Assignment 8 Hide Assignment Information Instructions Directions: Be sure to save an electronic copy of your answer before submitting it to Ashworth College for grading. Unless otherwise stated, answer in

complete sentences, and be sure to use correct English, spelling, and grammar. Sources must be cited in APA format. Your response should be four (4) double- spaced pages; refer to the “Format Requirements” page for specific format requirements. Part A: Sleep Stages Your textbook describes the different stages of sleep. Write the following: Describe slow-wave sleep and REM sleep. Be sure to include the brain activity that takes place during these two stages what an EEG recording looks like during each of these two stages Part B: Types of Learning There are four basic forms of learning: perceptual learning stimulus-response learning motor learning relational learning Write the following: Describe two of these types of learning. Provide at least two (2) examples for each of these of a situation in which each of these types of learning occurs, being sure to cite your sources. Part C: Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Definition, Cause & Treatment One of your family members has been experiencing symptoms similar to generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The family member has asked you for help with finding treatment. You decide you want to research the disorder before you offer your help. Write the following: Give the definition of GAD and (2) causes and (2) treatment options for GAD. Part D: Substance Abuse: Role of Reinforcement and Physical Dependence Your textbook discusses the roles that reinforcement and physical dependence play in substance abuse. Write the following: Describe how these processes contribute to the abuse of either alcohol or opiates. This is reading lecture: Welcome to the final lesson! You've worked hard to get here, and you're nearing the finish line. Schizophrenia Let's begin by taking a look at schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder that affects the way an individual thinks, feels, and behaves. These individuals may seem to have lost touch with reality. Symptoms of this disorder usually appear around ages 16 to 30. Symptoms can either be positive, negative, or cognitive. Example of positive symptoms are hallucinations and delusions. Negative symptoms may be a reduced feeling of pleasure or a "flat" affect-that is, they will have little emotion, either up or down. The difference between positive and negative symptoms are that positive symptoms with something is added (i.e., delusions), while in negative symptoms something is removed (i.e., feelings of pleasure). Cognitive symptoms involve trouble focusing or poor executive functioning. It is also important to be aware of the heritability, pharmacology, and neurological components associated with schizophrenia (National Institute of Mental Health, 2020b). Genetic and environmental factors both play a role in the development of schizophrenia. Recent research has shown that substance abuse - particularly maternal smoking - is a risk factor for the development of schizophrenia. Marijuana use, particularly during adolescence, is associated with increased incidence of schizophrenia in adulthood. Researchers are actively conducting additional studies to investigate the possible relationship between marijuana and psychosis. Originally, the category of schizophrenia was used very broadly. As understanding of schizophrenia increased, however, the definition became more specific. Schizophrenia might not be a single disease as traditionally thought but instead a collection of multiple disorders with similar symptoms that affect the brain differently. Review these two links to gain additional insight on schizophrenia: An Introduction to Schizophrenia Schizophrenia Test Affective Disorders Affective disorders, such as bipolar disorder (BPD) and major depressive disorder (MDD), are also serious and damaging mental illnesses that impact the diagnosed individual, their family, and sometimes the community. Bipolar disorder, formally referred to as manic depressive disorder, is a disorder that involves shifts in moods, energy, activity level, and the capacity to complete day-to day tasks. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (2020a), there are three main types of bipolar disorder: Bipolar I - In Bipolar I, manic symptoms last at least seven days and can get to the point where the individual needs to be hospitalized. This manic episode is followed by depression that usually lasts for about two weeks. Bipolar II - Bipolar II involves patterns of depression and hypomania (a mild form of mania). Individuals with disorder do not have a fully manic episode. Cyclothymic disorder - This involves several episodes of both hypomanic and depressive symptoms that last for around two years, but the behavior does not meet the diagnostic criteria to be diagnosed for hypomania and depression. Disorders where individuals display bipolar symptoms that do not meet the criteria for the other three disorders are referred to as “other specified and unspecified bipolar related disorders." There is a tendency to romanticize bipolar disorder and other mental disorders, as we sometimes see on social media and television. What are the symptoms or physiological effects of bipolar disorder that might facilitate creativity? The following is a list of some of the symptoms that can be witnessed in an individual diagnosed with BPD: Manic symptoms include Feel very "up," "high," or elated Have a lot of energy Have increased activity levels Feel "jumpy" or "wired" Have trouble sleeping Become more active than usual Talk really fast about a lot of different things Be agitated, irritable, or "touchy" Feel like their thoughts are going very fast Think they can do a lot of things at once Do risky things, like spend a lot of money or have reckless sex Depressive symptoms include Feel very sad, down, empty, or hopeless Have very little energy Have decreased activity levels Have trouble sleeping, they may sleep too little or too much Feel like they can't enjoy anything Feel worried and empty Have trouble concentrating Forget things a lot Eat too much or too little Feel tired or "slowed down" Think about death or suicide (National Institute of Mental Health, 2020a) Circadian rhythms play a role in affective disorders. Sleep is disrupted in those who have depression. Sleep is fragmented. and REM sleep occurs earlier in the night. Additionally, new mothers who experience sleep disruption are at increased risk for postpartum depression. A promising new treatment for postpartum depression is the drug brexanolone. This drug works differently from other antidepressant medications and acts on the GABAA receptor. Anxiety Disorders Approximately 31 percent of adults have experienced some form of anxiety in their lifetime. The prevalence of anxiety disorders was found to be higher in females (23.4 percent) than males (14.3 percent). In 2017, roughly 19 percent of the population was diagnosed with some kind of anxiety disorder. Take a moment to review the following link that gives information on the characteristics, causes, and available treatment for anxiety disorders: Anxiety Disorders Let's talk for a minute about stress. We've looked at stress off and on throughout these lessons, but Chapter 18 looks at it in depth. Stress is defined as the body's reaction to a situation that one deems harmful. When the brain senses harm, the body releases a chemical that puts the body in protection mode, or "fight or flight." During this time, the heart-rate and blood pressure will increase, muscles tense, and breathing quickens. Stress can be helpful in some cases and our body can handle a certain amount of stress. However, when we are exposed to the hormones and chemicals released during stress over a prolonged period of time, this can cause health problems such as, depression, anxiety, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and sexual dysfunction (“Stress Symptoms," 2019). Addiction