What is head loss and why is it unavoidable in pipe systems? How could you minimise the head losses in a pipe system? Consider the water storage system shown in Figure Q4. The elevations of the storage tanks X and Y are 20 m and 15 m, respectively, and the discharge is at Z.If the flow rate, Q+ = 0.0003 m³/s, use the pipe characteristics given in Table Q4 below to determine the head at the junction, J and the flow rate in Pipe 2, Q₂.

It is proposed to replace the two parallel pipes from Tank X to junction, J with a single pipe (length = 30 m, f = 0.005), in order to increase the flow rate from Tank X to J to 0.0012m³/s. What will be the maximum diameter, dMAX of the new pipe from Tank X to J, if the flowrate, Q3, through Pipe 3 (from Tank Y to J) is not to be reversed? And what will then be the corresponding flow rate, Q4 in Pipe 4?