WHAT TO DO Student write the essay which is given below after that he attached some instructions on which you have to work Need to do in 1507 words, APA

Format Essay written by student The legitimacy of the fast fashion industry With the advent of technological development, people are now living in an unprecedented boom and their value is no longer only based on the function of products, but also on the differentiated or design aspects. For example, an improved standard of living has changed the traditional notion of clothes from the basis for living to one of the means of expressing one's personality. Accordingly, the faster circulation of clothes, frequent consumption and short-lived garment use called fast fashion, has become a no-brainer in garment sectors and is directly connected to the profit of the industry. In real, clothes are being produced approximately twice the amount of before 2000 (Niinimäki et al., 2020). According to this demand, especially fashion brands have built a lot of factories in developing countries and have been printing a ton of clothes every single day. The trend of fast fashion entails serious problems mainly in the environmental and child labor aspects. Firstly, the amount of CO2 released comes from the industry, 4 to 5 billion tons per year. Even more, it is one of the most user of water, estimated using 200 tones of water for one ton of textile. (Niinimäki et al., 2020). It is also cannot be neglected that more than 15,000 various chemicals are used during its production process which is also utilized for pesticide, herbicides, and fungicides. Given these, it is clear that how harmful toxic gas will be generated when they are dumped and be burned. What is important to know is that those developing countries are taking all responsibility of the environmental pollution in the absence of strict monitoring and supervision. Generally, fast fashion industries outsource their production process to developing countries' child labor to take advantage of using child labor with low payment, such as Cambodia, India, and Bangladesh. According to Bick (2018), approximately 90% of clothes are produced from low- and middle-income countries. They often work overtime in adverse working environment for less than U.S dollar per hour. However, even such unfair wage is a foundation to subsist their family member for a day. For the industry, child labor is a key source for the reduction of costs as they account for the most of workforce in the industry. However, using child labor is still an arguable topic that it puts them behind the appropriate education which makes a problem in overall standard of educational level of the countries. Unless being on rigourous monitoring and protection, this industry will emerge continuously to meet increasing demand, making ethical and environmental issues. Therefore, the question of what extent which the fast fashion industry is morally legitimate has arisen. To do this, this essay will examine this pheonemna by doing comprehensive literature review of relevant academic articles to give the overview of problems. This legistimatability will be analyzed by multiple framework of ethics, called pluralist ethical framework and compared with noxious market The structure of the essay Theoretical framework: Ethical pluralist is “a notion of the recognition that multiple ethical framworks operate in social setting tosolve problems of moral hazard" This framework has arisen to deal with the fact that one single approach is not enough to illustrate numerous coordination and cooperation problems upcoming in modern society (Wight, 2014). The notion of pluarlism has two meanings with vertical and horizontal pluralism. In his study, Wight (2014) defined that the former is "the divergence of theories across ethical domains". As shown in figure 1, there are 3 ethical frameworks on human behavior which are virtues, duties and social norms, and results from behaviors. In figure, downward arrows imply the connected relation that having virtues make people control themselves to do the right behaviors abiding the norm in society which ends up making good outcomes. Subsequently, the good outcomes motivate people to be more virtuous citizens. Figure 1. Vertical pluralism *reference On the other hand, the horizontal pluralism indicates "the divergence of theories within ethical domains" which gives more specific understanding within a domain as shown in figure 2. For example, virtue ethics can be interpreted differently from each perspectives of Adam Smith, Buddha, and so on. In respect to human behavior, it is intrinsically triggered by incentives which affect on human's psycological aspect. Contradict to the basic assumption of law of behavior that bigger incentives will draw more efforts and higher performance, Bowels (2008) argued that incentives which is appealed to self-interest may be counterproductive when they convey wrong information that selfishness can be accpeted as an appropriate response, which finally makes ‘market failure'. Bowels (2008) saw how incentives can erode moral behevior in his study, conducted by imposing fine on parents who late for picking up their children. After the fine were imposed, surprisingly the parents were late more frequently because they no longer regarded being late as the matter of ethic or conscience in their mind, but a commodity that they can purchase with money. Figure 2. Horizontal pluralism *reference Likewise, if immoral behaviors are conducted by incentives and results in a ‘market failure', subsequently a noxious market, which is contrary to the essence of a market, will be appeared. The distinct contrary charateristics of noxious market will be used as a measure for investigating the legitimacy of the fast fashion industry in this essay. According to Satz (2010), there are 4 parameters used to distinguish noxious markets. The first two aspects are related to the consequencese of the market such as (1) harmful outcomes, (2) harmful for society. The remaining two relect on the internal aspects of the market, (3) weak or strong asymmetric knowledge and agency and (4) vulnerabilitiies on trasacting parties. Since the purpose of this essay is to measure 'to what extent' legitimacy should be accpected, the following 4 different theories will be introduced to get deeper understanding from each perspective basedon the ethical pluralism introduced above. (1) Utilitarian theory The theory of utilitarian implies that the maximization of happiness and minimization of misery is a basis to increase morality. To simplify, it can be defined "the greater happiness of the greatest number” (Gillon, 1985). On that, Sen (1979) elaborated that utilitarianism exclusively rely on utility excluding non-utility information when morality is measured. For example, they accept the wage difference between men and women as long as women are satisfied with lower wages (Robeyns, 2005). This theory will provide the insight of whether the fast fashion industry is legitimate based on solely utility aspects. (2) Capability approach According to Robeyns (2005), capability approach is a normative framework to evaluate individual well-being and also social arrnagements. Unlike other theories, it is mainly based on what people are able to do and be. Moreover, It stresses that if people's freedoms and opportunities that they value the most are constrained, their well-being and justice is violated. It will be examined whether children's right to education is not being violated, and whether consumer's ability to consider about the sustainability of clothings are reversed due to rapid change of trend. (3) Bowel's assumption of sepability (4) Sandal's definition of justice. This is the extended framwork of justice which claims that justice is not bonded by only maximization of utility or gurantee the freedom of choice. Rather, it is the matter which people are honoring for and to find the right way to value things (Sandel, 2011). For example, in the case of distributing flutes, Aristotles argued that the best player should get it because it is what flutes are for (to be played well), whereas utilitarian focused on the reason that it create sound that everyone will enjoy. (Sandel, 2011). Based on this, this essay will weigh what is regard virtue and what is good, and what can be recognized as legitimate in the context of justice in the fast fashion industy. THE END. The following is the instructions : C. Analysis The theoretical framework should have made clear which factors are relevant to determine the moral legitimacy of the practice at hand. • For each factor you should weigh up the arguments in favour and against. Let's say that fairness is one of the factors that you have determined to be important to decide whether or not a practice is morally legitimate. This implies that you will dedicate one section to this factor in which you discuss arguments in favour and against that the practice will lead to fairness. Then you move on to the second factor. Use sub-headers in this section: 3.1 Fairness, section 3.2 factor Y etc. • At the end of each sub-section you should weigh up the arguments: do the arguments in favour weigh more than the arguments against? Why? • Bear in mind that you need to use the literature to underpin your arguments. D. Conclusion and questions for further research What is your conclusion based on your research (analysis)? What has your research shown? What were limitations of your research? Based on this limitation what kind of suggestion would you give to future researchers? What issues should they look into? Argue why this kind of research is necessary. The conclusion is structured in the following way: 1. Briefly repeat your research question or the purpose of your paper. 2. Answer to your question. Use the sub-answers of the previous section. Argue your conclusion: why are certain factors more important than others? 3. What were limitations of your research? 4. To which follow-up questions do these limitations lead? YOU HAVE TO USE AT LEAST 5 OF THE REFERENCES THAT I PROVIDED AS FILES. If u want to add more outside its fine, but it has to be at least 5 that i provided (you are free to choose which one)