CE 431L Summer 2024 (Section I) Water Treatment Lab Lab #4 Determination of Nutrients Prepare an individual long report for this lab. Introduction The purpose of this lab is to evaluate the removal of phosphate (PO4) from water by coagulation. The concentration of PO³will be measured by the Hach photometric method. Furthermore, the PO³ concentration in tap water and Raw Red River water will be also measured. Experimental procedures: Coagulation and settling. 1) Collect 1 L tap water in each of the six jars. 2) Add coagulant (alum) at the following dosages (see Table 1), and measure and record the initial phosphate concentration in the jar. 3) Start the coagulation (rapid mixing, 150 rpm for 1 min) and flocculation (slow mixing, 40 rpm for 15 min) processes at different alum doses 4) At the end of the slow stirring period, stop the stirrer. 5) After 20 minutes of settling, during which time the jars should not be disturbed, pipette out sufficient supernatant and test it for phosphate. Table 1. Jar number Volume of alum stock solution added (mL) Alum dosage (mg/L) Experimental details and results: . 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 4 6 10 20 40 60 80 100 Report the data collected. Table 2. Experimental data collected during coagulation and flocculation processes Jar # Volume of alum stock solution Alum added (mL) dosage (mg/L) concentration Phosphate (PO4³) (mg/L) Raw water 0.76 1 10 0.52 2 2 20 0.41 3 4 40 0.28 4 6 60 0.35 5 8 80 0.18 6 10 100 0.13 0.25 River CE 431L Summer 2024 (Section I) Water Treatment Lab Include the following in your report: 1. Experimental design and procedure: Describe the experimental steps and chemicals/reagents to be used. Check the handout of Hach's methods. 2. Report the value of PO43 in Grand Forks tap water by the photometric method. 3. Report the values of PO4 in coagulated water. 4. Discuss the effects of nutrients (phosphate and nitrogen) on water quality. 5. Discuss the effects of nutrients (phosphate and nitrogen) in tap water on public health based on the WHO's Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44584/1/9789241548151_eng.pdf). 6. Discuss the mechanism of PO4³removal by coagulation. 7. Comment on the sources of PO4³-in tap water. 8. Discuss internal source of phosphate in urban lakes and different fate of phosphate in an oligotrophic lake and in a eutrophic lake.

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CE 431L Summer 2024 (Section I) Water Treatment Lab Lab #4 Determination of Nutrients Prepare an individual long report for this lab. Introduction The purpose of this lab is to evaluate the removal of phosphate (PO4) from water by coagulation. The concentration of PO³will be measured by the Hach photometric method. Fu