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Q1:This assignment will be submitted to Turnitin™. Instructions Assignment 4: IT Environmental Deployment This assignment builds on the scenario from the previous assignments. After successfully integrating the new environment, your CTO has now asked you for a deployment plan for implementing a high-availability cluster for the entire environment. Like assignment 2, which focused on data-storage back-up and recovery, this new request is to extend the high-availability functionality to the rest of the core components. Develop a deployment plan on how you are going develop and deploy a high-availability cluster, what strategy you are going to use and what do you have to ensure that the environment maintains as close to a 99.99% uptime. The plan should be no more then 15 pages in length. A few questions that you should try and answer in your deployment plan. What type of hardware should you have in this HA cluster? Does it make sense to have a cluster stored offsite or in the cloud? Should you have a test procedure to ensure your plan is successful? Are there any constraints that need to be considered?See Answer
Q2:Networking and Server. LAYER 1 MAP - Difficulty Level 5 Goal: Map includes proper icons and shows all key connections with link speeds. Shows floors and MDF/IDF, switch/router in core, server(s), firewall, Internet, etc. Easy to understand and matches BOM'S. Note: - Please use Lucid Application here is the link. https://lucid.app/See Answer
Q3:Assignment 1: Build a Small Linux Network Scenario XYZ is an upstart company located in Calgary. They need a network designed and implemented by a Linux administrator. They have contracted you to set up their infrastructure with basic configurations and server services using 2 Red Hat Enterprise Linux Servers. One server must be configured with appropriate files, folders, users, groups and permissions. A second Linux-based server will provide DHCP, and DNS services. The company has three departments: Sales, Human Resources and Engineering, and they have hired six new employees to fill the three newly designed departments. As a Linux administrator, you are responsible to ensure a successful launch of the newly designed departments and the company. Requirements Follow logical and appropriate naming conventions for virtual machine hostnames. Use a static IP address, subnet mask and default gateway for all servers. • Set up and configure a Linux DHCP server to automatically assign IP addresses to client machines. • Set up and configure a Linux DNS server capable of resolving hostnames of all machines on your network to IP addresses and vice versa. • Enable firewall service to allow http traffic. • Create a directory at the root of the file system for each department with the name reflecting their department name. • Create a group for each department with the name reflecting their department name. • Create an administrator user for each department. The user will belong to the respective group for each department. You can create your own user names. • Only the owner of a file in the department's directory can delete the file. • Create a document in each of the department directories with the following text: "This is a confidential document created by [your name]." This document can be read by anyone in the department but can only be modified by the administrator of the department." • All machines must be able to ping each other by hostname and IP address. • All machines must have access to the internet. • All client machines will receive IP addressing dynamically from a DHCP server.See Answer
Q4: 6-1 Discussion: Routing Protocol Vulnerabilities Discussion Topic In Module Five, you were introduced to the Routing Information Protocol (RIP). You used RIP to allow networks to communicate through a router. RIP is one of the interior routing protocols that can be used to open communications between networks, or it can be used to stop communication between devices that reside on the same or different networks. As with any routing protocol, RIP has benefits and drawbacks. As a security practitioner, you will be called upon to provide your unique viewpoint and expertise in weighing the factors related to connectivity, traffic flow, and security when selecting or implementing routing protocols. For your initial post, address the following: How does employing an adversarial mindset affect decisions to implement RIP in the network? Construct your answer using one of the six fundamental design principles identified below: O Separation of domains Isolation Modularity Layering Least privilege. ο ο ο ο ο Undergraduate Discussion Rubric O Minimization of implementation Identify at least one vulnerability that RIP introduces related to the fundamental design principle that you chose. For reference, refer to the CIA Triad and Fundamental Security Design Principles PDF document. Rubic directions Directions Overview Your active participation in the discussions is essential to your overall success this term. Discussion questions will help you make meaningful connections between the course content and the larger concepts of the course. These discussions give you a chance to express your own thoughts, ask questions, and gain insight from your peers and instructor. For each discussion, you must create one initial post. For your initial post, do the following: • Write a post of 1 to 2 paragraphs. • In Module One, complete your initial post by Thursday at 11:59 p.m. Eastern. • In Modules Two through Eight, complete your initial post by Thursday at 11:59 p.m. of your local time zone. . Consider content from other parts of the course where appropriate. Use proper citation methods for your discipline when referencing scholarly or popular sources. Criteria Comprehension Timeliness Discussion Rubric Proficient Exemplary Develops an initial post with an organized, clear point of view or idea using rich and significant detail (100%) N/A Develops an initial post with a point of view or idea using adequate organization and detail (85%) Needs Improvement Develops an initial post with a point of view or idea but with some gaps in organization and detail (55%) Submits initial post on time Submits initial post one day (100%) late (55%) Not Evident Does not develop an initial post with an organized point of view or idea (0%) Submits initial post two or more days late (0%) Criteria Engagement Writing (Mechanics) Exemplary Provides relevant and meaningful response posts with clarifying explanation and detail (100%) Writes posts that are easily understood, clear, and concise using proper citation methods where applicable with no errors in citations (100%) Proficient Provides relevant response posts with some explanation and detail (85%) Needs Improvement Provides somewhat relevant response posts with some explanation and detail (55%) Writes posts that are easily | Writes posts that are understood using proper citation methods where applicable with few errors in citations (85%) understandable using proper citation methods where applicable with a number of errors in citations (55%) Not Evident Provides response posts that are generic with little explanation or detail (0%) Writes posts that others are not able to understand and does not use proper citation methods where applicable (0%) CIA Triad and Fundamental Security Design Principles The terms listed below are essential in the field of cybersecurity and will be a topic of conversation and application throughout the program. It is therefore important for you to familiarize yourself with these terms and their definitions. Note that the CIA triad is sometimes referred to as the tenets of cybersecurity. The Fundamental Security Design Principles are sometimes called fundamental design principles, cybersecurity first principles, the cornerstone of cybersecurity, and so on. CIA Triad Information that is secure satisfies three main tenets, or properties, of information. If you can ensure these three tenets, you satisfy the requirements of secure information (Kim & Solomon, 2013). ● Confidentiality Only authorized users can view information (Kim & Solomon, 2013). ● Integrity Only authorized users can change information (Kim & Solomon, 2013). ● Availability Information is accessible by authorized users whenever they request the information (Kim & Solomon, 2013). Fundamental Security Design Principles These principles offer a balance between aspirational Total (and therefore unobtainable) "perfect security," and the pragmatic need to get things done. Although each of the principles can powerfully affect security, the principles have their full effect only when used in concert and throughout an organization. These principles are a powerful mental tool for approaching security: one that doesn't age out of usefulness or apply only to a few specific technologies and contexts; one that can be used for architecture, postmortem analysis, operations, and communication. The principles are ultimately only one piece in the security practitioner's toolkit, but they are a flexible piece that will serve different roles for different people (Sons, Russell, & Jackson, 2017). • Abstraction Removal of clutter. Only the needed information is provided for an object-oriented mentality. This is a way to allow adversaries to see only a minimal amount of information while securing other aspects of the model (Tjaden, 2015). ● Complete Mediation All accesses to objects should be checked to ensure that they are allowed (Bishop, 2003). ● Encapsulation The ability to only use a resource as it was designed to be used. This may mean that a piece of equipment is not being used maliciously or in a way that could be detrimental to the overall system (Tjaden, 2015). ● Fail-Safe Defaults / Fail Secure The theory that unless a subject is given explicit access to an object, it should be denied access to that object (Bishop, 2003). ● Information Hiding Users having an interface to interact with the system behind the scenes. The user should not be worried about the nuts and bolts behind the scenes, only the modes of access presented to them. This topic is also integrated with object-oriented programming (Tjaden, 2015). ● Isolation Individual processes or tasks running in their own space. This ensures that the processes will have enough resources to run and will not interfere with other processes running (Tjaden, 2015). ● Layering Having multiple forms of security. This can be from hardware or software, but it involves a series of checks and balances to make sure the entire system is secured from multiple perspectives (Tjaden, 2015). ● Least Astonishment (Psychological Acceptability) Security mechanisms should not make the resource more difficult to access than when security mechanisms were not present (Bishop, 2003). Least Privilege The assurance that an entity only has the minimal/n Network Routing How do routing protocols influence the design of a network? What is the most important factor in routing IP packets? Internetworking, connecting one network to another, is essential to the ef- fective functioning of modern, secure networks. By distributing users and devices across multiple domains, we can gain more efficient traffic flow, isolate networks for security and availability, and deliver a more controlled environment. In order to ensure that multiple networks can communicate as intended, packets must have a clear path from source to destination. Routers provide the crucial function of directing the network traffic by reading the destination address, identifying the most appropriate link for the packet, and then forwarding the packet. How does the router identify the most appropriate link? In previous modules, you used static routes to provide these links; however, as networks become more complex, routing protocols become increasingly important. Routing protocols employ algo- rithms to appraise the available routes based on predetermined factors and make this determination dynamically. In this module, you will get an overview of routing protocols and ap- proaches for the IP address translation. In particular, you will explore Routing Information Protocol (RIP), network address translation (NAT), and port address translation (PAT). You will expand your skills in Packet Tracer, applying IP packet routing techniques and DHCP and DNS ser- vices to a network. You will use these skills in your upcoming projects in Modules Six and Seven. While this module focuses on applying RIP as the dynamic routing protocol in the labs and activity, the next module will take a deeper dive into a second protocol: Open Shortest Path First (OSPF). As you work with RIP in this module, think about how RIP is calculating routes, and be prepared to consider how other protocols change your ap- proach to internetworking.See Answer
Q5: SEED Labs - VPN Lab Copyright © 2006 - 2016 by Wenliang Du. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, this copyright notice must be left intact, or reproduced in a way that is reasonable to the medium in which the work is being re-published. 1 Overview A Virtual Private Network (VPN) is used for creating a private scope of computer communications or pro- viding a secure extension of a private network into an insecure network such as the Internet. VPN is a widely used security technology. VPN can be built upon IPSec or TLS/SSL (Transport Layer Security/Se- cure Socket Layer). These are two fundamentally different approaches for building VPNs. In this lab, we focus on the TLS/SSL-based VPNs. This type of VPNs is often referred to as TLS/SSL VPNs. The learning objective of this lab is for students to master the network and security technologies under- lying VPNs. To achieve this goal, students will be asked to implement a simple TLS/SSL VPN. Although this VPN is simple, it does include all the essential elements of a VPN. The design and implementation of TLS/SSL VPNs exemplify a number of security principles, including the following: • Virtual Private Network • TUN/TAP, and IP tunneling Virtual Private Network (VPN) Lab Routing Public-key cryptography, PKI, and X.509 certificate • TLS/SSL programming Authentication ● ● Readings and videos. Detailed coverage of VPN, PKI, and TLS can be found in the following: Chapters 19, 24, and 25 of the SEED Book, Computer & Internet Security: A Hands-on Approach, 2nd Edition, by Wenliang Du. See details at https://www.handsonsecurity.net. ● ● Section 8 of the SEED Lecture, Internet Security: A Hands-on Approach, by Wenliang Du. See details at https://www.handsonsecurity.net/video.html. Related labs. We have a separate SEED lab on PKI, and another one on TLS. It is recommended that students finish these two crypto labs before working on this comprehensive VPN lab. If students are only interested in the tunneling part of the VPN (without the crypto part), they should use the VPN Tunneling Lab, instead of this one. Lab Environment. This lab has been tested on our pre-built Ubuntu 20.04 VM, which can be downloaded from the SEED website. We need to use the openss1package in this lab. The package includes the header files, libraries, and commands. The package was already installed in our pre-built VM image. SEED Labs - VPN Lab 2 Lab Tasks In this lab, students need to implement a simple VPN for Linux. We will call it miniVPN. 2.1 Task 1: VM Setup We will create a VPN tunnel between a computer (client) and a gateway, allowing the computer to securely access a private network via the gateway. We need at least three VMs: VPN client (also serving as Host U), VPN server (the gateway), and a host in the private network (Host V). The network setup is depicted in Figure 1. User 10.0.2.7 Host U VPN Client "NAT Network" Adapter 10.0.2.8 Gateway (VPN Server) "Internal Network" Adapter 192.168.60.101 Host V 2 192.168.60.1 Figure 1: VM setup for this lab In practice, the VPN client and VPN server are connected via the Internet. For the sake of simplicity, we directly connect these two machines to the same LAN in this lab, i.e., this LAN simulates the Internet. We will use the "NAT Network" adaptor for this LAN. The third machine, Host V, is a computer inside the private network. Users on Host U (outside of the private network) want to communicate with Host V via the VPN tunnel. To simulate this setup, we connect Host V to VPN Server (also serving as a gateway) via an "Internal Network". In such a setup, Host V is not directly accessible from the Internet; nor is it directly accessible from Host U. Note if a VM uses the "Internal Network" mode, VirtualBox provides no DHCP to it, so the VM must be statically configured. To do this, click the network icon on the top-right corner of the desktop, and select "Edit Connections". You will see a list of "Wired connections", one for each of the network adaptors used by the VM. For Host V, there is only one connection, but for VPN Server, we will see two. To make sure that you pick the one that is corresponding to the "Internal Network" adapter, You can check the MAC address displayed in the pop-up window after you have picked a connection to edit. Compare this MAC address with the one that you get from ifconfig, and you will know whether you picked the right connection. After you have selected the right connection to edit, pick the "ipv4 Settings" tab and select the "Manual" method, instead of the default "Automatic (DHCP)". Click the "Add" button to set up the new IP address for the VM. See Figure 2 for details. SEED Labs - VPN Lab Network Connections Last Used Name Ethernet Wired connection 1 2 minutes ago Wired connection 2 1 hour ago Add Edit Delete Close Editing Wired connection 2 Connection name: Wired connection 2 General Ethernet 802.1x Security DCB IPv4 Settings IPv6 Settings Method: Manual Addresses Address 192.168.60.1 Netmask 24 Gateway 192.168.60.1 DNS servers: Search domains: DHCP client ID: Require IPv4 addressing for this connection to complete Add Delete Routes... Cancel Save Figure 2: Manually set up the IP address for the "Internal Network" adaptor on VPN Server. 3 2.2 Task 2: Creating a VPN Tunnel using TUN/TAP The enabling technology for the TLS/SSL VPNs is TUN/TAP, which is now widely implemented in modern operating systems. TUN and TAP are virtual network kernel drivers; they implement network device that are supported entirely in software. TAP (as in network tap) simulates an Ethernet device and it operates with layer-2 packets such as Ethernet frames; TUN (as in network TUNnel) simulates a network layer device and it operates with layer-3 packets such as IP packets. With TUN/TAP, we can create virtual network interfaces. A user-space program is usually attached to the TUN/TAP virtual network interface. Packets sent by an operating system via a TUN/TAP network interface are delivered to the user-space program. On the other hand, packets sent by the program via a TUN/TAP network interface are injected into the operating system network stack; to the operating system, it appears that the packets come from an external source through the virtual network interface. When a program is attached to a TUN/TAP interface, the IP packets that the computer sends to this interface will be piped into the program; on the other hand, the IP packets that the program sends to the interface will be piped into the computer, as if they came from the outside through this virtual network interface. The program can use the standard read () and write () system calls to receive packets from or send packets to the virtual interface. We have created a sample VPN client program (vpnclient) and a server program (vpnserver), both of which can be downloaded from this lab's web site. The programs are explained in details in Chapter 16 of the SEED book titled Computer & Internet Security: A Hands-on Approach, 2nd Edition; the chapter also explains how TUN/TAP works and how to use it to create VPN. The vpnclient and vpnserver programs are the two ends of a VPN tunnel. They communicate with each other using either TCP or UDP via the sockets depicted in Figure 3. In our sample code, we choose to use UDP for the sake of simplicity. The dotted line between the client and server depicts the path for the VPN tunnel. The VPN client and server programs connect to the hosting system via a TUN interface, through which they do two things: (1) get IP packets from the hosting system, so the packets can be sent through the tunnel, (2) get IP packets from the tunnel, and then forward it to the hosting system, which will forward the packet to its final destination. The following procedure describes how to create a VPN tunnel using the vpnclient and vpnserver programs. SEED Labs - VPN Lab VPN Client Program 192.168.53.5 VPN Client VM tun0 10.0.2.7 socket VPN Tunnel (TCP or UDP) Internet Figure 3: VPN client and server On VPN Client VM: $ sudo ./vpnclient socket Run the following command in another window: $ sudo ifconfig tun0 192.168.53.1/24 up VPN Server Program -0.0 Run the following command in a different window $ sudo ifconfig tun0 192.168.53.5/24 up 192.168.53.1 tun0 10.0.2.8 Step 1: Run VPN Server. We first run the VPN server program vpnserver on the Server VM. Af- ter the program runs, a virtual TUN network interface will appear in the system (we can see it using the "ifconfig -a" command; the name of the interface will be tun0 in most cases, but they can be tunx, where X is a number). This new interface is not yet configured, so we need to configure it by giving it an IP address. We use 192.168.53.1 for this interface. Run the following commands. The first command will start the server program, and the second command assigns an IP address to the tun0 interface and then activates it. It should be noted that the first command will block and wait for connections, so we need to find another window run the second command. $ sudo ./vpnserver VPN Server VM Unless specifically configured, a computer will only act as a host, not as a gateway. The VPN Server needs to forward packets between the private network and the tunnel, so it needs to function as a gateway. We need to enable the IP forwarding for a computer to behave like a gateway. IP forwarding can be enabled using the following command: $ sudo sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward=1 Step 2: Run VPN Client. We now run the VPN client program on the Client VM. We run the following commands on this machine. The first command will connect to the VPN server program (the server's IP address is hardcoded inside the program, and you need to change it accordingly). This command will block as well, so we need to find another window to configure the tun0 interface created by the VPN client program. We assign IP address 192.168.53.5 to the tun0 interface. SEED Labs - VPN Lab 5 Step 3: Set Up Routing on Client and Server VMs: After the above two steps, the tunnel will be established. Before we can use the tunnel, we need to set up routing paths on both client and server machines to direct the intended traffic through the tunnel. On the client machine, we need to direct all the packets going to the private network (192.168.60.0/24) towards the tun0 interface, from where the packets can be forwarded through the VPN tunnel. Without this setup, we will not be able to access the private network at all. We can use the route command to add an routing entry. The following example shows how to route the 10.20.30.0/24-bound packets to the interface eth0. $ sudo route add -net 10.20.30.0/24 eth0 On both client and server machines, we also need to set up a routing entry so all the traffic going to the 192.168.53.0/24 network are directed to the tun0 interface. This entry will usually be automatically added when we assign 192.168.53.X to the tun0 interface. If for some reasons it is not added, we can use the route command to add it. Step 4: Set Up Routing on Host V. When Host V replies to a packet sent from Host U, it needs to route the packets to the VPN Server VM, from where, it can be fed into the VPN tunnel toward the other end. You need to find out what entry to add, and then use the route command to add the routing entry. Hint: when Host V receives a packet from Host U (via the tunnel), you need to know what the source IP is in the packet; in the reply packet, the source IP becomes the destination IP, which will be used by the routing table. Therefore, you need to figure out the source IP of the packets from U to V. It is your task to figure this out and set the routing correctly in this step. Step 5: Test the VPN Tunnel: After everything is set up, we can access Host V from Host U via the tunnel. Please conduct the following tests using ping and telnet; please report your results. You should use Wireshark to capture the network traffics on all the interfaces on the client VM, and pinpoint which packets are part of the tunnel traffic, and which packets are not the tunnel traffic. On Host U: $ ping 192.168.60.101 $telnet 192.168.60.101 Step 6: Tunnel-Breaking Test. On Host U, telnet to Host V. While keeping the telnet connection alive, we break the VPN tunnel. We then type something in the telnet window, and report what you observe. We then reconnect the VPN tunnel. What is going to happen to the telnet connection? Will it be broken or resumed? Please describe and explain your observations. 2.3 Task 3: Encrypting the Tunnel At this point, we have created an IP tunnel, but our tunnel is not protected. Only after we have secured this tunnel, can we call it a VPN tunnel. This is what we are going to achieve in this task. To secure this tunnel, we need to achieve two goals, confidentiality and integrity. The confidentiality is achieved using encryption, i.e., the contents that go through the tunnel is encrypted. The integrity goal ensures that nobody can tamper with the traffic in the tunnel or launch a replay attack. Integrity can be achieved using Message Authentication Code (MAC). Both goals can be achieved using Transport Layer Protocol (TLS). TLS is typically built on top of TCP. The sample VPN client and server programs in Task 2 use UDP, so we first need to replace the UDP channel in the sample code with a TCP channel, and then establish a TLS session between the two ends of the tunnel. A sample TLS client and server program (tlsclientSee Answer
Q6: In your responses to your peers, address the following: • If you were charged with designing a new network and introducing Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) instead of RIP, how would adopting OSPF affect the fundamental design principle your peer identified in their initial post? Consider addressing the effects on both security and network traffic in your reply. For your response posts, do the following: • Reply to at least two classmates outside of your own initial post thread. • Demonstrate more depth and thought than saying things like "I agree" or "You are wrong." Guidance is provided for you in the discussion prompt. Criteria Comprehension Timeliness Engagement Discussion Rubric Proficient Exemplary Develops an initial post with an organized, clear point of view or idea using rich and significant detail (100%) N/A Provides relevant and meaningful response posts Develops an initial post with a point of view or idea using adequate organization and detail (85%) Needs Improvement Develops an initial post with a point of view or idea but with some gaps in organization and detail (55%) Submits initial post on time Submits initial post one day (100%) late (55%) Provides relevant response posts with some Provides somewhat relevant response posts with some explanation and detail (55%) Not Evident Does not develop an initial post with an organized point of view or idea (0%) Submits initial post two or more days late (0%) Provides response posts that are generic with little Criteria Writing (Mechanics) Exemplary with clarifying explanation and detail (100%) Writes posts that are easily understood, clear, and concise using proper citation methods where applicable with no errors in citations (100%) Proficient explanation and detail (85%) Writes posts that are easily understood using proper citation methods where applicable with few errors in citations (85%) Needs Improvement | Writes posts that are understandable using proper citation methods where applicable with a number of errors in citations (55%) 1st Response Paul Beck, 6-1 Discussion: Routing Protocol Vulnerabilitie Paul Beck Not Evident explanation or detail (0%) Writes posts that others are not able to understand and does not use proper citation methods where applicable (0%) Proficiency is essential to maintaining an adversarial mindset. With proficiency comes the constant need to refocus ones efforts towards understanding the techniques of hackers. Only diligent study and constant awareness will aid in the anticipation of future attacks. The mention of implementing RIP should perk up the ears of any cybersecurity analyst, as the conversion would open some potential weak spots. RIP does not have the capability to implement any form of authentication, which makes following design principles like least privilege impossible. Threat actors often exploit this vulnerability by creating spoofed RIP packets to re-route packet destinations, thus allowing them to sniff passwords and other confidential information. DoS attacks are also a good Total example of a type of attack that may take place because of the lack of authentication. Because RIP broadcasts an entire routing table to its nearest neighbor every 30 seconds, there is no true way to following the minimization of implementation principle. References: What is Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and How Does It Work? (techtarget.com) Routing Information Protocol - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics https://learn.snhu.edu/d21/lor/viewer/viewFile.d2lfile/1483241/22533,-1/ 2nd Response Marcel Baldassarri Employing an adversarial mindset when considering the implementation of the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) necessitates a critical evaluation of security principles, notably the principle of "least privilege." This principle advocates for providing only the necessary access or capabilities needed for a specific purpose, no more, no less, to minimize potential attack surfaces. In the context of RIP, this principle highlights a vulnerability related to excessive trust. RIP, by design, trusts routing information updates from all sources without authentication, assuming that all participating routers are benign and trustworthy. This inherent trust exposes networks to risks such as routing table poisoning, where an attacker could introduce incorrect routing information, leading to traffic redirection or denial of service attacks. By adopting an adversarial mindset, one recognizes the necessity of implementing additional security measures, such as route authentication or the integration of more secure routing protocols that adhere to the least privilege principle by validating route information. While RIP may facilitate network communication, its vulnerability underscores the importance of cautious protocol selection and configuration in alignment with security principles to safeguard network integrity and confidentiality. See Answer
Q7: In no more than 750 words, critically research and investigate how QoS has an impact on a 'typical' domestic users' network utilisation experience: Consider how many providers use QoS for resource and service management (10 marks) Explore how QoS is being used as an unofficial censorship and copyright control process (10 marks) Discuss the challenges involved with deploying QoS for domestic customers? (10 marks) A further ten marks are reserved for: 1. Critical use of non-Cisco academic sources, using OU Cite Them Right referencing 2. Clarity of argument 3. Not exceeding the 750 word count 4. Academic presentation of this short academic essay (including, readability, grammar, spelling and punctuation)See Answer
Q8: INFS3230A Spring 2024 Assignment 2 Latency around the World Objective: Given a scenario, use the appropriate network software tools and commands Each student has been assigned a website for a university in a country different from this one. See the table for your assignment, then complete all steps that follow. Student Ahmad Ibrahim Salman Saad Rashed Fares Majed Mohammad Nawaf Jimit Antonio Sarah John Omar Alexander Jesse Bryce Maison Shannon Connor Zachary Caleb Vicente University Australian National University State University of Campinas Federal University of Rio de Janeiro University of Toronto McGill University Pontificia University Catolica de Chile University of Chile Peking University University of Helsinki Paris Sorbonne University Heidelberg University The University of Hong Kong Trinity College Dublin University of Tokyo National Autonomous University of Mexico University of Auckland University of Oslo National University of Singapore University of Cape Town University of Witwatersrand Seoul National University University of Zurich University of Cambridge Country Australia Brazil Brazil Canada Canada Chile Chile China Finland France Germany Hong Kong Ireland Japan Mexico New Zealand Norway Singapore South Africa South Africa South Korea Switzerland United Kingdom Website anu.edu.au unicamp.br ufrj.br utoronto.ca mcgill.ca uc.cl uchile.cl pku.edu.cn helsinki.fi sorbonne-universite.fr uni-heidelberg.de hku.hk tcd.ie u-tokyo.ac.jp unam.mx Auckland.ac.nz uio.no nus.edu.sg uct.ac.za wits.ac.za snu.ac.kr uzh.ch cam.ac.uk Note: many of these websites will have extensions when viewing them in a browser to change the language based on the country that the website is being viewed. The websites listed in the table on the previous page is all that is needed for the commands used in the steps below. If you want to view these websites in a browser, please google them first to ensure that the website displays properly using a language that is not the University's native language. Advice: If possible, use an actual windows computer (personal or RMU Lab) to complete this assignment. If neither of these options are possible, using Appstream (Academic option) through https://view.rmu.edu is acceptable, but the command prompt command output will differ due to the computers being virtual. 1. In a Command Prompt window, run tracert on a website whose servers are located in a different Country from your location. Your website to use for this assignment can be found in the table on the previous page. What command did you use? Take a screenshot of the results for your submission. 2. Examine the output and find the point in the route when messages started jumping across the ocean (or otherwise out of the country). By what percentage does the RTT increase after the jump compared with before it? You can see an example here. Microsoft Windows [Version 10.0.22631.3007] (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. C:\Users\chris>tracert unibe.ch Tracing route to unibe.ch [130.92.250.6] over a maximum of 30 hops: 1 2 3 4 5 6 <1 ms 13 ms 12 ms 29 ms 17 ms 15 ms * 7 8 122 ms 9 121 ms 10 125 ms 11 117 ms 12 130 ms 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 * * * * * * * * Trace complete. <1 ms 13 ms 16 ms 19 ms 23 ms 16 ms * 121 ms 117 ms 122 ms 118 ms 123 ms <1 ms 13 ms 13 ms 15 ms po-200-xar02.ross.pa.pitt.comcast.net [ 30 ms 16 ms * * po-307-340-rur902.ross.pa.pitt.comcast.net [ 114 ms 123 ms 116 ms 120 ms 116 ms uniborderfw-out-601.mgmt.unibe.ch [130.92.0.227] Request timed out. Request timed out. Request timed out. Request timed out. Request timed out. * * * be-62-ar01.mckeesport.pa.pitt.comcast.net [ ae-7. barl.Pittsburgh3.Level3.net [ Request timed out. SWITCH.ear2.Frankfurt1. Level3.net [213.19.204.142] swiBF1-B3.switch.ch [130.59.39.83] swiBE1-100GE-0-0-1-2.switch.ch [130.59.39.77] h4-01-border-10-100ge-0-25.mgmt.unibe.ch [195.176.1.25] Request timed out. Request timed out. Request timed out. Request timed out. Request timed out. Request timed out. Request timed out. Request timed out. Request timed out. Request timed out. Request timed out. Request timed out. Request timed out. To calculate the percentage for this jump, select a time from just after the jump (114, for example) and divide it by a time from just before the jump (such as 16), then multiply by 100 percent: 114/16 X 100 = 713%. In this case, the sample data yields a 713 percent increase. It takes 7 times as long for a message to go round-trip from the United States to Germany (the location of the first non-US router), as it does for a message to travel round trip between two servers that are both located within the United States. 3. Choose another website whose servers may be in a different country from this one. Select one version of Amazon's website from the list below - but choose a different country from the university website you just worked with. Amazon Marketplace Supported Country Canada Mexico United Kingdom France Germany Italy Spain Website amazon.ca amazon.com.mx amazon.co.uk amazon.fr amazon.de amazon.it amazon.es How many hops did it take until the route crossed an ocean (or border)? What other anomalies do you notice about this global route? Take a screenshot of the results for your submission. 4. Scott Base in Antarctica runs several webcams from various research locations. Run a trace to the Scott Base website at antarcticanz.govt.nz. Take a screenshot of the results for your submission. What's the closest router to Scott Base's web server that your trace reached? If you can't tell from the command output where the last response came from, go to iplocation.net in your browser. Enter the final hop's IP address to determine the router's location. Submission for this Assignment: You may enter your submission directly into Blackboard, or into a word/google doc and attach it. Your name, and the following will need to be present in your submission for all points to be awarded: 1. Provide a screenshot containing your tracert command output your assigned University. 2. What was the change in RTT you noted in step 2 of this assignment activity? This should be a percentage specific to your university assignment and the detail present in your screenshot from step 1. 3. Provide a screenshot containing your tracert command output for the Amazon website you chose. How many hops did you notice it took until the route crossed an ocean (or border)? 4. Provide a screenshot containing your tracert command output for the Scott Base web server. Note the closest router to the web server that your trace reached, where did you find it was located? Also, provide a screenshot from your query using iplocation.net. Requirements for this Assignment: 1. Each student is required to complete this assignment by Sunday, February 18th Midnight. a. 1 point deducted for each day the assignment is late. Assignments more than 3 days late will receive an automatic grade of zero. b. Follow standard APA citation (i.e. any direct quotation to the textbook - not required for this assignment). Resource available within START HERE in Blackboard for this class. Grading: This assignment is worth a maximum of 50 pts. All four assignments make up 40% of your Final Grade.See Answer
Q9: CIS 427: Computer Networks and Distributed Processing Read all questions carefully and show all your work toward the answer. Make sure your answers are clear and easy to follow. There are eight questions. Q1) Why might a wireless mesh topology be superior to a base station topology for communications in a natural disaster? (5 points) Q2) Suppose the following sequence of bits arrives over a link: 011010111110101001111111011001111110 Show the resulting frame after any stuffed bits have been removed. (5 points) Consider this is the end of a sequence sent from sender to receiver, no more bits to be sent. Indicate any errors that might have been introduced into the frame. (5 points) Page 17 Q3) Suppose we want to transmit the message 11100011 and protect it from errors using the CRC polynomial x³ + 1. (a) Use polynomial long division to determine the message that should be transmitted. (5 points) (b) Suppose the leftmost bit of the message is inverted due to noise on the transmission link. What is the result of the receiver's CRC calculation? How does the receiver know that an error has occurred? (10 points) Page 27 Q4) Show the 4B/5B encoding and the resulting NRZI signal for the following bit sequence: 1110 0101 0000 0011. (5x2 points) Q5) Assuming a framing protocol that uses bit stuffing, show the bit sequence transmitted over the link when the frame contains the following bit sequence: 110101111101011111101011111110. Mark the stuffed bits. (5 points) Page 37 Q6) Consider an ARQ algorithm running over a 40-km point-to-point fiber link. (a) Compute the propagation delay for this link, assuming that the speed of light is 2×108 m/s in the fiber. (5 points) (b) Suggest a suitable timeout value for the ARQ algorithm to use. (5 points) (c) Why might it still be possible for the ARQ algorithm to time out and retransmit a frame, given this timeout value? (5 points) Page 417 Q7) Draw a timeline diagram for the sliding window algorithm with SWS = RWS = 3 frames, for the following two situations. Use a timeout interval of about 2×RTT. (a) Frame 4 is lost. (10 points) (b) Frames 4 to 6 are lost. (10 points) Page 57See Answer
Q10: Computer Networking Coursework Assignment Birkbeck, University of London Academic Year 2023/24 Deadline: 17/03/2024, 23:55 UTC General information • The coursework assignments for Computer Networking will be graded with a mark between 0 and 100; the coursework mark counts for 50% of the total grade for this module. The remaining 50% will result from the mark of a written examination. ⚫ The coursework is to be completed in four parts and must be submitted during term time by the 17th of March, 2024. The following table shows the marks awarded as well as a suggested completion date for each part. Part no. Topic Suggested date Marks 1 Querying the DNS with nslookup 22/02/2023 20 2 TCP segment analysis 29/02/2023 20 3 UDP packet analysis 07/03/2023 20 4 Socket programming 14/03/2023 40 • You should follow carefully the instructions regarding each part, including those regarding the formatting (which are not difficult to follow). • • The coursework report (for all four parts) must be submitted in a single PDF file (no Microsoft Word or other formats), plus two Python files for Part 4. You must upload all the code and documentation (two source files for client and server, plus one PDF file for the report) in a Zip file named according to the following template: surname_name_id.zip. All late submissions will be capped according to the regulations, unless a Mitigating Circumstances claim is approved. You are strongly encouraged not to submit at the very last minute, so as to avoid technical problems which may cause a late submission. 1 1 Querying the DNS with nslookup You need to use the program nslookup and perform the following tasks. 1. Consider the domain name cs.nyu.edu and query with nslookup your local server, asking for the address associated to said name. What type of query do you need to send? Report the obtained answer and the IP address associated to the name you chose. State whether the an- swer is authoritative, and briefly explain what an authoritative answer is. (2 marks) 2. What DNS server returned the answer at the previous task? Give its IP address as shown in the answer. Is the DNS server in question the router (also acting as DNS server) of the LAN you are connected to? Justify your (2 marks) answer. 3. Determine the IP address of cs.nyu.edu with an authoritative answer. Hint: you first need to determine the DNS server that has authority on the relevant zone. (4 marks) 4. Determine again the IP address of cs.nyu.edu with nslookup, but by- passing your local DNS server and running an iterative query as a DNS server would, until you get an authoritative answer. Hint: Having to work without your local DNS server, in this exercise you need to start from one of the root servers. If a server returns no answer to the default Type A query, ask the same server for a relevant DNS server by means of a NS-Type query. (12 marks) All outputs from the execution of nslookup are to be included either as screenshots or as text that is copy-pasted from the shell window - in the latter case, use a fixed-width (a.k.a. monospaced) font such as Courier. Do not rely solely on the screenshots (or pasted text) for your answers; instead, give the answers alongside a brief justification for them. • This assignment awards up to 20 marks. • The suggested completion date for this part is the 22nd of February, 2024. 2 2 TCP segment analysis Download the text file at the link below while capturing TCP segments with Wireshark; store the packets in a trace. Alternatively, download the relevant trace from the Moodle page of the module and analyse that with Wireshark. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25791/25791-0.txt 1. By analysing the segments with Wireshark, identify the IP ad- dress and TCP port number of both your client computer and of www.gutenberg.org. (4 marks) 2. What is the sequence number of the TCP SYN segment that is used to initiate the TCP connection between the client computer and www.gutenberg.org? What part of the segment identifies it as a SYN (8 marks) segment? 3. What is the sequence number of the SYNACK segment sent by www.gutenberg.org to your client computer in reply to the SYN? What is the value of the ACKnowledgement field in the SYNACK segment? How did www.gutenberg.org determine that value? What is it in the segment that identifies the segment as a SYNACK segment? (8 marks) For this part you need to include at least one screenshot per question (at least three in total), showing all the information you used to answer the question. Do not rely solely on the screenshots for your answers; instead, give the answers alongside a brief justification for them. • This assignment awards up to 20 marks. • The suggested completion date for this part is the 29th of February, 2024. 3 3 UDP packet analysis Run a DNS query with nslookup while capturing UDP packets with Wireshark; store the packets in a trace. Alternatively, download the relevant trace from the Moodle page of the module and analyse that with Wireshark. 1. Select one UDP packet from your trace. From the packet you chose, determine and state how many fields there are in the UDP header. Do not look at the textbook - instead, answer by looking at the trace through Wireshark. Give the name of said fields. (5 marks) 2. From the information displayed in Wireshark's packet content field for the chosen packet, determine the length (in bytes) of each of the UDP header fields. (5 marks) 3. By looking at Length field (see question 2 above), state the maximum length (in bytes) of the payload of a UDP packet. (3 marks) 4. Examine a pair of UDP packets in which the first packet is sent by your host and the second packet is a reply to the first packet. Describe the relationship between the port numbers in the two packets. (7 marks) For this part you need to include at least one screenshot per question (at least three in total), showing all the information you used to answer the question. The screenshot need to demonstrate that you derive your answers from running Wireshark rather than from other sources. Do not rely solely on the screenshots for your answers; instead, give the answers alongside a brief justification for them. . This assignment awards up to 20 marks. • The suggested completion date for this part is the 7th of March, 2024. 4 Socket programming To complete this assignment you are required to write two programs (client and server) in Python, that implement the game' described below. The game is between two instances of the client who play against each other using the server2. Each player sends an integer between 0 and 9; if the two numbers differ by 3 or less, the player who sent the higher number wins; instead, if the two numbers differ by 4 or more, the player who sent the lower number wins. If the two numbers are equal, there is a draw. All messages have to be sent/received using the TCP protocol. Client The client has to be coded according to the following specification. • At startup, the client prompts for an integer number I between 0 and 9 from the user. • The client connects to the server (via TCP) and sends I; then it listens for an integer N which can be 0, 1 or 2. • Upon receiving N, the client prints "You win!" if N = 1, "You lose!" if N = 0, or "Draw!" if N = 2. • Finally, the client disconnects from the server. Server The server has to be coded according to the following specification. • The server waits for connections. • Once two connections are established upon request of the clients (say Client 1 and Client 2), the server waits for integer numbers I₁ and I2 from Client 1 and Client 2, respectively. • The server receives I₁ and 12 from Client 1 and Client 2, respectively, in any order. • • • The server determines the winner as follows. If the two numbers are equal, there is a draw. If the two numbers differ by 3 or less, the player who sent the higher number wins; instead, if the two numbers differ by 4 or more, the player who sent the lower number wins. If there is a draw, the server sends the integer 2 to both clients; otherwise it sends the integer 1 to the winner client and 0 to the loser client. 'The game is not intended to be interesting or entertaining; it serves mainly for this coding exercise. However you can try and play it. 2In principle the server could allow several games in parallel, each played by a pair of client instances, but for the purpose of this assignment the server is only required to manage one game at a time. 5See Answer
Q11: Networks and security Assessment Type Assignment Written Assignment (There is no specific word limit for the report; however, it is essential that the content is clear and well-explained) Project Aim: By completing this project, students will gain practical skills in network design, configuration, and security, along with proficiency in using Cisco Packet Tracer and Wireshark for network analysis and troubleshooting. The project will prepare students for real-world scenarios in network administration and cyber security roles. Assignment brief: For a given scenario (see Project Overview), you are required to produce a report using Networks and Security paradigms. Prepare a comprehensive project report that includes network diagrams, configuration files, Wireshark analysis results, and security recommendations. The completed assignment needs to include an introduction that outlines what this assignment is about, as well as a conclusion that highlights your reflections on completing this assignment. Project Overview: The project is a Level 5 student project aimed at providing hands-on experience in designing, implementing, and securing network infrastructures using Cisco Packet Tracer and Wireshark. Students will develop a secure network topology, configure network devices, and analyse network traffic to identify and mitigate security threats. Your role is that of a network administrator at Global Enterprises, a multinational corporation undergoing global expansion. This company requires a robust network infrastructure to support seamless communication, resource sharing, and security across its distributed offices. The project aims to design, implement, and secure the network infrastructure using industry-standard protocols, firewalls, and routing techniques. Additionally, Wireshark will be utilized for network traffic analysis to detect anomalies and ensure optimal network performance. Project Objectives: 1. Network Design: Design a comprehensive network architecture for Global Enterprises' distributed offices, encompassing at least five distinct networks. Each network should incorporate multiple PCs, laptops, switches, routers, servers, and other relevant devices. Additionally, consider implementing three different levels of security for each network, trusted, partially trusted, and non-trusted, to address varying security needs. 2. IP Addressing: Assign IP addressing schemes and subnetting strategies to ensure efficient utilization of network resources and facilitate seamless communication. 3. Firewall Implementation: Implement firewall rules and access control policies to secure network traffic and protect against unauthorized access and cyber threats. 4. Routing Protocol Configuration: Configure routing protocols such as DHCP, OSPF or BGP to establish dynamic routing and optimize network traffic flow across office locations. 5. Wireshark Deployment: Utilize Wireshark for real-time network traffic analysis to detect anomalies, troubleshoot connectivity issues, and ensure optimal network performance. Network and Security Marking Criteria Criteria Issues Marks (100) Marking Breakdown where Appropriate Analysis of Clear understanding 10 e.g., Your introduction the given problem and analysis of the project. should encompass a detailed scenario along with a concise problem statement. ✰ Understanding of TCP/IP communication principles, the role of network services, protocols, devices, and network architecture. 20 e.g., screenshots or tables can help. Network design and solution ❖ Functionality and accuracy of the network design in Packet Tracer. 20 20 ✰ Correct configuration of VLANs, and VPNs. 10 Presentation ✰ Effective use of Wireshark for network traffic analysis and security assessment. ✰ Does the report itself include an introduction, a conclusion, and a reference? Extra feature ܀ 20 20 e.g., screenshots or tables can help. e.g., screenshots or tables can help. e.g., analyse captured packets to identify network vulnerabilities, abnormal traffic patterns, and potential security breaches. e.g., Are the screenshots 15 of appropriate quality? 5 e.g., any other routing protocol, any different type of service or serverSee Answer
Q12: Competency In this project, you will demonstrate your mastery of the following competency: Describe the technologies, hardware, and software used within the information technology field. Scenario You are working as a contracted information technology specialist. You have been contacted by James Otis Tax Associates, a small tax preparation company. The company is growing rapidly and is opening a new office. They are focused on hiring and retaining the best in the field, and they believe that one way to do this is to provide every employee with the appropriate tools and technology they need to effectively complete their work. Your company has been asked to provide its expertise in identifying the technology components needed for the computer systems and network for the three employees in the new office. They would also like you to address the security needs of the various employees. Directions The manager at James Otis Tax Associates has asked you to submit a report describing the technology hardware and software needed to build a computer network for the new office. The manager has asked you to describe the computer system for each new employee, including an explanation of the purpose for each selected technology component, and to identify specific software programs that the employees would need. He has also asked you to describe the security measures needed to support the systems. In your explanation, include how your knowledge of human-computer interaction (HCI) impacted your choices for each component. The manager has provided the following employee descriptions: • Certified Public Accountant (CPA): The CPA is a senior position at a tax preparation company. The CPA will be not only handling sensitive customer data from personal tax returns but also preparing tax returns for corporate clients. The CPA is also responsible for the personal tax returns filled out by the tax and data-entry specialist employees. Tax Specialist: The tax specialist has the dual role of entering data and verifying that tax returns are correct. This position involves customer interaction in gathering data for minimizing taxes owed or maximizing tax refunds. Data-Entry Specialist: This position requires data entry for personal tax returns for customers who walk in the door. Although the data-entry specialist works with sensitive customer data, they do not have access to the tax returns once the returns are submitted to the tax specialist for review. For each employee, you must: • Describe all hardware components, including peripherals, needed to create the systems Identify specific software programs (more than one) that would be beneficial to each identified employee. Programs could include: о Operating systems O Applications such as: Office automation products Security products Describe security measures needed to support this system. Security measures could focus on: ○ Access Administration and user passwords ○ ○ Firewalls Along with each description, explain the purpose of each technology component in each system. In your explanation, include how your knowledge of human-computer interaction (HCI) impacted your choices for components. Finally, choose a network topology that could be used to connect all of the new employees identified by the manager. Create a Visio diagram to identify the networking equipment needed to enable the workflow between the employees. What to Submit To complete this project, you must submit the following: Technology Needs Report Your technology needs report should be 3-5 pages in length. For each of the new employees, you must describe all hardware components needed to create the system, identify specific software programs that the employees would need, and describe security measures needed to support the systems. Along with each description, explain the purpose of each technology component in each system. In your explanation, include how your knowledge of human- computer interaction (HCI) impacted your choices for each component. Network Diagram You have also been asked to include a visual representation of the topology you selected and the network equipment needed to support interactions between these employees. Use Visio to create a 1-page (or 1-slide) diagram that identifies the networking equipment needed to enable the workflow between these employees.See Answer
Q13: Networking and the Internet 1 of 4 CSC 4200 •: https://tntech-ngin.github.io/csc4200/programming1/ind... Programming Assignment 4/22/2024 Due Date 11/29/2022-11:59 pm Objectives 1. Learn to create network packets. 2. Learn how packets can be sent over the network. 3. Familiarize you with the concept of sockets. 4. Learn packing structures, endianness, unpacking, and interpreting network data. 5. Learn how to use actual data from a packet. 6. Use packet capture to visually inspect protocols. Overview HINT: Look at python "argparse" module for this portion. $ lightserver -p <PORT> - <LOG FILE LOCATION> 1. PORT - The port server listens on. 2. Log file location - Where you will keep a record of actions. For example: $ lightserver -p 30000 -l /tmp/logfile Deliverables (each worth 5 points) 1. Write a server that listens for incoming connections on the specified port. 2. Server must parse two command line arguments, port and log locations. 3. The server must not exit after receiving a single packet. 4. Once a client connects, it logs a message in the following format "Received connection from <CLIENT IP, PORT> 5. Once it receives a HELLO message from the client, it logs the connection and sends a HELLO back to the 3/8/22, 14:45 Networking and the Internet 2 of 4 client. 6. You can assume the packet format is the following: | | | | | Version (4 bytes) | Message type (4 bytes) | https://tntech-ngin.github.io/csc4200/programming1/ind... Message (Max 10 Bytes) | Message Length (4 bytes) 7. It receives the packet header first, followed by the message. Hint: You need two RECV calls. 8. Check if Version == 17. If not, log an error message VERSION MISMATCH and continue to listen. Do not exit. 9. If Version == 17, check the message type. If message Type is 1 - the corresponding command is LIGHTON If message type is 2 - the corresponding command is LIGHTOFF. No other command is supported. 10. If the server sees a supported command, log “EXECUTING SUPPORTED COMMAND: COMMANDNAME", else log <"IGNORING UNKNOWN COMMAND: COMMANDNAME". 11. Send back a "SUCCESS" message to the client. 12. Make sure server does not exit on 0 byte messages. 13. On receiving a DISCONNECT message from the client, it closes that particular socket. The whole program should not exit. 14. Server can handle multiple clients at a given time. Client Specifications $ lightclient -s <SERVER-IP> -p <PORT> -1 LOGFILE The client takes three arguments: 1. Server IP - The IP address of the server. 2. PORT -The port the server listens on. 3. Log file location - Where you will keep a record of packets you received. For example: $ lightclient -s 192.168.2.1 -p 6543 -1 LOGFILE 4. The client must parse three command line arguments, server, port, and logfile. 5. The client should connect to the server on the specified port. 3/8/22, 14:45 Networking and the Internet 6. Constructs and sends a hello packet to the server. 3 of 4 | | | | | Version (4 bytes) | Message type (4 bytes) | | | Message (HELLO) https://tntech-ngin.github.io/csc4200/programming1/ind... | Message Length (4 bytes) 7. Receive reply from Server - if version is 17, log "VERSION ACCEPTED”, else log - “VERSION MISMATCH" 8. If version is accepted, send a command packet. | Message Length (4 bytes) | | | | | Version (4 bytes) | Message type (4 bytes) | | COMMAND (LIGHTON/LIGHTOFF) 9. Receive the server's reply, log the reply, send a DISCONNECT message to the server, and shutdown the socket. You can assume the server always replies with a "SUCCESS" message for this assignment. 10. Use TCPDUMP or Wireshark to capture the interactions, turn the .pcap file in with the assignment. HINTS: 1. Break the problem down in smaller portions - don't try to do everything at once. 2. Use ARGPARSE module for parsing the command-line arguments. 3. Code must compile/run on Google Cloud Ubuntu VM (18.04 or later). 4. You must pack the packet in a structure. If you are using python, use the “STRUCT” module. See an example here: https://pymotw.com/3/struct/ 5. Pay extra attention to byte-order encoding before sending the packet. Big-endianness is the dominant ordering in today's network protocols. 3/8/22, 14:45 Networking and the Internet Sample Output (Exact format does not matter) Server side Received connection from (IP, PORT): https://tntech-ngin.github.io/csc4200/programming1/ind... ('127.0.0.1', 53888) Received Data: version: 17 message_type: 1 length: 1280 VERSION ACCEPTED EXECUTING SUPPORTED COMMAND: LIGHTON Returning SUCCESS Received connection from (IP, PORT): ('127.0.0.1', 53890) Received Data: version: 17 message_type: 2 length: 1792 VERSION ACCEPTED EXECUTING SUPPORTED COMMAND: LIGHTOFF Returning SUCCESS Client Side Run 1 Received Data: version: 17 type: length: 1280 VERSION ACCEPTED Received Message Hello Sending command Received Data: version: 17 type: 2 length: 1792 VERSION ACCEPTED Received Message SUCCESS Command Successful Closing socket Run 2 4 of 4 Sending HELLO Packet Received Data: version: 17 type: 1 length: 1280 VERSION ACCEPTED Received Message Hello Sending command Received Data: version: 17 type: 2 length: 1792 VERSION ACCEPTED Received Message SUCCESS Command Successful Closing socket 3/8/22, 14:45See Answer
Q14: UNIVERSITYOF HERTFORDSHIRE School of Physics, Engineering and Computer Science COURSEWORK ASSIGNMENT Module Title: Operating Systems and Networks Module Code: 5COM1055 Assignment Title: AP Finance Network Design Individual Tutor: Azita Pourghasem Internal Moderator: Dr Tazeen Syed Student ID Number ONLY: Year Code: Marks 50 Awarded %: Marks Awarded after Lateness Penalty applied %: Per UH regulations Where genuine serious adverse circumstances apply, you may apply for an extension to the hand-in date, provided the extension is requested a reasonable period in advance of the deadline. Please refer to your student handbook for details about the grading schemes used by the School when assessing your work. Guidance on assessment will also be given in the Module Guide. Guidance on avoiding academic assessment offences such as plagiarism and collusion is given at this URL: http://www.studynet.herts.ac.uk/ptl/common/LIS.nsf/lis/citing_menu ASSIGNMENT BRIEF Students, you should delete this section before submitting your work. This Assignment assesses the following module Learning Outcomes: Successful students will typically have a knowledge and understanding of: 1. How operating systems and networks concepts are embodied in practical systems? 2. How can operating systems and networks be configured to meet user requirements? 3. The underlying principles of operating systems and networks include points of similarity and difference between alternatives. Learning Outcomes: Skills and Attributes 1. Use the command line and other tools to configure operating systems and networks. 2. Identify and correct system configuration errors. 3. Articulate and make decisions in the deployment of appropriate operating systems and networks. Assignment Brief: See attached assignment description. Submission Requirements: The assignment is to be submitted by 19 April 2024 This assignment is worth 100 % of the overall assessment for this module. Marks awarded for: See detailed criteria at the end of the document. A note to the students: 1. 2. 3. For undergraduate modules, a score above 40% represents a pass performance at honors level. For postgraduate modules, a score of 50% or above represents a pass mark. Modules may have several components of assessment and may require a pass in all elements. For further details, please consult the relevant Module Guide or ask the Module Leader. Typical (hours) required by the student(s) to complete the assignment: 35 hours Date Work handed out: 26/01/2024 Date Work to be handed in: 19/04/2024 Target Date for the return of the marked assignment: Type of Feedback to be given for this assignment: Formative feedback and Summative feedback in Studynet. 19/05/2024 Regulations governing assessment offences including Plagiarism and Collusion are available from: http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/secreg/upr/pdf/AS14-Apx3-Assessment%20Offences-v06.0.pdf Operating Systems and Networks Assignment Module Leader: Azita Pourghasem Module Name: Operating Systems and Networks Module code: 5COM1055 Date Issued: 26/01/2024 To be submitted by: 19 April 2024 at 23:30 Regulations governing assessment offences including Plagiarism and Collusion are available from: http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/secreg/upr/pdf/AS14-Apx3-Assessment%20Offences-v06.0.pdf Assignment Details: This is an individual assessment comprised of 3 tasks, with 100% overall marks. Task 1 consists of five sub-tasks and carries 70% and task 2 carries 30%. Table 1- Summarising all the tasks and their respective marking weights for the assignment: Description Task Marking Weight 1a 1b Network Design and Physical Prototype Choice of WAN Technology and Bandwidth 10% 10% 1c Network Configuration and Full Connectivity (PRACTICAL EXAM) 25% 1d Network Performance Measurement 10% 1e Dual Implementation IPV4 and IPv6 Scheme Explanation 15% 2 Linux Distribution Installation and User Configuration, Differences between End User and Server OS 25% 3 Organisation and Presentation of the report 5% Format of submission Report and Screenshots Research and Report with references On-Campus Practical Test - During Lab Session, Upload Packet Tracer configurations on Canvas after approval from your tutor. 04-03-24 Research and Report with references Table of IPv6 in the report Report and Screenshots Network Design and Administration for LC Solicitors Scenario You are a network administrator at AP Finance, a small law firm that has recently expanded its operations with offices in London and Manchester. The London office serves as the headquarters, accommodating 40 employees, while the Manchester office has 20 employees. Your responsibility is to establish a network that seamlessly connects both offices, enabling efficient file sharing and resource accessibility among employees. The network specifications are as follows: • Each office should have its own subnet. • The London office subnet should support a minimum of 50 IP addresses. • The Manchester office subnet should support a minimum of 24 IP addresses. • In each office, there are two LANs: one for Admin and one for Lawyers. • Each LAN in both offices should have a wireless connection for client use. • The two subnets should be connected using routers and an appropriate WAN technology. • The routers should be configured to facilitate communication between the two subnets. Regulations governing assessment offences including Plagiarism and Collusion are available from: http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/secreg/upr/pdf/AS14-Apx3-Assessment%20Offences-v06.0.pdf London Manchester Figure 1- The initial prototype network design for LC solicitors Task 1a- Network Design and Physical Prototype in Packet Tracer: (10%) • • • Complete and finalise the initial design (in Figure 1) considering the given specifications. Provide a clear and detailed network topology, indicating the placement of devices. Justify your choices for the type and model of routers, switches, and access points in your report. Use Packet Tracer to create a physical prototype of your network and add the screenshot to the report. • Ensure that the prototype accurately represents the intended network architecture. • • Explain the rationale behind your selection of routers, switches, and access points. Consider factors such as performance, scalability, and features. Task 1b-Choice of WAN Technology and Bandwidth: (10%) . Suggest a specific bandwidth requirement for the WAN connection. • Investigate various WAN choices such as MPLS, leased lines, or broadband connections. • Provide pros and cons for each option and explain how it aligns with LC Solicitors' needs. Task 1c- Network Configuration and Full Connectivity (25%) THIS TASK IS THE PRACTICAL EXAM IP Addressing Scheme: • • Design an IP addressing scheme for the LANs in both the London and Manchester offices. Use private IP addresses for the LANs, ensuring sufficient addresses for future scalability. Assign public IP addresses to the WAN interfaces for connectivity beyond the private network. Routers and switches Configuration • • · Configure routers based on the designed network topology. Set up interfaces, routing protocols, and security features as needed. Ensure that the routers are configured to allow communication between the London and Manchester subnets. Full Connectivity: • Establish full connectivity between devices in both the London and Manchester offices. • Test connectivity using commands such as ping and traceroute. • Address any issues that arise during the configuration process. Documentation for the report: • • Provide a detailed documentation of the router configurations. Present the IP addressing scheme, clearly indicating the chosen private and public IP addresses. ● Include any security measures implemented to protect the network. Regulations governing assessment offences including Plagiarism and Collusion are available from: http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/secreg/upr/pdf/AS14-Apx3-Assessment%20Offences-v06.0.pdfSee Answer
Q15: Based on instructions need to perfrom it and then present report with explanations, screenshots and raw data. Report and raw data are most important Report Format Write an experiment report (approximately 7-15 pages) that describes your methodology and results. Avoid verbose discussion of the results. Also, include any additional results, insight, and analysis of the results. Do not include raw results and command runs in your report. In general, your report should include the following components: Abstract (summary) of your experiment and findings Introduction (background and hypothesis) Methodology used. Results (plots and findings) Conclusions Answer to: What did you learn?/n Instructions Please follow the pdf for all the instructions, please read the project description very carefully. Everything is in the pdf instructions, but I am also writing this again here below for better understanding.... From the description: Please submit the report in word or pdf format, and raw DATA files compressed as a single file. Do not include raw ping or traceroute in the report document. Timeouts might happen to some hosts during the day, but if a timeout occurs several times in, say, two days a new host should be selected as soon as possible. Also, from the description: In addition, you should avoid routers and hosts that disable or don't support ICMP functions (e.g., hosts that timeout without a response). Also, If a host doesn't complete the trace within the 30 hops for a few times, yes you should pick a new one. However, if a website completes the trace most of the time except few times, then there might be a network issue, and this would be part of the hypothesis that you would have in your report. Again, There are two deliverables, the summary of the runs with comments and discussion in the word or pdf document, and there is another deliverable that is the raw commands./n CIS 427 Winter 2024 Project 3 Analyzing Network Delay and Routing Changes Over Time Introduction In this assignment, we will investigate the impact of network delays and delay variations on applications like voice over IP and time-sensitive financial transactions. We will focus on changes in network delays and jitter over a wide range of Internet paths and analyze them over time. We will observe how routing changes can result in a rise in roundtrip delay for converged paths. To identify network issues, we will employ the traceroute utility (for Linux systems) and the tracert utility (for Windows systems), as well as the ping utility. Our goal is to assess link latency for a five-day period and investigate how the latency and number of hops differ throughout the day and week. The Assignment This assignment can be completed individually or by a group of two. In the case of a group assignment, the group must work on a minimum of 10 target hosts per group, and an individual student must work on at least 6 target hosts. It is important to note that this assignment is not a continuation of programming assignments 1 or 2. If you choose to switch groups, please let the instructor know as soon as possible and before submitting any work to canvas. Routing measurement Traceroute is a computer network diagnostic tool that is used to trace the path taken by a data packet from its source to its destination over the Internet. The tool works by sending packets with increasing Time-To-Live (TTL) values to the destination and recording the IP addresses of the routers that the packet passes through before reaching its destination. By analyzing the list of routers and their response times, traceroute can provide valuable information about the path and performance of data packets traveling across the Internet. Traceroute is commonly used by network administrators and internet service providers to troubleshoot network issues, optimize network performance, and detect network congestion or outages. The traceroute command on Windows. Open a command line (cmd or PowerShell) and run: C:\> tracert www.yahoo.com tries to determine the path from the source machine to www.yahoo.com. (Note that the command should be traceroute www.yahoo.com, for Linux/UNIX based OS). The machine encountered on the 1 path after the first hop fob.net.umd.umich.edu [141.215.80.1], the next hop is i-cw- elb.net.umd.umich.edu [141.215.2.33], and so on. In all, it takes 15 hops to reach p13.www.dcn.yahoo.com. C:\tracert www.yahoo.com Tracing route to www.yahoo.akadns.net [216.109.118.71] over a maximum of 30 hops: 1 <1 ms <1 ms <1 ms fob.net.umd.umich.edu [141.215.80.1] 2 <1 ms <1 ms <1 ms 3 <1 ms <1 ms <1 ms 141.215.2.130 4 1 ms 1 ms <1 ms 5 12 ms 12 ms 13 ms 198.108.22.165 6 24 ms 12 ms 12 ms 7 16 ms 15 ms 13 ms 8 82 ms 38 ms 39 ms 9 54 ms 40 ms 40 ms 10 51 ms 43 ms 44 ms 11 47 ms 45 ms 45 ms 12 45 ms 47 ms 46 ms 13 52 ms 47 ms 45 ms i-cw-elb.net.umd.umich.edu [141.215.2.33] i-merit.net.umd.umich.edu [141.215.2.2] g1.ba21.b002281-1. ord01.atlas.cogentco.com [66.28.21.233] p12-0.core02.ord01.atlas.cogentco.com [154.54.2.241] p6-0.core02.jfk02.atlas.cogentco.com [66.28.4.85] p14-0.core01.ph101.atlas.cogentco.com [66.28.4.2] p4-0.core01.dca01.atlas.cogentco.com [66.28.4.17] p2-0.core01.iad01.atlas.cogentco.com [154.54.2.202] yahoo.iad01.atlas.cogentco.com [154.54.10.2] ae1.p400.msr1.dcn.yahoo.com [216.115.96.181] 14 48 ms 47 ms 50 ms 15 45 ms 46 ms 78 ms ge5-2.bas1-m.dcn.yahoo.com [216.109.120.151] p8.www.dcn.yahoo.com [216.109.118.71] Trace complete. For this part of the assignment, you will monitor the routing stability of the Internet using traceroute. Choose your destination hosts (`targets'). The targets should be distributed around the world. Please do not monitor hosts of the .MIL domain. In addition, you should avoid routers and hosts that disable or don't support ICMP functions (e.g., hosts that timeout without a response). 1. Using traceroute from a fixed machine, monitor, and record the routing path to each target for an entire 5 days. You should perform at least 3 measurements every day, for a total of about 15 measurements per target for the duration of the 5 days. 2. You should perform all your measurements from a fixed location, for example at home or on campus. Alternatively, you can log into the UMD Login server (login.umd.umich.edu) and perform the measurement from the server. 3. Some host names may be dynamically mapped to several geographically dispersed servers (e.g., www.cnn.com). Therefore, after you learn the IP address of a host name, you need to use the IP address instead of the host name (e.g. tracert 23.235.40.73). 4. For which targets do you observe the same routing path in all measurements? For which targets do you observe several different paths? Comment on the stability of the routes that you have monitored. 2 5. For the paths that do tend to change, what is the nature of the routing change (e.g., differences in the number of hops, differences in the network providers that traffic goes through, or differences in the exact router interfaces that traffic goes through)? Hint: To identify the Autonomous System Number or ISP for each router, you can use the command "whois -h whois.arin.net ASN" or "whois -h radb.ra.net IPaddr" or visit http://www.arin.net/whois/ for more information. 6. For a path that is not stable, attempt to (roughly) estimate how often the route changes. You may need to perform more frequent measurements to those targets. Loss and Round-Trip Time (RTT) measurements The ping utility is a valuable network testing tool that operates by transmitting a brief message of the echo-request type to a host via the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP). This protocol is used to send and receive error messages and operational information about network conditions. A host that supports ICMP, which is most hosts, will receive an echo- request message and reply by sending an echo-response message back to the original host. The following is a sample output of an execution of ping: C:\ping -n 120 amazon.in Pinging amazon.in [52.95.116.115] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 52.95.116.115: bytes=32 time=113ms TTL=223 Reply from 52.95.116.115: bytes=32 time=195ms TTL=223 Reply from 52.95.116.115: bytes=32 time=117ms TTL=223 Reply from 52.95.116.115: bytes=32 time=182ms TTL=223 Reply from 52.95.116.115: bytes=32 time=188ms TTL=223 Reply from 52.95.116.115: bytes=32 time=190ms TTL=223 Reply from 52.95.116.115: bytes=32 time=195ms TTL=223 Ping statistics for 52.95.116.115: Packets Sent = 120, Received = 120, Lost = 0 (0% loss), Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds: Minimum = 113ms, Maximum = 205ms, Average = 167ms In this part of the assignment, you will monitor the loss and delay performance characteristics of some Internet paths using ping. You can use the same set of targets as in the previous part of the assignment. It is better, however, to choose targets that do not experience frequent routing changes. 3 1. As in the previous part of the assignment, measure the loss rate and RTTS for each target for the duration of 5 days. You should perform at least 2 measurements every day, for a total of about 10 measurements per target for the duration of the 5 days. Each measurement should send 120 echo requests by using the -n count (number of echo requests to send) option. 2. Use the previous measurements to classify your targets as `loss free', `minor losses' (0 < loss rate<5%), `significant losses' (5% < loss rate <10%), and `major losses' (loss rate > 10%). Does this classification remain the same throughout the 5 days for each target? 3. Measure the minimum/maximum/mean RTT for each target. 4. Plot the loss rate and RTTs for each target as a function of time. Do you observe any significant changes between different times-of-day or days-of-week? Deliverables Write an experiment report (approximately 7-15 pages) that describes your methodology and results. Avoid verbose discussion of the results. Also, include any additional results, insight, and analysis of the results. Do not include raw results and command runs in your report. In general, your report should include the following components: Abstract (summary) of your experiment and findings Introduction (background and hypothesis) Methodology used. ● ● ● Results (plots and findings) ● Conclusions Answer to: What did you learn? Please submit the report in word or pdf format, and raw DATA files compressed as a single file to Canvas. Do not include raw ping or traceroute in the report document. 4See Answer
Q16: Assignment Need to do in Julia Language https://github.com/SimonEnsemble/CHE361_W2024/blob/main/studios/so_systems.jlSee Answer
Q17:• Introduction to Networking and Network Services Client-Server Model • • Network Sockets • • о Basic Concepts, Operation Modes, States, Sockets API Application Protocols o Standard and Custom protocols, Design and use Servers о Connection-Oriented versus Connectionless Servers, Concurrent versus Iterative Servers, Multi-Protocol Servers, Multi-Service Servers • Advanced Topics • • Multi-threaded programming, Design Patterns Distributed Computing, RPC, RMI, CORBA, SOA, Web-Services (AWS)/n (c) Nigel John PROJECT I ECE 470 1/25/24 (c) Nigel John ONLINE AUCTION SITE Design and implement a Client/Server solution that operates as an online auction site 1/25/24 2 D• J• Jo Seller Bidders 미미미 (c) Nigel John 1. Upload: item info start price time limit 4. Bid on item 2. Create bidding info 3, 6. Store bidding info Auction Site Data Storage 5. Update bidding info 7. Close auction 8. Notify buyer and seller 1/25/24 3 MINIMUM SUPPORTED OPERATIONS Data Storage Store user information Store/Search/Update Items for sale and Bidding information Auction Site Login/Logout users Accept Items for sale . Accept Bids . Decide on auction end and winner . Notify seller and buyer (c) Nigel John Client . Login/Logout • Collect and send item information • • Search for items for sale Submit bids ⚫ Get seller/buyer information for winning bid 1/25/24 4 • ASSUMPTIONS You only need to support one user at a time • Must have a login (username, password) Have one Data Storage server Have one Auction Site server • Users must login to: Submit items • Submit bids • Check results (c) Nigel John ⚫ Will use TCP for Auction protocol and Storage protocol 1/25/24 5/n 1) Need to do Part-1 first which is written on the last slide of the given PDF. 2) Need to design Website as per the given instructions in the PDF. Note: Any Tool/Platform can be used. Do need to check reference section/nCourse Description & Objectives Introduction to client-server systems. Internet client-server communication programming. Advanced client-server design and implementation based on distributed component object model in Windows and UNIX. Learning Objectives By the end of this course, students will: • • understand the fundamental concepts of client-server network programming models and services. have hands-on experience with integrated software development tools and environments. • use advanced programming concepts and techniques.See Answer
Q18: ELSEVIER Computer Networks 148 (2019) 241-261 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Computer Networks journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/comnet Computer Networks Internet of Things applications: A systematic review Parvaneh Asgharia, Amir Masoud Rahmania,*, Hamid Haj Seyyed Javadi b Department of Computer Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran b Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran Check for updates ARTICLE INFO Article history: Received 7 July 2018 Revised 23 November 2018 Accepted 7 December 2018 Available online 10 December 2018 Keywords: Application-based services Internet of things Systematic literature review Smart objects Quality of service ABSTRACT Internet of Things (IoT) is considered as an ecosystem that contains smart objects equipped with sensors, networking and processing technologies integrating and working together to provide an environment in which smart services are taken to the end users. The IoT is leading numerous benefits into the human life through the environment wherein smart services are provided to utilize every activity anywhere and anytime. All these facilities and services are conveyed through the diverse applications which are per- formed in the IoT environment. The most important utilities that are achieved by the IoT applications are monitoring and consequently immediate decision making for efficient management. In this paper, we intend to survey in divers IoT application domains to comprehend the different approaches in IoT ap- plications which have been recently presented based on the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method. The aim of this paper is to categorize analytically and statistically, and analyze the current research tech- niques on IoT applications approaches published from 2011 to 2018. A technical taxonomy is presented for the IoT applications approaches according to the content of current studies that are selected with SLR process in this study including health care, environmental monitoring, smart city, commercial, indus- trial and general aspects in IoT applications. IoT applications are compared with each other according to some technical features such as Quality of Service (QoS), proposed case study and evaluation environ- ments. The achievements and disadvantages of each study is discussed as well as presenting some hints for addressing their weaknesses and highlighting the future research challenges and open issues in IoT applications. © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction In recent years, the Internet of Things (IoT) has penetrated per- vasively into the most aspects of human life everywhere such as cities, homes, universities, industrial factories, organizations, agri- culture environments, hospitals and health-care centers [1–4]. Nu- merous capabilities such as produce/consume data and online ser- vices, improve daily life and activities around the world through the IoT context [5]. The facilities and smart services are carried through the various applications which are performed in the IoT environment [6]. As users' desires grow, innovative applications are being provided for monitoring, managing and automating human activities [7,8]. Also, IoT applications apply cloud service comput- ing for achieving proper composite services via composition of ex- isting atomic services for service-based applications in the IoT con- text [9,10]. IoT scenarios are applied to applications with smart de- vices which users apply them in their daily activities in various fields. Also, IoT applications have some benefits for users to choose the best opportunity in any case, decision making, managing, and monitoring environmental cloud resources [11]. Despite the different application domains' motivations, all of them have a shared and common goal: provisioning smart services to increase the quality of human life [12,13]. The main concern of IoT applications is satisfying Quality of Service (QoS) metrics. User's requirements should be supported by smart services in IoT applications that cover the QoS metrics such as security, cost, ser- vice time, energy consumption, reliability and availability. There are some technical surveys and review papers that do not concentrate on the IoT applications systematically [14,15]. The main aim of this research is to survey in different IoT applications to comprehend the diversity of approaches in IoT applications which have been recently presented. The key approaches of IoT applica- tions that have been focused in selected studies consist of health- care, environmental monitoring, smart city, commercial, industrial and general approaches. We present a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method and overview opportunities of the IoT applications. The main commitments of this study are highlighted as follows: * Corresponding author. E-mail address: rahmani@srbiau.ac.ir (A.M. Rahmani). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2018.12.008 1389-1286/© 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 242 P. Asghari, A.M. Rahmani and H.H.S. Javadi/Computer Networks 148 (2019) 241-261 Table 1 Related studies in IoT applications. Reference Main topic Publication year Covered years Li et al. [15] Han et al. [16] Ray [17] IoT technology 2015 IoT smart objects 2015 IoT architectures 2016 Bello and Zeadally [12] Talavera et al. [5] IoT services 2017 IoT in environmental and agro-industrial fields 2017 2004-2017 2006-2016 • • . Designing a technical taxonomy to classify the various IoT ap- plications. Presenting a discussion of the key challenges for the applica- tions approaches in IoT environment. Highlighting the future research challenges and open issues in IoT applications. The organization of this review is considered as follows: The related works are presented in Section 2. Section 3 provides a research selection technique and motivation regarding the SLR process. Section 4, outlines the applications approaches in IoT sys- tematically and categorizes them. Also, in this section a technical taxonomy and comparison of the approaches for selected papers is presented. In Section 5, a discussion is provided on the IoT appli- cations that have not been analyzed comprehensively up to now. Finally, Section 6 demonstrates the conclusion along with the pa- per restrictions. 2. Related work This section presents a momentary explanation of the related work studies in IoT applications. Bello and Zeadally [12] discussed the existing networking stan- dards in the IoT environment to clarify how they can afford to satisfy the QoS necessities of objects to make the smarter IoT ecosystem. Furthermore, an analysis on diverse applications and the risk of lack of cross-domain integration in the IoT environment was presented to realize to fulfill the interoperability and QoS re- quirements such as availability, reliability, scalability and security for providing the IoT services. The strong point of this study is to present a classification of various recent standards in the net- work layer and application layer in diverse areas including build- ing, transportation, smart city, business and grid systems. The main deficiencies of this study are the absence of presenting any sta- tistical information about discussed standards applied in different stated domains and similarly not giving any statistic chart for the risk analysis of the lack of interoperability between IoT objects and transport protocols to illustrate briefly the judgments. Talavera et al. [5] surveyed on IoT applications in environmen- tal and industrial agriculture. In this review paper four area in- cluding prediction, monitoring, control and logistics, are consid- ered. Two important subjects are mentioned and answered in this study. The first one is about the fundamental technological efforts in IoT-based applications for agro industrial and environmental is- sues, and the second one is about the infrastructures and tech- nologies used in the mentioned solutions. It is derived that the maximum of the papers were concentrated on monitoring (62%), and then control (25%), logistics (7%), and prediction (6%). Fur- thermore, according to the second question mentioned in this survey, it is realized that the most technologies and Infrastruc- tures applied in the IoT agro industrial and environmental applica- tions, categorized in seven sets including visualization approaches, storage approaches, edge computing technologies, communication techniques, power sources, actuators and sensing variables. The mentioned open issues in this review contain these topics: robust standardization, improved power consumption, security, reusabil- ity of software and hardware components, decrease cost, appro- priate compatibility with existing infrastructures and scalability issues. The authors presented an architecture for the IoT agro in- dustrial and environmental applications. The offered model con- sists of four layer including application, service, communication and physical layer. The advantage of this study is presenting bene- ficial and comprehensive statistics about the studies and efforts in the agro industrial and environmental applications in the IoT con- text. The weakness of this paper is that the explanation of the re- lated works is not sufficient. Han et al. [16] presented a review on problem of service com- position of Internet Protocol (IP) smart IoT objects. The authors provided a full investigation based on some issues such as smart IoT objects systems, service modeling, target applications, target platforms and service composition approaches for the IPs in IoT The main weakness of this survey is that the evaluation factors in- cluding availability, response time, cost, and scalability as impor- tant quality factors were not analyzed. Li et al. [15] provided a survey in IoT major techniques. This re- view discussed architecture layers including perception layer, net- work layer, service layer and the interface layer. The advantage of this review is presenting comprehensive open issues and chal- lenges in the IoT, however, the compatibility of each approach in the IoT applications was not considered. A survey on IoT was presented by Ray [17]. This study discusses about the topics such as Service Oriented Architecture (SOA), WSN, health-care systems and social computing. The main defect of this study is not providing any analysis on evaluation parameters such as availability, energy consumption, cost, response time and relia- bility as quality factors in this area. Table 1 represents a summary of the related review studies on the IoT applications issues with respect to the systematic literature review and survey studies. The core subject, publication year and covered years are listed for each study in this table. According to the existing review papers, the existing deficien- cies propose that we provide a comprehensive literature review to address these weaknesses as follows: • • The present studies do not provide any analytical assessment and taxonomy for application approaches in IoT. • Some studies do not evaluate the important assessment factors on applications in IoT. The structure of the presented studies does not have the sys- tematic arrangement and the paper selection method is not clear. 3. Research selection method This section provides a review based on SLR method as a research study assessment for classifying the IoT applications [18-20]. Considering the alternatives and other synonyms of the key es- sential components, the subsequent exploration string was defined [21-26]: • • ("Application" OR "Software" OR "Application-based" OR "Appli- cation layer" OR "App") AND ("IoT") OR ("Internet of Things") 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6543210 P. Asghari, A.M. Rahmani and H.H.S. Javadi/Computer Networks 148 (2019) 241-261 IN 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Elsevier III Springer IEEE ACM Other publishers Search in electronic databases IEEE, ACM, ScienceDirect, Research Springer, T&F, Wiley, identification Google scholar Inderscience, Sage Fig. 1. Distribution of research papers by publisher. Applying exclusion Survey and review papers. Not indexed in ISI. Non English context. Observing 185 published papers in IoT applications Research refinement Not peer-reviewed procedure. Applying inclusion Published between 2011 - 2018. Field of IoT application. Existing quality aspects of publication. Fig. 2. The selection criteria and evaluation chart of research studies. 243 Final selected studies 72 research studies in IoT application This SLR paper presents inclusive answers to the following An- alytical Questions (AQ) regarding the aims of this research [27]: • AQ1: Which domains are categorized in IoT applications? • • • AQ2: Which main contexts are considered for IoT applications? AQ3: What measurement environments are used for evaluating the IoT applications? AQ4: What are the evaluation factors usually applied in IoT ap- plications? •AQ5: What are the future researches directions and open per- spectives of IoT applications? Fig. 1 shows the distribution of the research studies completed by the leading scientific publishers regarding the article citations and review method, including Elsevier, IEEE, Springer, ACM, Wi- ley and Taylor & Francis. In this organization, scientific electronic databases including IEEE Xplorer and Science Direct are applied in the SLR method. After providing the analytical questions, the inclusion/exclusion criteria for the ultimate research selection was applied. Regarding the number of published papers, we just analyze the journal ar- ticles and conference papers indexed in WoS and ISI proceedings as the peer-reviewed papers for the applications approaches in IoT. Finally, 72 peer-reviewed papers were selected for analyzing and answering the mentioned analytical questions which are presented in detail in Section 4. Fig. 2 shows the selection principles and evaluation flowchart designed for the studies. The exclusion phase consist of ignoring non-peer-reviewed researches, short papers, white papers, book chapters, and low-quality studies (published in predatory journals) that did not present any scientific discussion and technical infor- mation. For mapping the final selected studies, the inclusion prin- ciples are considered as follows: • The studies available online between 2011 and 2018. The studies in IoT applications topics. The studies with a technical quality method in IoT applications. Studies using existing quality aspects. For mapping the final selected studies, the exclusion principles are considered as follows: • The studies presenting review and survey papers. • The studies not indexed in WoS and ISI. ⚫ The studies not written in English language. ⚫ The studies not peer-reviewed process. 244 P. Asghari, A.M. Rahmani and H.H.S. Javadi/Computer Networks 148 (2019) 241-261 Health-care Environmental IoT applications Smart city Commercial Industrial General aspects Smart Smart Wearables animal farming Smart home Smart grid Shopping systems Personal monitoring Smart agriculture Smart building Scheduling systems Wild vegetation monitoring Domestic waste treatment monitoring Urban computing Security and emergencies Traffic monitoring Regional climate change monitoring Mobile crowd sensing Retail 4. Organization of the IoT applications Vehicle monitoring Fig. 3. The taxonomy of IoT applications. This section presents a technical review of the selected IoT ap- plications for the existing studies according to the applied SLR pro- cess. Fig. 3 shows a comprehensive taxonomy on the IoT appli- cations that include health-care, environmental, smart city, com- mercial, industrial and general aspects [28,29]. Since, in each type of IoT applications, some problems can potentially emerge that should be focused to find effective solutions to make the IoT appli- cations more efficient and applicable in the real IoT environments, we review the papers that try to address some issues to support the IoT applications in a particular domain. For example, in smart city applications, the key subjects such as semantic-aware mo- bile crowd-sensing, vehicular monitoring, location finding, context- aware or QoS-aware service composition, scalable IoT platforms, managing scalable heterogeneous data streams and many other is- sues arise in various aspects of smart city IoT applications. There- fore, the presented taxonomy in this paper is based on different types of IoT applications in which particular subjunctives were dis- cussed and addressed in the selected research papers. Regarding the challenges and concerns in different categories of IoT applica- tions, firstly, we concentrate on type of the IoT applications, and then we try to study the main context focused in the selected pa- pers. Since, some concerns are general in the IoT applications, we introduce a category in our taxonomy named “general aspects", to classify the papers which presented an approach to cope with a specific challenge for supporting any type of IoT application. Of course, the general aspects in the proposed taxonomy are applied in all IoT application domains such as applied and systematical software, evaluation procedure or performance prediction of IoT applications [30]. In other words, the illustrated studies of the gen- eral aspects presented a novel conceptual approach for using in de- velopment any type of IoT application. The following subsections illustrate the different approaches in IoT applications. Also, the different studies will be compared in several sides such as the specified main context, case studies, ad- vantages, weaknesses and finally the particular outputs. 4.1. Health-care applications Kim and Kim [31] provided a guide for IoT health-care service providers based on the users' view point. In this study some im- portant offered attributes, have further impacts on users' confirma- tion of such services. An analysis was performed to evaluate the suggested factors such as trust and risk sensitivity to qualify the services. In this study by focusing on lifestyle disease, the results exposes that in South Korea people prefer trustworthy and safe health-care services. The advantage of this work is to give a simple and new guide for IoT health-care service producers and improve the reliability. The weakness of this study is that the extracted re- sults are based on the hypothetical service description instead of commercial service applied by the health-care user. Also the other deficiency is that the response time is not evaluated. Fafoutis et al. [32] proposed a platform to develop a monitor- ing system to detect and prevent chronic medical conditions in- cluding diabetes, obesity or depression in today life in a residen- tial environment. In this work, as a result of the related costs of recharging or replacing the batteries of the wearable devices, the issue of energy limitations is considered. In this paper, only the solutions which focus on battery-powered are taken into account. By deploying the asymmetry of the network resources, the energy efficiency of the wearable hardware is correspondingly improved. The proposed system is relied on Bluetooth low power and also is a portion of a residential platform which is equipped with video cameras on body and ecological sensors for distinguishing to real- ize immediate perceptive and making decision by means of ma- chine learning techniques. To evaluate the proposed framework, a prototyped wearable hardware and three prototyped receiver units were applied. The advantages of this paper are improving the energy feeding of the wearable devices and also enhancing the P. Asghari, A.M. Rahmani and H.H.S. Javadi/Computer Networks 148 (2019) 241-261 reliability of the proposed system. Furthermore, the precision of the RSSI and the transmission power is evaluated. The weakness of this work is that the response time is not assessed. Jimenez and Torres [33] developed a prototype as an IoT health- care monitoring system which could be extended in duration of use. In this work, the system was developed by means of low cost sensors and existing IoT platform which exist commonly in homes. The presented ad-hoc monitoring system checks the patient's bi- ological factors and the environmental data such as humidity and temperature that sensed by either present sensors or the new sen- sors, are added during the system execution time. In this paper, smart phones are considered as gateways for collecting the men- tioned information from sensors at patient's environment. The of- fered health-care monitoring system is used for collecting business necessities in actual circumstances to evaluate the performance and scalability of the presented prototype. The advantage of this work is using low cost sensors and low energy consumption de- vices that exist typically in homes. The weakness of this system is to satisfy just minimum service level according the collected busi- ness requirements. Ding et al. [34] proposed an IoT system for remote mobile medical monitoring. The authors suggested a model of the hu- man interaction and physiological parameters by using intelligent nodes. The offered system is implemented for developing the ef- ficient emergency alarm systems by saving the critical emergency information in hospital database. The advantages of this work are improving the rapidity and precision of the physiological factors measurement and also using low power consumption devices. The weakness of this work is that the cost was not considered. Savola et al. [35] offered a high-level adaptive mechanism for security management with respect to security metrics. For pre- senting this idea the security intentions of E-health IoT applica- tions particularly for health of aged people and the treatment of lasting diseases, are analyzed. Furthermore, in this paper, the re- quirements of adaptive security management and decision-making, which are necessary to set the security needs, and also applying the sufficient security controls in condition of changing security threats in such applications, are discussed. The presented mech- anism for adaptive security management considers several secu- rity factors such as security accuracy, effectiveness, efficiency, pri- vacy level and confidentiality. The main advantage of this study is improving the security intentions of E-health IoT applications. The weakness of this work is the absence of any detailed analysis of security metrics and adaptive decision-making algorithm in such E-health IoT applications. Baloch et al. [36] proposed a layered context-aware data com- bination approach for IoT health-care applications. The proposed approach consists of context attainment, condition structure and implication. In this paper, it is explained that Body Sensor Net- works (BSN) or Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) that are or- dinarily positioned to the patient's body to accumulate physiolog- ical data for IoT health-care applications. As the data are collected from multiple heterogeneous sources, a technique for combining these datasets is necessary which is known as "data fusion”. In this paper, a novel approach presented for demonstrating the col- lected data in a way that assistances taking on time precise de- cision. The advantage of this study is addressing some challenges such as sensor deficiency, limited coverage, irregularity and ambi- guity. The weakness of this paper is that not presenting any spe- cific algorithm to evaluate the suggested approach. Subrahmanyam et al. [37] proposed a least error adjusted IEEE 802.15.4 transceiver for health-care applications in IoT environ- ment. In this paper, an improved frequency offset evaluator sug- gested with better performance of error modification than the cur- rent assessors for IEEE 802.15.4. The advantage of this study is a considerable improving in bit error amount and packet error 245 frequency of the offered transceiver in contrast to the standard ar- chitecture. Also, another achievement of this paper is decreasing power consumption as a result of fewer number of retransmission in each packet for successful broadcast of the packet. Lin et al. [38] developed a novel paradigm for sensor tasking such as choosing to detect sensors in Cognitive Radio Sensor Net- works (CRSNs). Also, in this study, a conceptual attitude of the suggested model in contradiction of the Primary User Emulation Attack (PUEA) is proposed. The advantage of offered approach is improving the effectivity of attack detection. The main weakness of this paper is that not considering the reliability and operabil- ity of the scheme according to the influence of node movement on detection performance. Damis et al. [39] presented an analysis for three epidermal loop antennas in theoretical and experimental aspects for measuring bi- ological factors in order to apply in health-care IoT applications. In this study, Error-Vector Magnitude (EVM) examinations and BER factors are showed and evaluated, correspondingly, to validate the truth of GSM and BLE communications for the QL antennas. Experi- mental results show proper dependability between radiation forms and refection factor. Data communication assessments represented that the attained BER could be suitable for this antenna technology to operate in a 4- QAM wireless connection. Elappila et al. [40] presented a routing algorithm for WSN based on congestion and interference awareness of energy efficiency. The proposed technique was developed to operate in the networks with heavy traffic and interference on the connection among the nodes for the reason that several IoT objects deliver their data to a same target, which is a usual situation in the IoT monitoring appli- cations. The proposed algorithm applies a function for choosing the next party node which works with three parameters: (1) signal to interference and noise ratio of the connection (SNIR), (2) the sur- vivability parameter of the route from the next party node to the endpoint, and (3) the congestion degree at the next party node. The acquired results from simulation show improvement in net- work throughput, packet broadcasting ratio, energy consumption of the nodes and also decreasing the amount of the lost packets. Jebadurai and Dinesh Peter [41] proposed an architecture for IoT healthcare applications in order to process retinal images which captured by smartphone funduscopy. An algorithm based on super-resolution (SR) using kernel Support Vector Regression (SVR) method, was offered to increase the quality of the images. The out- comes display that the suggested algorithm executes more efficient in comparison to other present super resolution algorithms. Malik et al. [42] presented an analysis on performance of nar- row band IoT (NB-IoT) which provides heavy communications with low data rate for long lifetime batteries and simple sensors, in IoT health-care applications. The main aim of this paper is to analyze the latency and throughput of NBIoT in health-care monitoring ap- plications. 4.1.1. Analysis of the reviewed health-care applications Table 2 shows the classification of the above papers and the important aspects to evaluate the health-care approach in IoT ap- plications. The most important main contexts in the health-care approach are based on the user preferences for lifestyle disease management, residential maintenance-free long-term activity mon- itoring, home monitoring by remote mobile medical and metrics- driven adaptive security management. Table 3 presents a side by side evaluation for the above stud- ies applying the evaluation elements in health-care IoT applica- tions. The parameters consist of availability, response time, en- ergy consumption, cost, reliability, security and throughput. In the health-care approach, most research studies assessed their of- fered approach in the response time, cost and energy consumption properties./n1-s2.0-S1389128618305127-main.pdf Reading assignment: 1. What is IoT? Write down five applications of IoT. 2. How will the Internet of Things (IoT) evolve? This assignment will count as "Assignment 0." The due date is 29th January 2024.See Answer
Q19:Exercise 2: (2+2+2=6p) If each packet carries 1000 bits of data, the distance between the sender and receiver is 5000km, link speed is 1Mbps, and the propagation speed is m/s. Assume no data or control frame is lost or damaged. Ignore transmission time for ACK. a) How long does it take to send 1 million bits of data if using Stop-and-Wait ARQ Protocol? b) Repeat for Go-back-N ARQ Protocol if using 3-bit sequence number. c) Repeat for Selective-Reject ARQ Protocol if using 3-bit sequence numberSee Answer
Q20: Overview This project (due in Module Seven) involves reconfiguring a network with a network diagram and providing a network design rationale based on the architectural requirements presented in a scenario. The audience for this diagram and rationale is the network administrator for a fictional organization at which you are employed as a junior security analyst for the purposes of this assignment. As you will find in the workplace, there is often not just one correct answer to any given set of specifications when developing a network diagram. There may be many configurations to respond to each scenario. This project represents an authentic demonstration of the related course competency because, as a junior security analyst, you will often be asked to troubleshoot and design a variety of networks and network configurations that meet the business needs. In this assignment, you will demonstrate your mastery of the following course competency: • Design IP addressing and supporting services to meet architectural requirements Scenario Your instructor will post a real-world scenario that includes the minimum specifications on which your work will be based. You will also be provided with a Packet Tracer native file (.pkt) that you will import into the Packet Tracer application to use as the base diagram for your network. You will use the scenario and the provided Packet Tracer lab environment to do your work. Prompt You must address the critical elements listed below. The codes shown in brackets indicate the course competency to which each critical element is aligned. 1. Network Diagram A. Organize the essential components required in the given minimum specifications so that they collectively constitute a functional system. IP networking ● ● ● Subnet masks Network (DHCP) infrastructure Network address translation (NAT) protocol and port address translation (PAT) protocol B. Use annotations that address all the organizational requirements that were identified in the scenario you were provided. II. Network Design Rationale Describe your rationale for how you organized the components so that they constitute a functional system. Provide a rationale for each component: A. IP networking B. Subnet masks C. Network (DHCP) infrastructure D. Network address translation (NAT) protocol and port address translation (PAT) protocol What to Submit Your submission should include two files: a PDF and a Word document. For the network diagram, print your Packet Tracer native file (.pkt) as a PDF, which you should submit for grading. Submit your network design rationale as a Word document with double spacing, 12-point Times New Roman font, and one-inch margins. It should be 1 to 2 pages in length and should be written in APA format. For both files, use filenames that include the course code, the assignment title, and your name-for example, CYB_100_Project_One_Neo_Anderson.docx. Project Two Rubric Criteria Network Diagram: Functional System Network Diagram: Annotations Exemplary (100%) Meets "Proficient" criteria and addresses critical element in an Essential components are organized so that they collectively constitute a exceptionally functional clear, system insightful, sophisticated, or creative manner Proficient (85%) Meets "Proficient" Uses annotations Needs Improvement (55%) Addresses "Proficient" criteria, but there are gaps in clarity, logic, or detail Addresses "Proficient" Not Evident (0%) Does not address critical element, or response is irrelevant Does not address Criteria Network Design Rationale: IP Networking Network Design Rationale: Subnet Masks Exemplary (100%) criteria and addresses critical element in an exceptionally clear, insightful, sophisticated, or creative manner Meets "Proficient" criteria and addresses critical element in an exceptionally clear, insightful, sophisticated, or creative manner Meets "Proficient" criteria and addresses critical Proficient (85%) that address all the organizational requirements that were identified Describes rationale for how the IP networking component was organized so that it is part of a functional system Describes rationale for how the subnet masks component Needs Improvement (55%) criteria, but there are gaps in clarity, logic, or detail Addresses "Proficient" criteria, but there are gaps in clarity, logic, or detail Addresses "Proficient" criteria, but there are gaps Not Evident (0%) critical element, or response is irrelevant Does not address critical element, or response is irrelevant Does not address critical element, or Criteria Network Design Rationale: Network (DHCP) Infrastructure Exemplary Proficient (100%) (85%) element in an exceptionally clear, insightful, sophisticated, or creative manner Meets "Proficient" criteria and addresses critical element in an exceptionally clear, insightful, sophisticated, or creative manner was organized so that it is part of a functional system Describes rationale for how the network infrastructure component was organized so that it is part of a functional system Network Design Rationale: Network and Port Address Translation Protocols Meets Describes rationale for how the network and port address element in an translation exceptionally protocols clear, "Proficient" criteria and addresses critical component Needs Improvement (55%) in clarity, logic, or detail Addresses "Proficient" criteria, but there are gaps in clarity, logic, or detail Addresses "Proficient" criteria, but there are gaps in clarity, logic, or detail Not Evident (0%) response is irrelevant Does not address critical element, or response is irrelevant Does not address critical element, or response is irrelevantSee Answer

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