)? 2. Study design and study population: [250-word maximum] o Identify the important design features of the study, such as its basic design structure (e.g., case-control, cohort, cross-sectional, experimental) and how the/ndesign was implemented (e.g., incident vs. prevalent cases, randomization by group, whether data are collected multiple times, whether follow-up is involved and how it is carried out, etc.). 。 Compared to other reasonable choices, what are the advantages and disadvantages of this study design and its features for the specific objective(s) or question(s)? What is the study population for this investigation? 。 What are the major eligibility criteria (inclusion and exclusion criteria)? 。 How suited is this choice of study population, including eligibility criteria, for the objectives of the study? 3. Key variables, measures, and data collection methods: [250-word maximum] 。 What are the key variables and what are their roles (e.g., primary outcome or dependent variable, "exposure" or independent variable, potential confounders and other covariables)? 。 How are these variables defined and measured? 。 What are the major modes by which data are being collected (e.g., self- administered questionnaire, interviewer-administered questionnaire, medical record review, biological specimens)? 。 How suited are these variables, their definitions, their measurement methods, and the data collection modes for the objective(s) and rationale of this study? 。 Would other methods have been better for meeting the objectives? If yes, which methods and why? 4. Study conduct and quality control: [250-word maximum] 。 How has the study population been recruited (e.g., patients in a clinic, volunteers from advertisements, random digit dialing, area sampling of households)? ■ If different groups of participants are recruited through different mechanisms (e.g., cases and controls, exposed and unexposed), provide this information for each primary group). 。 What steps were taken to minimize non-participation and selective factors in recruitment? In retention? How effective were these steps? 。 How successful, overall, was the data collection? What major steps were taken to improve and document the accuracy of the data collected?/n5. Data analysis: [250-word maximum] 。 What are the key questions the analysis sought to answer? What was the analytic strategy? What was estimated; what was compared? What considerations did these estimates/comparisons involve? What are the primary statistical analysis techniques used (e.g., contingency tables, comparison of means, stratified analysis, regression modeling, graphical analysis)? What were the primary statistical measures estimated (e.g., mean, prevalence, incidence, incidence rate ratios, odds ratios)? How well suited were these approaches and choices to the objectives of the study and study design? Do you think other approaches or techniques should have been used instead or in addition? 。 How well do the authors examine possible influences of factors other than the primary ones under study (e.g., factors that may confound or modify the primary variables under study)? How well do the authors identify, measure, and control for potentially confounding factors?/n6. Findings: [250-word maximum] 。 What are the main findings, including both those related to the primary study question(s) and other important results? 。 Are there particular results you think are most important? 。 How well have the authors reported and presented their findings? 。 Are there additional results or analyses that you believe should have been reported, data that should have been shown? Are the findings generalizable to the target population and potentially other populations? 7. Potential issues in interpreting the findings: [250-word maximum] 。 Does the study population seem to reflect the target population well? What sources of selection bias, if any, are likely to be a problem? 。 What are the major possible sources of information bias and other threats to validity that are important for interpreting the findings? How well did the authors discuss these threats to validity? Did the authors present them objectively, evaluate their likely importance, and provide evidence in support of that evaluation? 。 Did the authors conduct any specific analyses to evaluate reliability, validity, selection bias, or information bias? What were the results of these analyses? 8. Linkage with previous knowledge: [250-word maximum] 。 How well did the authors compare their results to the findings from other relevant studies? How well did the authors discuss reasons for differences between previous findings and their own? 。 How well did the authors evaluate the evidence concerning the study objective(s) or question(s) with regards to possible biological or other mechanisms that could account for their findings and other criteria for causal inference? In what ways, if any, have the authors advanced previous knowledge?/n9. Conclusions, implications, and recommendations: [250-word maximum] 。 What are the primary conclusions? Are they stated clearly? 。 How well are the conclusions supported by the findings and discussion? 。 How directly do the conclusions relate to the primary study objective(s) and rationale? 。 How well did the authors address implications of their study and give insightful recommendations for next steps. Are there any additional items you would identify that the authors did not indicate? 10. Overview of strengths and limitations: [250-word maximum] What were the key strengths of this study with regards to its objective(s) and accomplishments? 。 What were the key limitations of this study with regards to its objective(s) and o accomplishments? 。 What would be needed to overcome the limitations?

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