Background In dealing with real world problems uncertainties are unavoidable. Under the conditions of uncertainty, the design and planning of engineering systems must take into account risks, which involve probability and consequences. The acceptable levels of risk in the design and planning a system are closely related to its functionality. For example, if the failure of the system would pose significant human health or ecosystem hazard, lower level of risk can be tolerated. Thus, the system must be designed based on events and characteristics that are not likely to occur but have colossal adverse consequences. In the design of any system of interest, the tradeoffs between cost of abating risk and cost of losses from risk must be taken into account. Cost-benefit analysis (CBA), a version of decision analysis, is increasingly embedded in the decision making and risk analysis on the public policy agenda. CBA involves weighting the total expected costs against the total expected benefits of different scenarios, while benefits and costs are expresses in monetary terms. CBA may provide a common rule by which to make necessary comparisons. For many risk issues, however, the values of different elements could be extremely account. Cost-benefit analysis (CBA), a version of decision analysis, is increasingly embedded in the decision making and risk analysis on the public policy agenda. CBA involves weighting the total expected costs against the total expected benefits of different scenarios, while benefits and costs are expresses in monetary terms. CBA may provide a common rule by which to make necessary comparisons. For many risk issues, however, the values of different elements could be extremely difficult or impossible to quantify. In these cases, aggregation of different criteria into a single decision-making variable (such as total cost or benefit-cost ratio) may not be feasible. Scenario Scenario The recent 9.1 magnitude earthquake in Japan triggered a devastating tsunami that culminated in the death of thousands of people and the destruction of many houses. With the benefit of hindsight, lower levels of risk should have been accepted when designing the built environment in the area. In this project, you are given the task of determining an optimal level of risk and its corresponding earthquake magnitude for the design of buildings in Japan. However, the scope of this scenario is limited to the construction (cost of risk abatement) and damage cost (cost of losses from risk) of buildings. Incorporation of loss of human lives and ecological hazards would require more rigorous analysis. Objectives The objectives of the project are to: graphically illustrate the occurrence of major earthquakes in Japan over the 1900-2021 period. • fit statistical models to the earthquake magnitude data for Japan. • select a model that fits the data best using Objectives The objectives of the project are to: graphically illustrate the occurrence of major earthquakes in Japan over the 1900-2021 period. • fit statistical models to the earthquake magnitude data for Japan. • select a model that fits the data best using graphical evaluation and goodness-of-fit measures. • compute the earthquake magnitude at varying levels of risk. • estimate cost of risk abatement (construction cost), cost of losses from risk (damage cost) and total cost. identify the optimal level of risk and corresponding earthquake magnitude. Equations 1 and 2 can be used to estimate the abatement cost (c₁) and damage cost (c2) in US dollars, respectively: C1 c₁ = 4.8(x − 1.95) 12 - Eq. 1 C₂ = = 4500 exp[−6.8 (x — 9.9)] - Eq. 2 where x is the design earthquake magnitude. The total cost is c₁+C2. Note that as the design C1 = - : 4.8(x — 1.95) 12 Eq. 1 C2 = 4500 exp[−6.8 (x — 9.9)] Eq. 2 where x is the design earthquake magnitude. The total cost is c₁+C2. Note that as the design earthquake magnitude increases, the capacity of the system to withstand earthquake loading increases. Thus, the cost of damages decreases as the design earthquake magnitude increases. Conversely, the cost of abating risk (i.e., construction cost) increases as the design earthquake magnitude increases. These relationships may be used to compute the cost- benefit plot and the optimal design earthquake magnitude. Assume that the cost of damages (D in billion U.S. dollars) in the region can be obtained as a function of earthquake magnitude (m) in Richter: D = h (m) = 0.18 (m − 6)5.8 ; m > 6 richter - E 3/n Mapping where things are The simplest form of geographic analysis is to show features on a map and let the viewer do the analysis in the mind's eye. It falls on the cartographer to use various colors and symbols and to group data in a logical manner so the viewer can clearly see the information being highlighted. More complex methods involve categorizing the data, and designing symbology for each category. The most basic of maps simply show where things are without complicated analysis. These can be very useful and enhanced by symbolizing different categories. By symbolizing categories you can show both location and some characteristics of the features. Objectives Add data from ArcGIS server and other resources to ArcGIS Pro Add XY data to Arc GIS Pro Determine a display strategy Overview of symbology options ■ Work with "Graduated Symbols " symbology ■ Create map layouts Add a legend Set legend options Export maps Data 1. ArcGIS World Topographic Map 2. The Significant Earthquake Database for Japan over the 1900-2023 period from National Geospatial Data Center Scenario Your company has been hired to create a geographic map of the location and magnitude of major earthquakes for Japan over the 1900-2018 period. This map will be viewed by a diverse audience with different levels of expertise in geographic analysis. Thus, the map should only include information that can be easily interpreted by the viewers and should not include complicated details. 1 Analysis Start ArcMap Pro and create a map document 1. Using a PC in one of the ETS labs, open ArcGIS Pro. 2. Create a map project. ArcGIS Pro Home Learning Resources Settings New Project Map Catalog Global Scene Local Scene Start without a template 3. Name the project "Mapping”. 4. Specify the location of the project (preferably in your network drive folder). Create a New Project Name Mapping Location eople\1-Arabi\Teaching\CSU\CIVE203\Spring2024\Final Project × Create a new folder for this project OK Cancel ArcGIS Pro by default adds a basemap to the map project. Note that you can change the base map using from the Map > Basemap menu. Add XY Earthquake Data 1. From top menu in ArcMap Pro, click Add Data → click XY Point Data. Data Project Map Insert Analysis View Edit Imagery *Cut Share Add Graphics Add data to the map. Data From Path УККА Paste v Copy Copy Path Clipboard ЯК КУ Explore Bookmarks Go To XY Basemap Add Data Navigate ☑ Layer Add data using a local path or URL. XY Point Data Add x,y point data to the map. 2 2. The XY Table to Point tool opens in the left pane. Specify the following: • Input Table: Browse to the folder where the final project data is saved, select the EQ_ Japan.csv as the input table. Output Feature Class: Specify the location and name of the Japan earthquake shapefile. ArcGIS Pro by default saves the layers in the geodatabase for the map project in the folder where it is saved. • X Filed: Longitude • Y Field: Latitude Geoprocessing + XY Table To Point Parameters Environments Input Table EQ Japan.csv Output Feature Class EQ Japan X Field Longitude Y Field Latitude Z Field Coordinate system: GCS_WGS_1984 • • Click Run Coordinate System GCS_WGS_1984 ДХ ArcGIS Pro creates a point shapefile of the XY data and adds it to the Contents Pane. The map by default zoos in to the extent of the project data. Mapping P Command Search (Alt+Q) Project Map Insert Analysis View Edit Imagery Share T Feature Layer Mazdak - Colorado State University MA Labeling Data ㅁ BA Pause Lock 團 УККА Paste Explore Bookmarks Go Clipboard Contents Search To XY Navigate Layer ДХ Map X 0v Select Select By Select By Attributes Location Selection Measure Locate Infographics Coordinate Conversion Inquiry Convert Offline Labeling √ Drawing Order Map EQ Japan World Topographic Map World Hillshade Beijing Tianjin Shenyang Wuhan Shanghai Hong Kong 1:22,087,849 Taipei Pyongyang Seoul SOUTH KOREA JAPAN Tokyo 3 158.5974851°E 28.2966052°N ✓ Selected Features: 0 Review the attribute table of the Japan_EQ.shp layer 1. In the Contents Pane, right-click the EQ_Japan layer → click Attribute Table. 2. Review the various fields (columns) and records (rows) in the table. 3. Note that empty cells in the table are “Null” in the attribute table. 4. Close the attribute table. ⠀⠀⠀EQ Japan x Field: Add Calculate Selection: 目 Select By Attributes Zoom To Switch Clear Delete Copy OBJECTID * Shape * Year Mo Dy Name 1 1 Point 1900 1 11 JAPAN: SEA OF JAPAN Latitude Longitude Field7 Deaths Injuries Damge Houses_destroyed Houses_Damaged 36.5 133.5 7.8 <Null> <Null> <Null> <Null> <Null> 2 2 Point 1901 8 9 JAPAN: OFF NORTHEA... 40.6 142.3 8.2 3 3 Point 1904 8 24 JAPAN: KYUSHU 30 130 18 <Null> <Null> 7.9 <Null> <Null> <Null> 8 <Null> <Null> <Null> 4 4 Point 1905 6 2 JAPAN: AKI 34 132 7.8 11 <Null> <Null> 59 59 5 5 Point 1906 1 21 JAPAN: NEAR S COAST... 34 138 8.4 <Null> <Null> <Null> <Null> <Null> 6 6 Point 1909 11 10 JAPAN: KYUSHU 32 131 7 7 Point 1910 5 22 JAPAN: HOKKAIDO 42 145 7.9 <Null> <Null> <Null> 7.5 <Null> <Null> <Null> <Null> <Null> <Null> <Null> K0 of 88 selected Filters: ㅓ + 100% ▼ = Change the symbology of the earthquake data based on the magnitude field 1. In the Contents Pane, right-click the EQ_Japan layer → click Symbology. The symbology tool opens in the right pane. Primary Symbology Advanced Symbology Options 2. From the Primary Symbology menu, select Graduated Colors. Note the other options for changing the symbology of a layer based on the fields in its attribute table. Specify the following inputs in the tool: • Field: Magnitude (note the other fields from the attribute table) • Method (Natural Breaks (note the other options) • Classes: 7 • Color scheme: Use a color scheme (e.g., Yellow-Orange-Red Continuous). 3. From the Advanced Symbology Options menu, click format Labels. Specify: • Format Labels: Numeric • Decimal Places: 1 • Click Enter. 4. Note the legend of the layer in the Contents Pane. 5. Note that the size of symbology of the data can be changed by another attribute using the Vary Symbology by Attribute menu. Using the menu options, specify: 4 • Field: Magnitude • Check the Ebale Size Range box. Change the Minimum and Maximum values to 2 and 10, respectively. • Click Enter. 6. lick the title of the layer in the Contents pane, change the title of the layer to “Japan Major Earthquake 1900-2023". 7. Click the sub-title of the layer in the Contents pane, change the title of the layer to Magnitude (0-9.9). V Mapping P Command Search (Alt+Q) Project Мар Insert Analysis View Edit Imagery Share Feature Layer Data Mazdak Colorado State University MA Labeling ? ☐ X Pause Lock 199 УККА + v Pastel Explore ***Bookmarks Go ☑ To XY Select Select By Select By Attributes Location Measure Locate Infographics Coordinate Conversion Convert Download Map Clipboard Navigate K Layer Selection Inquiry Labeling Γ Offline Contents 4X Map Layout Symbology - Japan Major Earthquak... x Search Drawing Order Map Japan Major Earthquake 1900-2023 Magnitude (0-9.9) Shenyang Beijing Pyongyang ° 6.0-6.3 • 6.4 - 6.7 • 6.8 -7.1 • 7.2-7.4 • 7.5-7.8 7.9-8.4 Shanghai Wuhan 8.5-9.1 о World Topographic Map World Hillshade Taipei Hong Kong Manila Seoul 09 JAPAN O Tokyo Sea of Okhotsk Vary symbology by attribute ✓ Size Field Normalization Magnitude <None> pt ☑ Enable size range Minimum 2 pt Maximum 10 pt 6► 9.1 9.1 Refresh values Show legend 1:31,322,317 944444°E 10.6458922 Selected Features: 0113 Catalog Symbology Geoprocessing = Create a map layout and save the map as an image 1. From the map project top menu, select Insert → select New Layout → Custom Page Size. In the Layout Properties window, Specify: • Width: 6.5 in • Height: 4 in Orientation: Landscape • • Click OK. 2. Insert the Map into the Layout: • From top menu, select Insert → Map Frame → Select the second tile under Map. • 3. Add a legend to the layout: Draw a window in the layout where you would like the map to be placed. • From top menu, select Insert → Legend → Select Legend 1. 5