1. A solar collector, 2 m x 1.5 m, contains water and absorbs solar radiation to heat water

for a home. Solar collectors are typically angled to better capture the solar energy.

Assume all radiation heat transfer that is incident on the collector is absorbed by the

water and the collector is at steady state. In the absence of wind, a solar collector will

be cooled by natural convection. The emissivity (e) of the absorber plate is 0.9, and the

total absorptivity (a) of the plate is 0.85. The back of the

absorber is insulated.

For the solar collector in the diagram, determine:

a. The total rate of heat loss from the upper surface

of the collector due to natural convection.

b. The total rate of heat loss from the upper surface

of the collector due to radiation.

c. The heat transfer rate to the collector due to solar

radiation.