Fill in the blamks
Host–microbe interactions can be describes as either friends or foes. A biological or ecological relationship between organisms is called [ Select ] ["Competition", "Symbiosis", "Predation"] .
Members of such relationship are called [ Select ] ["competitors", "predators", "symbionts"] .
The fungus Penicillium which produces the antibiotic Penicillin, which inhibits nearby bacteria, but the bacteria have no effect ( neither harmed nor helped) on the fungus is an example of [ Select ] ["Parasitism", "Amensalism", "Pathogenicity"]
[ Select ] ["Parasitism", "Commensalism", "Mutualism"] is the relationship in which both symbionts benefit.
The relationship where hair follicle mites which live on your skin without causing measurable harm to you is called [ Select ] ["Commensalism", "Parasitism", "Metabolism"] , where one organism benefits while the other remains unaffected .
[ Select ] ["Commensalism", "Mutualism", "Parasitism"] is the relationship where one benefit from its host while harming it, and if it the harmful organism causes disease it is called called a [ Select ] ["prey", "pathogen", "competitor"] .
When the injury from an infectious agents sufficient to interfere with normal functioning of the body, this state is termed [ Select ] ["mortality", "infection", "morbidity"] .
[ Select ] ["mortality", "Infection", "morbidity"] is the invasion of a pathogen; disease results only if the pathogen multiplies sufficiently to adversely affect the body.
Epidemiology is the study of the timing, location, and transmission of diseases within populations. The [ Select ] ["prevalence", "incidence", "abscence"] is the number of new cases of a disease in a given area or population in a given period of time, while the [ Select ] ["coincidence", "incidence", "prevalence"] is the total number of cases in a given area or population in a given period of time. A disease that normally occurs continually at a relatively stable incidence within a given population or area is said to be [ Select ] ["pandemic", "endemic", "epidemic"] to that population or area. Whenever a disease occurs at a greater frequency than normal for a population or area, it is said to be [ Select ] ["epidemic", "pandemic", "endemic"] . A [ Select ] ["epidemic", "pandemic", "endemic"] is an epidemic occurring simultaneously on more than one continent.
Epidemiologists employ three different approaches to study disease in populations. [ Select ] ["Descriptive epidemiology", "Analytical epidemiology", "Experimental epidemiology"] seeks to determine the probable cause of a disease, its mode of transmission, and possible means of prevention. [ Select ] ["Analytical epidemiology", "Experimental epidemiology", "Descriptive epidemiology"] is the careful recording of data concerning a disease; it often includes detection of the the first case of the disease in a given area or population called the [ Select ] ["final case", "index case", "terminating case"] . [ Select ] ["Experimental epidemiology", "Descriptive epidemiology", "Analytical epidemiology"] involves testing a hypothesis concerning the cause of a disease.
Infectious diseases can be classified by time course and severity. [ Select ] ["Acute diseases", "Chronic diseases", "Latent diseases"] are those in which a pathogen remains inactive for a long period of time before producing signs and symptoms. [ Select ] ["Chronic diseases", "Acute diseases", "Subacute diseases"] develop rapidly but last only a short time, either resolving or causing death of the host. [ Select ] ["Chronic diseases", "Acute diseases", "Subacute diseases"] develop slowly but are continual or recurrent. [ Select ] ["Acute diseases", "Subacute diseases", "Chronic diseases"] have durations and severities that lie somewhere between acute and chronic.
Infectious diseases are also classified as [ Select ] ["Noninfectious", "Noncommunicable", "communicable"] if they come from another infected host, or as [ Select ] ["Noninfectious", "Contagious", "Noncommunicable"] if they are easily transmitted between hosts. [ Select ] ["Noncommunicable", "Communicable", "Virulent"] infectious diseases are those that are not transmissible directly from one person to another.
Disease can be transmitted by numerous modes. [ Select ] ["Vehicle transmission", "Droplet transmission", "Direct contact transmission"] of infectious disease involves person-to-person spread by bodily contact. [ Select ] ["Vector transmission", "Indirect contact transmission", "Airborne transmission"] occurs when pathogens are spread from one host to another via fomites, inanimate objects inadvertently used to transfer pathogens. [ Select ] ["Vehicle transmission", "Droplet transmission", "Bodily fluid transmission"] is a third type of contact transmission: pathogens can be transmitted via droplet nuclei that exit the body during exhalation, sneezing, and coughing and travel less than 1 meter.
[ Select ] ["Vehicle transmission", "Vector transmission", "Fomite transmission"] is the spread of pathogens via air, drinking water, and food as well as bodily fluids handled outside the body. [ Select ] ["Fecal-oral infection", "Airborne transmission", "Foodborne transmission"] involves the spread of pathogens farther than 1 meter to the respiratory mucous membranes of a new host via an aerosol, a cloud of small droplets and solid particles suspended in the air. [ Select ] ["Airborne transmission", "Fomite transmission", "Waterborne transmission"] is important in the spread of many gastrointestinal pathogens, such as giardiasis, and cholera. [ Select ] ["Indirect contact transmission", "Fecal-oral infection", "Airborne transmission"] is a major source of disease in the world, as certain worms and enteroviruses shed in the feces enter the gastrointestinal system. [ Select ] ["Vector transmission", "Airborne transmission", "Foodborne transmission"] involves pathogens in and on foods that are inadequately processed, undercooked, or poorly refrigerated. [ Select ] ["Vector transmission", "Bodily fluid transmission", "Foodborne transmission"] can occur when blood, urine, and other fluids are handled outside the body.
[ Select ] ["Fomites", "Vectors", "Aerosols"] are arthropods that transmit diseases from one host to another. [ Select ] ["Droplet nuclei", "Biological vectors", "Sneezing, and coughing"] not only transmit pathogens but also serve as hosts for the multiplication of a pathogen during some stage of its life cycle. [ Select ] ["Droplet nuclei", "Biological vectors", "Mechanical vectors"] are not required as hosts by the pathogens they transmit-they passively carry pathogens to new hosts on their feet or other body parts.
Following infection, a sequence of events called the disease process occurs. In many cases, this process consists of five stages. The [ Select ] ["Illness period", "convalescence period", "incubation period"] is the time between an infection and occurrence of the first symptoms. The [ Select ] ["convalescence period", "prodromal period", "incubation period"] if present, is a short time preceding illness of generalized, mild symptoms, such as malaise. Note that not all infectious diseases have a prodromal stage. [ Select ] ["Illness period", "prodromal period", "Decline period"] is the most severe stage, when signs and symptoms are most evident. [ Select ] ["incubation period", "Decline", "prodromal period"] is the stage during which the patient’s body gradually returns to normal as the immune response and any medical treatments vanquish the pathogen. During [ Select ] ["prodromal period", "incubation period", "convalescence period"] the patient recovers and tissues are repaired. A patient may be infectious during every stage of disease.
