FOURTEENTH EDITION CHEMISTRY Mc Graw Hill Jason Overby Raymond Chang Chapter 12 Physical Properties of Solutions Dr. Muzaffer Tonguç Öztek Valencia College A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two

or more substances. A solution consists of a solvent and one or more solutes. - solute is dissolved in the solvent Our focus will be liquid solutions, where the solvent a liquid. - Molecular solutes (non-electrolytes) lonic solutes (electrolytes) - Common Types of Solutions Solution Phase Gaseous solution Liquid solution Solid solution Solute Phase Gas Gas Liquid Solid Solid Solvent Phase Gas Liquid Liquid Liquid Solid Example Air (mainly oxygen and nitrogen) Club soda (CO₂ and water) Vodka (ethanol and water) Seawater (salt and water) Brass (copper and zinc) and other alloys 2 Properties of Solutions A true solution - is clear ● solute particles are atomic size (don't scatter visible light) - does not separate over time - have variable concentration Tea: clear and brown Clear and colorless. Is this a solution or pure water? 3 SOLUBILITY The solubility of a solute is the maximum amount that dissolves in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature. A saturated solution carries the maximum amount of solute. • An unsaturated solution contains less solute than the maximum amount. 15% -120 -100 80 20 Saturated Dissolved solute is in dynamic equilibrium with the solid -140 mL 15% -120 -100 80 60 40 Til 20 Unsaturated More can dissolve 4 Will it dissolve? "Like dissolves like". Solutes dissolve in solvents that have the similar type and magnitude of intermolecular forces. 16 ACETONE AND WATER Fluids that mix with or dissolve in each other in all proportions are called miscible. - Similar I.M. forces Remember these definitions! WATER AND METHYLENE CHLORIDE Fluids that do not dissolve in each other are called immiscible. - Dissimilar I.M. forces Oil is nonpolar. Water is polar. 5/n