INSTRUCTIONS. Complete all three activities before writing on this answer sheet. Fill in the form neatly by hand. For Activities I and II, write only the final answer. For Activity III you must show all your calculations, logically presented, in the space provided. Scan only the completed answer sheet into a single, two-page pdf document and submit that pdf document in Canvas. Submit the hard copy in lab.

Surface Water, Rivers and Floods Lab 1. On a worldwide basis, has more water evaporated into the atmosphere from oceans or from land? 2. Approximately what percent of the total water evaporated into the atmosphere comes from the oceans? Percent from oceans = (ocean evaporation ÷ total evaporation) x 100 = _______________ % Notice in the figure that more water evaporates from the oceans than is returned directly to them by precipitation. 3. Since sea level is not dropping, what are the other sources of water for the oceans in addition to precipitation? Over most of Earth, the quantity of precipitation that falls on the land must eventually be accounted for by the sum total of evaporation, transpiration (the release of water vapor by vegetation), runoff, and infiltration. 4. Define each of the following four variables. Evaporation: Transpiration: Runoff: Infiltration: 5. On a worldwide basis, about (37, 58, 79) percent of the precipitation that falls on the land becomes runoff. Select what you think is the correct answer. 6. At high elevations or high latitudes, some of the water that falls on the land does not immediately soak in, run off, evaporate, or transpire. Where is this water being temporarily stored? 7. Based on Figure 2, does urbanization increase or decrease the peak, or maximum, stream flow? 8. What is the effect that urbanization has on the lag time between the time of the rainfall and the time of peak stream discharge? 9. Does total runoff occur over a longer or shorter period of time in an area that has been urbanized? 10. Based on what you have learned from the hydrographs, explain why urban areas often experience flash-flooding during intense rainfalls. 11. Rank the peak flood discharges for Data Set 1 in order of magnitude, starting with 1 for the largest and ending with 11 for the smallest. Write these results in the "Rank" column. 12. Use the formula T = (n+ 1) / m and determine the recurrence interval of each of the 11 floods in Data Set 1. Write the results for each year in the "Recurrence Interval (RI)" column. 13. Plot the discharge and recurrence interval for each of your 11 floods in Data Set 1 using the graph show in Figure 3. Then draw a best-fit straight line, not a dot-to-dot curve, through the data points and extend your line to the right side of the graph. This is your flood frequency curve. 14. Based on your flood frequency curve, what is the predicted discharge for a 100-year flood for Data Set 1? 15. Rank the peak flood discharges for Data Set 2 in order of magnitude, starting with 1 for the largest and ending with 11 for the smallest. Write these results in the "Rank" column. 16. Use the formula T = (n+ 1) / m and determine the recurrence interval of each of the 11 floods in Data Set 2. Write the results for each year in the "Recurrence Interval (RI)" column. 17. Plot the discharge and recurrence interval for each of your 11 floods in Data Set 2 using the graph show in Figure 3. Then draw a best-fit straight line, not a dot-to-dot curve, through the data points and extend your line to the right side of the graph. This is your flood frequency curve. 18. Based on your flood frequency curve, what is the predicted discharge for a 100-year flood for Data Set 2? 19. How do the two predicted discharges for a 100-year flood compare. 20. Suggest possible human activities in the watershed that could have caused the differences in predicted floods that result from the two sets of data.

1. Go to Environment Canada Air Quality page @ https://weather.gc.ca/mainmenu/airquality_menu_e.html 2. Go to Air Quality Health Index → Quebec → Montreal (in the table showing provincial summary of current air quality health index values and forecast maximums). a) What are the maximum forecasts for Montreal for the ‘tomorrow's' date? (please, note the date) b) What is the related 'health message'? What do the various 'risk' levels represent? c) Who (what part of the population) is most at risk over this period, and more ] precisely, when? d) What do you think could account for differing ‘risks' within a 24-hr period? e) Return to this page 24 hours later, and note the 'today's' maximum (please, note the date). How this value compares to the forecast from yesterday? 3. Return to the Environment Canada Air Quality page. 4. Go to Air Quality Index → Quebec INFO-SMOG 4. Go to Air Quality Index → Quebec INFO-SMOG What is the forecast for Metro Montreal-Laval for the 'tomorrow's date'? (give a summary). 5. Return to the Environment Canada Air Quality page. 6. Go to Charts →→ Air Quality Forecast Model → 4-panel maps (PM2.5, PM10, 03 near the surface, O3 near 500 metres) →→→ Eastern Canada g) Choose model forecast for tomorrow's date' (T+24), and compare the ozone (03) concentrations near surface and at 500 m altitude (make a screenshot and include in the report). Are there any differences between the two altitudes? What do you think could account for the variability between these altitudes? What are the units for O₂? h) Return to this page 24 hours later, and chose the 'today's' values (Animation, 00 UTC). Make a screenshot and include in the report, note the date. How the values compare to the forecast from yesterday? What is the UTC? 7. Go to the World Air Quality Index project page @ http://aqicn.org/city/montreal/, andlook at the Air Quality Forecast table. i) What are the maximum forecasts for Montreal for the 'tomorrow's' date? j) What variables other than Air Quality variables have been shown in the table? Why do you think these may be important? 8. Go to the World Air Quality Index project → FAQ k) What do the colours and numbers in this AQI scale mean? (Read the full article and briefly explain the scale here in your own words.) 1) Read the full article about the 'Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) in our atmosphere'. Consider, how the seasonal day lengths change may affect NO₂ concentration in the lower atmosphere? m) Read the full article ‘Air Quality Scale in Quebec and Montreal'. Consider, whether US EPA or Environment Canada AQI better accounts for the combined effects of various air pollutants?

What is the beginning and ending date and time of the record? What is the time interval ofdischarge measurements in this hydrograph? (3 marks)

. What is the fate of municipal waste in the United States? How does this compare to the fate of municipal waste in Sweden and Mexico? What are the key components of a successful municipal waste program? (5 pts)

What two months of the year have the most annual maximum discharge values and how many annual maxima do each of these two months have? Given the time of year that these months lie within, what do you think is the cause of most of these maximum flow events? Hint, you may want to use the Excel's 'COUNTIF’ function to create a table of annual maxima values for each month. (3 marks)

What two months of the year have the most annual minimum discharge values and how many annual minima do each of these two months have? What do you think causes these annual low-flow conditions? (3 marks)

Air with a dry bulb temperature of 75 F and a wet bulb temperature of 65 F is at a barometric pressure of 14.2 psia. Using the program PSYCH, find (a) the relative humidity of the air,(b) enthalpy, (c) dew point, (d) humidity ratio, and (e) the mass density of the dry air.

Create a hydrograph from the data contained in this spreadsheet and include your chart withthe hand-in for this assignment. Remember, a hydrograph(https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/education/int/geog/rivers/hydrographs/index.shtml) is a plotof discharge (y-axis) against time (x-axis). (4 marks)

What are the peak discharge values of the two storms contained in this hydrograph and when dothey occur? (4 marks)

Air with a dry bulb temperature of 75 F and a wet bulb temperature of 65 F is at a barometric pressure of 14.2 psia. Using the program PSYCH, find (a) the relative humidity of the air,(b) enthalpy, (c) dew point, (d) humidity ratio, and (e) the mass density of the dry air.

How have US emissions of the 6 critical air pollutants monitored by EPA changed in the last 50years? Are these emissions representative of the "whole picture" of U.S. air pollution? Explain.

What is the highest annual maximum discharge value during the period of the record and the date of the overall record? Perform a Google search of that date and determine the cause of the highest flow value. (2 marks)

The inside surface temperature of a window in a room is 40 F (4 C) where the air has a temperature of 72 F (22 C) db, 50 percent relative humidity, and a pressure of 14.696 psia (100 kPa)pressure. Will moisture condense on the window glass? 3. Continue problem 3-5. What is the high relative humidity to avoid condensation(10) (10)4. Problem 3-9 of the textbook (change barometric pressure to 14.7Psi and use equations rather than PSYCH to calculate them) (50)

. Describe the process of treating wastewater. What part of the process is the most energy intensive? (5 pts)

. Based on the range of topics covered in Unit 5, discuss one ethical dilemma or debatable issue related to "anthropogenic impacts on the environment" that you find interesting. Present the various aspects of the issue and craft a logical argument for your own opinion. (5 pts) Include two references beyond those presented in the lectures. One must be a primary source of some kind (i.e., a scientific article, publication from a government website, etc), but the second can be more informal (ex: a news article) if you wish.

Zoom into the map and locate the one active station within the city of Guelph, ON. Click to view the station details. What is the name and station number of this station? What are the latitude and longitude of the station? Lastly, how long has this station been used to recordstreamflow? (5 marks)

6. The Guelph Lake reservoir, located in the north of the city, upstream of gauging station, was created in 1974 to help regulate the discharge in the Speed River. That is, the Guelph Lake dam was intended to increase discharge in the downstream river during low-flow conditions and to reduce the likelihood of flooding during high-flow conditions. Calculate the averages of the annual extreme flows (both minima and maxima) for the pre-dam and post-dam periods. How effective has Guelph Lake been for regulating the annual discharge extremes? (5 marks)

4. Describe one direct anthropogenic impact related to land use. What biome is affected? What are some important environmental impacts? (5 pts)

Base flow is a portion of stream flow that is not directly generated from the excess rainfall (i.e.the volume of rainfall available for direct surface runoff and which is not evapotranspired)during a storm event. In other words, base flow describes the flow conditions that would exist in the stream without the contribution of hill slope runoff resulting from the rainfall via fast hill slope runoff delivery mechanisms. What is the baseflow(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseflow) level in the stream right before the first storm begins (i.e. at the inflection point of the first storm's rising limb)? Based on our hydrology lectures, what are the likely hydrological mechanisms (pathways) that contribute base flow to the Speed River (4 marks)

2. What are the likely causes of the difference in the overall shape of the two stormhydrographs? (4 marks)

Describe the distribution of gauging stations within Ontario. For example, where is the density of stations highest or lowest? Are there more active or inactive stations (inactive stations arethose where there is some historical data available, but the station is no longer being monitored,often due to cost)? (3 marks)

5.The inside surface temperature of a window in a room is 40 F (4 C) where the air has a temperature of 72 F (22 C) db, 50 percent relative humidity, and a pressure of 14.696 psia (100 kPa)pressure. Will moisture condense on the window glass? 3. Continue problem 3-5. What is the high relative humidity to avoid condensation 4. Problem 3-9 of the textbook (change barometric pressure to 14.7Psi and use equations rather than PSYCH to calculate them) (50)

1. At standard sea level, calculate required moist air properties based on two given properties only using equations and the water saturated temperature and pressure table and then compare your results with psychrometric chart. Do not forget units. a) Calculate specific volume, relative humidity, and enthalpy of moist air with the dry bulb temperature of 85F and humidity ratio of 0.013 lbmv/lbma. (30) b) Calculate relative humidity of moist air with the dry bulb temperature of 85F and dew point of 6OF. (20) c) Calculate humidity ratio of moist air with the dry bulb temperature of 85F and wet bulb temperature of 70F. (20) d) Calculate humidity ratio of moist air with the dry bulb temperature of 75F and enthalpy of 28.01Btu/lbma. (10) e) Calculate humidity ratio of moist air with dry bulb temperature of 75F andrelative humidity of 45.1% (20) Mark all points with the letter (a to e) on the psychrometric chart and compare thecalculated properties with the properties that are obtained from the chart. Giveyour conclusions. (5x7)