CHAPTER 3: Methodology Research Design The purpose of this study is to be the motivations and reasons behind why Asian Americans choose to enter the field of education as professionals.

It is important to explore this important topic because despite the growing population of Asian Americans in the United States, they are still underrepresented in the field of education. This research study would be focused on teacher diversity and specifically the decision making process of Asian Americans, who are thinking about becoming a teacher. The applicability of the narrative approach for this study are discussed in-depth in this chapter. The research plan, including the methodology, study participants, procedures, analysis method, and ethical concerns are also primary components of this chapter. Research Questions The research questions for this study are: 1) What are the personal, cultural, and societal factors that influence Asian Americans' decision to become teachers? 2) What are the most significant barriers, in the eyes of Asian educators in the state of New Jersey, to entering the teaching profession and remaining in the profession? 3) What proposals for policy change may assist the recruitment and retention of Asian educators? Capital Cultural Theory Push and Pull Theory Theories Social Cognitive Theory This theory posits that people learn by observing others and then imitating what they observe. It also emphasizes the role of reinforcement in shaping behavior. It can help us understand why some Asian Americans choose to become teachers and why some do not. By observing and imitating those who have chosen to become teacher. Research Site For this study, I will rely on a database of teacher candidate names that is available to me through my work at the College of Education particularly in the Office of Teacher Certification and Alternate Route Programs where I assist in certifying candidates seeking New Jersey certifications for Initial Teacher Programs (BA/MA Tracks), Education Leadership and Education Services Programs. Certification applications are submitted to the Office of Teacher Certification in order for candidates to receive a license from the New Jersey Department of Education. Participants The participants for this study will be of New Jersey residents who are of Asian heritage and who are employed in the area of education is the demographic of interest. This study would target teachers from Elementary, High School, and University levels. The target number of participants is set to 10-15 teachers. The sample would be different for each phase, but the number will remain the same. The sample would be an even representation of Asian-American teachers in the New Jersey area. Data Collection The study will be done through an exploratory sequential design. The data will be collected using a combination of open ended and close-ended questions. The data collection will occur online through the use of Survey Monkey (www.surveymonkey.com) and paper surveys that will be given to a large number of individuals, both personally in workshops and conferences and through mass mailings. The data will be analyzed using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative analysis will consist of in-depth interviews with 5-10 Asian American and Pacific Islander teachers aspiring to become a teacher. The proposal includes a descriptive analysis of the interviews as well as an analysis of the rise of Asian American voices in education and how they are used in educational discourse. However, due to time constraints it is necessary that this be the last stage of data collection and analysis. The second stage of analysis will be quantitative through the use of shorter survey, which will be given to a large number of individuals. The data collection will occur between September 2023 and December 2023. The data will be collected in a number of ways. First, through the use of a long survey that will be given to Asian American and Pacific Islander teachers by email. Second, another survey will be used for school leaders and Asians who are not in the Education field. This data collection is the primary focus of this proposal. By collecting this information in the Summer 2023 as a possible jumpstart and Fall of 2023, researchers will be able to get acquainted with the individuals that they are surveying and will also be able to obtain a better idea of their background and experiences in education. The long survey questionnaire is comprised of 10 questions, focusing on the personal intentions that teachers have as well as their fears about becoming a teacher. To gather information for the study, the researchers may employ a wide range of approaches, such as questionnaires, semi-interviews, and surveys comprised of New Jersey teachers of Asian heritage. In addition, the state Department of Education may be able to provide statistics on the number of Asian educators that are presently employed inside the state. Analysis of data will be conducted using Open Ended Questions. It was recommended that qualitative analysis affectively explain to qualitative research findings because other alternatives may involve value judgments and may not be trusted. Open-ended questions generally elicit more information with less bias. The ultimate goal of this research is to investigate the reasons behind Asian Americans' decision to become an educator. The researcher hopes that through this study, she will be able to pinpoint a larger body of knowledge regarding Asian Americans' decision on becoming teachers, ultimately helping her community secure a more diverse staff for their urban schools. In figure 4, I detail the specific instruments I will use from each of the categories. Data collection strategies (Mills, 2018) Research Questions 1. What are the personal, cultural, and societal factors that influence Asian Americans' decision to become teachers? Data Analysis for each research question Data Sources/How Data will be Collected or Obtained Data would be collected via the use of surveys, interviews, and focus groups on the obstacles that prevent people from becoming teachers and In order to answer the first research question, data would be gathered on the challenges that hinder individuals from entering the teaching profession and the preventing them from staying in challenges that prevent them the profession. Qualitative Research is to provide a complete, detailed from remaining in the profession via the use of surveys, interviews, and questionnaires. description of the research topic, | The finding of recurrent themes 2. What are the most significant barriers, in the eyes of Asian educators in the state of New Jersey, to entering the teaching profession and remaining in the profession? 3) What proposals for policy changes would best assist the which is about the Asian - American's willingness to be teachers. Qualitative data collection will include: 1) Survey of experiences of Asian American teachers at their respective colleges 2) Selection of Asian - American Teachers for the Interview. Data would be collected via the use of surveys, interviews, and focus groups on the obstacles that prevent people from becoming teachers and preventing them from staying in the profession. Data would be gathered on the challenges that hinder individuals from entering the teaching profession and the challenges that prevent them from remaining in the profession via the use of surveys, interviews, and focus groups. The finding of recurrent themes and frameworks within the responses would be an important part of the study of the data. Data would be gathered by school leaders (principals and superintendents) through and frameworks within the responses would be an important part of the study of the data. Qualitative data analysis will use the deductive approach to get the response of teachers about their interest in teaching. Coding analysis will also be used to find the common themes. In order to answer the second research question, data would be gathered on the challenges that hinder individuals from entering the teaching profession and the challenges that prevent them from remaining in the profession via the use of surveys, interviews, and questionnaires. The finding of recurrent themes and frameworks within the responses would be an important part of the study of the data. Qualitative data analysis will use the deductive approach to get the response of teachers about their interest in teaching. Coding analysis will also be used to find the common themes. Some themes can include the following: The main sources of resistance to teaching as a career were identified as: 1) intense pressure from parents to strive for positions perceived as having higher status 2) greater financial rewards, and stability 3) a sense of personal inadequacy due to standards set by Asian cultures for what it means to be a teacher 4) and fear of working outside a comfort zone defined by language, diversity, respect, responsibility for other people's children, and separation of private from public selves. In order to answer the third research question, I would undertake surveys in order to recruitment and retention of Asian educators? surveys. The finding of recurrent themes and frameworks within the responses would be an important part of the study of the data. Data Collection and Instruments acquire data on the many potential adjustments to policy in order to reply to the second research question. An additional stage in the process of analyzing the data is to search for recurrent themes and frameworks within the responses. Examples of some policies would be: This policy brief recommends (1) implementing more teacher recruitment programs and scholarships that target Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AAPI) (2) increasing positive representation of AAPI in the education sphere (3) improving the respectability of careers in teaching. The primary goal of this qualitative sampling strategy is to address the research questions, the time frame of the study and allocated the resources from the population sampled (Marshall et al, 2013). In approaching qualitative methods, Patton (2002) illustrated that the sampling strategy demonstrated the qualitative problematic research because the researchers implied the population sampled. In the quantitative methods, the researchers would recognize and focus on the probability and convenience sampling approaches. In the qualitative approach, the qualitative researchers would focus on the selection of individuals and settings either purposeful sampling or criterion-based selection. In fact, there were a number of qualitative sampling strategies that researchers would benefit in the study of sampling strategy approach (Patton, 2002). First, the researchers would focus on the deviant case sampling and demonstrated the manifestations of the phenomenon interests such as notable failures and events (Patton, 2002). The deviant case sampling would describe a number of dropouts in the classroom or significant failures in the qualitative sampling strategy. Second, the researchers would demonstrate the ability to manage convenience sampling that including save money and energy. The convenience sampling would create the same time and effort because it has the lowest credibility to access. Third, the researchers would identify the snowball sampling such as located the abundant information from the participants. The snowball sampling would help to identify the case questions of interest people and collected the precious information from the population sampling (Creswell, 2013). Finally, the researchers would bring a number of people with similar experiences and backgrounds such as homogeneous sampling (Creswell, 2013). The same sampling would reduce the variation and help in the sample of all single parents or female and male head of households (Gibbs et al, 2007). Purposive or judgmental sampling is the more acceptable sampling procedure for qualitative research, particularly, when it involves selecting participant for special situations. This sampling procedure uses the judgment of an expert in selecting cases or the researcher selects cases with a specific purpose in mind. Purposive sampling is useful for case study in three situations: (1) when a researcher wants to select unique cases that are especially informative, (2) when a researcher would like to select members of a difficult-to-reach, specialized population, and (3) when a researcher wants to identify particular types of cases for in-depth investigation. The purpose is to gain deeper understanding of those particular types of cases (Neuman, 2009), and not to generalize the findings. Since generalization (and not analytical generalization) is not an issue, the selection of participants can be conducted nonrandom. Researcher, who would like to select participants from various stratified groups, and at the same time maintaining the nonbiased stand in the selection process, can opt for snowball or network technique (also referred as chain referral or reputational sampling). The word nonbiased here will have to be used with some caution. How, why and where the snowball will be rolled, again depends on the researcher and what he or she is looking for. If clean snow is required to make the snowman, then the maker would have to look for clean, fresh snow. Subsequently, dirty snow will destroy the quality of the snowman. This analogy is applicable to the snowball technique employed in qualitative research. According to Gleshne and Peshkin (1992) a researcher who wish to use such technique will have to make the initial contact (using the first snowball) and use recommendation to work out from there. As the snowball rolled it will get bigger, and so do the number of participants selected for the study. Neuman (2009) suggests that snowball sampling is a multistage technique. It begins with one or a few people or cases and spreads out based on links to the initial cases (as shown by Figure 2). The question is how can a researcher who employs such sampling technique be certain that the group will not be too big for him or her to handle? (When the initial snowball is roll out onto the wet snow, the person who is doing it can forget that it will grow bigger and heavier, until it is too late, and the person gets overwhelmed by the big snowman!). With this sampling technique, can the researcher see the finishing line to the number of participants selected for his or her study? A thing to remember is that, in snowball or network-sampling technique, each person in the sample is directly or indirectly tied to the original sample, and several people may have named the same people. A researcher can eventually stops the selection process when, no new names are given, indicating a closed network, or because the network is so large that it is at the limit of what he or she can study (Neuman, 2009). Figure 2 Snowball sampling Creswell (2014) suggests being purposeful in identifying participants that might provide insight into your research question. Purposeful sampling involves selecting participants because you believe that they might contribute something to your analysis. For example, if your goal to understand students' experiences in a student organization, it may be useful work with a faculty advisor to get the organization's roster. Using purposeful sampling strategies ensures that the perspectives of the students recruited provide the information needed to enhance your final conclusions. If you are trying to capture the perspectives of students from a wide variety of backgrounds, quota sampling may be appropriate. Quota sampling involves recruiting smaller groups of subjects based on some common criteria. Using our example of exploring the experiences of students in a specific student organization, you might consider recruiting for separate male and female focus groups, to make sure that you have a gender balance in the perspectives you collect. Quota sampling is usually used when/nDeliverable My study is on Teacher Diversity: Asian's Decision on Becoming Teachers. I need some help with revising my chapter 3: Methodology of my thesis. This includes adding and/or deleting information. There are also some sections that needed to be filled out: theories, trustworthiness, and ethical concerns. This study also involved interviewing Asians who are already teaching, principals, and Asians who are not in the field of Education in the form of interviews/questionnaire and online surveys. I have also attached the questionnaire and surveys so you can see the questions that are being asked. Word Limit 1500 Words