MethodsX 9 (2022) 101877 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect ELSEVIER journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mex ABSTRACT MethodsX Method Article Quota sampling method in online household surveys* Inas Nurfadia Futriª, Tastaftiyan Risfandya,*, Mansor H. Ibrahim b a Faculty of Economics and Business, Center for Fintech and Banking, & GRISKA, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia b INCEIF University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia * X The Covid-19 pandemic has transformed people's activities in many aspects of human life, including how to conduct field surveys as part of research projects. The pandemic could substantially increase research expenses because the execution of surveys is limited by the activity restrictions imposed by the government. Field surveys during the pandemic are no longer flexible because for safety reasons, both the surveyor and the surveyed participant should be negative for Covid-19 by taking PCR tests. This condition could be problematic because research involving household samples is usually characterized by large sample sizes and wide coverage areas. The survey is also usually conducted directly in households to provide better and more accurate results. This article describes an alternative method for obtaining a representative sample of households using an internet-based survey at an affordable cost without ignoring the validity of the survey. This method can be widely implemented in social and economic field studies. Check for updates • The sampling method proposed for household research is quota sampling, with the strict application of proportions or controlled quotas. • Recruiting local enumerators and selecting respondents based on the criteria is a tool to ease the validation process and quota control of respondents. ARTICLE INFO Method name: Quota sampling Internet-based surveys Keywords: Household surveys, Internet-based nonprobability sampling, Quota sampling, Enumerator Article history: Received 16 May 2022; Accepted 5 October 2022; Available online 8 October 2022 © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) * Related research article: Moser, C. A.; Stuart, A. (1953). An Experimental Study of Quota Sampling, 116(4), 349–405. doi:10.2307/2343021 Corresponding author. E-mail address: tastaftiyan.risfandy@staff.uns.ac.id (T. Risfandy). Social media: (T. Risfandy) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2022.101877 2215-0161/© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) 2 Specifications table Subject area: More specific subject area: Name of your method: Name and reference of original method: Resource availability: Method details Method details I.N. Futri, T. Risfandy and M.H. Ibrahim/MethodsX 9 (2022) 101877 Economics and Finance Survey method Quota sampling Internet-based surveys Moser, C. A.; Stuart, A. (1953). An Experimental Study of Quota Sampling, 116(4), 349-405. doi:10.2307/2343021 N/A Developing a new method in scientific research is useful because the correct method is needed to provide suitable recommendations to policymakers. The demand for a new approach to conducting scientific research increases when specific phenomena, such as the Covid-19 pandemic, occur. The limitations of all activities caused by the Covid-19 pandemic can undoubtedly be an obstacle to the research process, such as physical activity restrictions, long-distance travel, and other research activities involving crowds. All of these restrictions were imposed by the government to minimize the spread of Covid-19. In research involving household subjects, researchers usually employ face-to-face (F2F) interviews or field surveys to obtain high-validity data [1]. These methods are also usually used by the government for national household sampling, such as when the BPS Statistics Indonesia surveyed consumption expenses in 2020 [2]. The limitations of activities during the pandemic can affect several research processes involving methods that require outdoor activities. The costs of carrying out a field survey will also increase because the surveyor and participant are required to implement strict rules imposed by the government, such as proof of negative Covid-19 tests. This condition is exacerbated when the research is to be carried out in different areas. To minimize all risks and costs during the pandemic, researchers could alternatively use internet- based household surveys. Specifically, an online survey combined with the quota sampling method can be used to obtain data from households in different areas. Online survey tools, such as Google Forms, SurveyMonkey, and TypeForm, provide more flexibility than F2F interviews because the respondents can fill out the survey forms independently, anytime and anywhere. The use of internet-based questionnaires, when appropriately utilized, can be very effective [3]. Although online surveys can be very efficient, they require certain conditions to ensure data validity. This is because an online survey is usually open to everyone who wants to fill out the questionnaire, and people who do not meet the criteria can do so. In this paper, we provide an overview of an online survey design but with strict criteria to obtain valid respondents. Thus, a representative sampling method, such as probability sampling, is important for the credibility of the results. However, probability sampling in research is difficult and expensive, with large, scattered samples in some areas. Therefore, we propose quota sampling (a part of nonprobability sampling) instead of probability sampling [4]. Quota sampling was first introduced by Moser and Stuart in experimental research [5]. The quota sampling method is similar to stratified sampling, and it selects a sample from a population that has been divided into subgroups [6]. However, unlike stratified sampling, which relies on the random selection of each subgroup, quota sampling uses a convenience method within each subgroup. To increase the validity of the respondents, several specific criteria are applied in selecting samples after defining the population. This is known as the controlled quota. The next section of this paper describes our process of conducting scientific research on households using internet-based surveys with quota sampling. This survey was carried out on households located on the islands of Java and Sumatra, the two islands with a population that dominates the Indonesian economy [7]. This procedure, of course, can also be carried out in other countries with relatively similar characteristics. Procedure I.N. Futri, T. Risfandy and M.H. Ibrahim/MethodsX 9 (2022) 101877 The procedure for conducting a survey consists of several stages: 1. Survey ethics 2. Defining populations, samples, and categorizations 3. Enumerator recruitment 4. Technical meeting with enumerators 5. Survey implementation Survey ethics 3 The first stage before starting the survey activity was to ensure that the process of conducting the survey and the survey instrument (questionnaire) did not violate the research ethics. We used Google Forms as the instrument. The ethics that were considered in the implementation of this survey included the transparency of the recruitment process that was carried out through social media, participant awareness of explicit privacy statements in online questionnaires, and protection of data confidentiality. These ethics were applied like other internet-based survey research described in other publications (see [8]). Defining populations, samples, and categorization The population in this study was households domiciled in Java and Sumatra. The form of household based on the BPS Statistics Indonesia consists of ordinary and special households [9]. An ordinary household is a person or group of people who occupy part or whole physical buildings or censuses, and management of the same fulfills their daily needs. A household usually consists of a mother, father, and children. Conversely, a special household consists of a group of people from different families living in one physical building without their individual families. Examples of special households are people living in a dormitory, a correctional facility, or a group of people living in the same house (boarding house) with at least 10 occupants. We defined two criteria for our survey respondents. First, the respondents must be from ordinary households consisting of only one family. Second, one of the family members (husband/wife) must be an active worker and have a monthly income. In using the quota sampling method, the population must first be divided into several groups. The categorization of the household population was divided by the provinces in which the households reside. In this case, the islands of Java and Sumatra have 16 provinces. To obtain sample results that were more representative of the population, we determined the proportion of the sample based on the percentage of total households in each province divided by the total number of households in Java and Sumatra, which was 54,444,434. The proportion results in each province were then multiplied by the target sample. In this study, we used data on the number of households from the BPS Statistics Indonesia to calculate the proportion of samples taken, and we defined the target sample of 1,500 households. Details of the number of samples taken by province are shown in Table 1. Enumerator recruitment Enumerators are individuals in charge of survey activities that help respondents answer questions and fill out questionnaires [10]. Even though the survey was conducted online, the recruitment of enumerators was essential to achieve the success of the target sample and ensure that the household respondents resided in the required area. At this stage, recruitment began by designing a recruitment announcement (in Bahasa Indonesia) distributed on open social media, such as Telegram, Instagram, Twitter, and some job portals. The enumerator recruitment was held on July 15-18, 2021, as shown in Fig. 1. In looking for enumerator candidates, we defined the following criteria: (1) active or alumni of an undergraduate degree in any major, (2) domiciled in Java and Sumatra, (3) active and easy to contact, (4) familiar with social media and Google Forms, (5) reliable, responsible, and able to communicate, and (6) having a link with micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSME) was prioritized. 4 Table 1 Samples taken by province. No Province 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 DI Aceh North Sumatera West Sumatera Riau Riau Island Jambi South Sumatera I.N. Futri, T. Risfandy and M.H. Ibrahim/MethodsX 9 (2022) 101877 Bangka Belitung Island Bengkulu Lampung Banten DKI Jakarta West Java Central Java DI Yogyakarta East Java Total Total Household Population 1,231,058 3,453,874 1,291,397 1,522,700 521,100 901,838 2,052,499 349,500 509,000 2,060,500 3,168,512 2,758,709 13,231,615 9,365,959 1,120,477 10,905,696 54,444,434 Proportion: % of Total Total sample: Population 0.023 0.063 0.024 WE ARE LOOKING FOR ENUMERATOR 0.028 0.010 0.017 0.038 0.006 0.009 0.038 0.058 0.051 0.243 0.172 0.021 0.200 Kami tim peneliti dari Universitas Sebelas Maret tengah membutuhkan enumerator/surveyor untuk penelitian yang berjudul : Digital Finance, Household Consumption, and Covid-19 Pandemic : Evidence from Indonesia Kapan pelaksanaannya? Survei responden dilakukan secara online/daring pada tanggal 19 s.d 31 Juli 2021 Narahubung WhatsApp : Siapa yang bisa ikut? 1. Mahasiswa aktif atau lulusan S1 semua jurusan 2. Berdomisili di Pulau Jawa dan Sumatera 3. Aktif dan mudah di hubungi (WhatsApp) 4. Familiar dalam menggunakan media sosial dan Google Formulir 5. Jujur, bertanggungjawab, dan dapat (Inas) berkomunikasi dengan baik 6. Jika berasal dari keluarga pedagang/UMKM lebih diutamakan Gd. 5, Lt.4, Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Sebelas Maret Proportion x 1,500 33.917 95.158 35.579 41.952 14.357 24.847 56.548 9.629 14.023 56.769 87.296 Sertifikat 76.005 364.545 258.042 30.870 300.463 7 QIKA Bagaimana caranya? 1. Mengisi form di URL yang disediakan 2. Pendaftaran enumerator dibuka sampai dengan 15 Juli 2021 3. Seleksi (daring) dan pengumuman dilakukan pada tanggal 16-18 Juli 2021 Mendapat apa? Insentif survei (Rp) Pengalaman & jejaring URL Pendaftaran bit.ly/griska1 100 FEB O griska.uns@gmail.com griska.uns Fig. 1. Flyer of enumerator recruitment. Final Sample (Rounded) 34 95 36 42 15 24 57 10 14 57 87 76 364 258 31 300 1500 Furthermore, we ensured that the selected enumerators were dispersed in 16 provinces to determine enumerators. In other words, an enumerator will distribute the questionnaire only to households in the same province where they reside. An enumerator should also distribute the questionnaire proportionally according to several criteria, such as the proportion of rural-urban, and formal-informal sectors. The standards we defined were essential for obtaining valid respondents and I.N. Futri, T. Risfandy and M.H. Ibrahim/MethodsX 9 (2022) 101877 Terima Kasih Kepada 1,395 pendaftar enumerator penelitian kami yang berjudul Digital Finance, Household Consumption, and Covid-19 Pandemic: Evidence from Indonesia dan Selamat Untuk Enumerator 31 cek email ya! RIKA FEB Gd. 5, Lt.4, Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis 8 Universitas Sebelas Maret O griska.uns@gmail.com griska.uns Fig. 2. The announcement of selected enumerators. 5 were relevant to our study. At the end of the recruitment process, we obtained 1,935 applicants and selected 31 enumerators from 16 provinces in Java and Sumatra (see Fig. 2). The announcement of acceptance was disseminated via email and on our official social media platform. Technical meeting with enumerators The technical meeting was held online via the Zoom meeting platform. At this stage, there was a discussion regarding the details of the surveys, such as the objectives of the enumerators in this survey, respondent criteria, code and area distributions, and honorarium for the enumerators and respondents. As a rule, the respondents were not allowed to share the survey URL publicly. More specifically, they could share information about this survey publicly, but not the survey URL (Google form). This means that the enumerators had complete control over who their respondents were. In this way, the validity of the respondents can be maintained. The URL was distributed only to prospective respondents who met the criteria. In the end, the enumerator had full control to ensure that the proportion of respondents was in accordance with the proportion of rural-urban and formal- informal sector respondents. In filling out the survey, the enumerators could help interview respondents, or the respondents could fill out the survey themselves (self-administered questionnaire). The enumerator had to instruct the respondents to enter the enumerator's assigned code. The code was required to make it easy to track the progress of the enumerator's work. Finally, the honorarium for each enumerator was wired to them at the end of the survey period after meeting the number of target respondents. Survey implementation Online survey activities were carried out within two weeks, from July 19–31, 2021. In conducting this survey, five additional research assistants were involved; therefore, the total number of survey team members, including enumerators, was 36. The survey area distribution details are shown in Table 2./n

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MethodsX 9 (2022) 101877 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect ELSEVIER journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mex ABSTRACT MethodsX Method Article Quota sampling method in online household surveys* Inas Nurfadia Futriª, Tastaftiyan Risfandya,*, Mansor H. Ibrahim b a Faculty of Economics and Business, Center fo