Surface Water, Rivers and Floods Lab 1. On a worldwide basis, has more water evaporated into the atmosphere from oceans or from land? 2. Approximately what percent of the total water evaporated into the atmosphere comes from the oceans? Percent from oceans = (ocean evaporation ÷ total evaporation) x 100 = _______________ % Notice in the figure that more water evaporates from the oceans than is returned directly to them by precipitation. 3. Since sea level is not dropping, what are the other sources of water for the oceans in addition to precipitation? Over most of Earth, the quantity of precipitation that falls on the land must eventually be accounted for by the sum total of evaporation, transpiration (the release of water vapor by vegetation), runoff, and infiltration. 4. Define each of the following four variables. Evaporation: Transpiration: Runoff: Infiltration: 5. On a worldwide basis, about (37, 58, 79) percent of the precipitation that falls on the land becomes runoff. Select what you think is the correct answer. 6. At high elevations or high latitudes, some of the water that falls on the land does not immediately soak in, run off, evaporate, or transpire. Where is this water being temporarily stored? 7. Based on Figure 2, does urbanization increase or decrease the peak, or maximum, stream flow? 8. What is the effect that urbanization has on the lag time between the time of the rainfall and the time of peak stream discharge? 9. Does total runoff occur over a longer or shorter period of time in an area that has been urbanized? 10. Based on what you have learned from the hydrographs, explain why urban areas often experience flash-flooding during intense rainfalls. 11. Rank the peak flood discharges for Data Set 1 in order of magnitude, starting with 1 for the largest and ending with 11 for the smallest. Write these results in the "Rank" column. 12. Use the formula T = (n+ 1) / m and determine the recurrence interval of each of the 11 floods in Data Set 1. Write the results for each year in the "Recurrence Interval (RI)" column. 13. Plot the discharge and recurrence interval for each of your 11 floods in Data Set 1 using the graph show in Figure 3. Then draw a best-fit straight line, not a dot-to-dot curve, through the data points and extend your line to the right side of the graph. This is your flood frequency curve. 14. Based on your flood frequency curve, what is the predicted discharge for a 100-year flood for Data Set 1? 15. Rank the peak flood discharges for Data Set 2 in order of magnitude, starting with 1 for the largest and ending with 11 for the smallest. Write these results in the "Rank" column. 16. Use the formula T = (n+ 1) / m and determine the recurrence interval of each of the 11 floods in Data Set 2. Write the results for each year in the "Recurrence Interval (RI)" column. 17. Plot the discharge and recurrence interval for each of your 11 floods in Data Set 2 using the graph show in Figure 3. Then draw a best-fit straight line, not a dot-to-dot curve, through the data points and extend your line to the right side of the graph. This is your flood frequency curve. 18. Based on your flood frequency curve, what is the predicted discharge for a 100-year flood for Data Set 2? 19. How do the two predicted discharges for a 100-year flood compare. 20. Suggest possible human activities in the watershed that could have caused the differences in predicted floods that result from the two sets of data.

1. Go to Environment Canada Air Quality page @ https://weather.gc.ca/mainmenu/airquality_menu_e.html 2. Go to Air Quality Health Index → Quebec → Montreal (in the table showing provincial summary of current air quality health index values and forecast maximums). a) What are the maximum forecasts for Montreal for the ‘tomorrow's' date? (please, note the date) b) What is the related 'health message'? What do the various 'risk' levels represent? c) Who (what part of the population) is most at risk over this period, and more ] precisely, when? d) What do you think could account for differing ‘risks' within a 24-hr period? e) Return to this page 24 hours later, and note the 'today's' maximum (please, note the date). How this value compares to the forecast from yesterday? 3. Return to the Environment Canada Air Quality page. 4. Go to Air Quality Index → Quebec INFO-SMOG 4. Go to Air Quality Index → Quebec INFO-SMOG What is the forecast for Metro Montreal-Laval for the 'tomorrow's date'? (give a summary). 5. Return to the Environment Canada Air Quality page. 6. Go to Charts →→ Air Quality Forecast Model → 4-panel maps (PM2.5, PM10, 03 near the surface, O3 near 500 metres) →→→ Eastern Canada g) Choose model forecast for tomorrow's date' (T+24), and compare the ozone (03) concentrations near surface and at 500 m altitude (make a screenshot and include in the report). Are there any differences between the two altitudes? What do you think could account for the variability between these altitudes? What are the units for O₂? h) Return to this page 24 hours later, and chose the 'today's' values (Animation, 00 UTC). Make a screenshot and include in the report, note the date. How the values compare to the forecast from yesterday? What is the UTC? 7. Go to the World Air Quality Index project page @ http://aqicn.org/city/montreal/, andlook at the Air Quality Forecast table. i) What are the maximum forecasts for Montreal for the 'tomorrow's' date? j) What variables other than Air Quality variables have been shown in the table? Why do you think these may be important? 8. Go to the World Air Quality Index project → FAQ k) What do the colours and numbers in this AQI scale mean? (Read the full article and briefly explain the scale here in your own words.) 1) Read the full article about the 'Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) in our atmosphere'. Consider, how the seasonal day lengths change may affect NO₂ concentration in the lower atmosphere? m) Read the full article ‘Air Quality Scale in Quebec and Montreal'. Consider, whether US EPA or Environment Canada AQI better accounts for the combined effects of various air pollutants?

Air with a dry bulb temperature of 75 F and a wet bulb temperature of 65 F is at a barometric pressure of 14.2 psia. Using the program PSYCH, find (a) the relative humidity of the air,(b) enthalpy, (c) dew point, (d) humidity ratio, and (e) the mass density of the dry air.

The inside surface temperature of a window in a room is 40 F (4 C) where the air has a temperature of 72 F (22 C) db, 50 percent relative humidity, and a pressure of 14.696 psia (100 kPa)pressure. Will moisture condense on the window glass? 3. Continue problem 3-5. What is the high relative humidity to avoid condensation(10) (10)4. Problem 3-9 of the textbook (change barometric pressure to 14.7Psi and use equations rather than PSYCH to calculate them) (50)

Base flow is a portion of stream flow that is not directly generated from the excess rainfall (i.e.the volume of rainfall available for direct surface runoff and which is not evapotranspired)during a storm event. In other words, base flow describes the flow conditions that would exist in the stream without the contribution of hill slope runoff resulting from the rainfall via fast hill slope runoff delivery mechanisms. What is the baseflow(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseflow) level in the stream right before the first storm begins (i.e. at the inflection point of the first storm's rising limb)? Based on our hydrology lectures, what are the likely hydrological mechanisms (pathways) that contribute base flow to the Speed River (4 marks)

5.The inside surface temperature of a window in a room is 40 F (4 C) where the air has a temperature of 72 F (22 C) db, 50 percent relative humidity, and a pressure of 14.696 psia (100 kPa)pressure. Will moisture condense on the window glass? 3. Continue problem 3-5. What is the high relative humidity to avoid condensation 4. Problem 3-9 of the textbook (change barometric pressure to 14.7Psi and use equations rather than PSYCH to calculate them) (50)

1. At standard sea level, calculate required moist air properties based on two given properties only using equations and the water saturated temperature and pressure table and then compare your results with psychrometric chart. Do not forget units. a) Calculate specific volume, relative humidity, and enthalpy of moist air with the dry bulb temperature of 85F and humidity ratio of 0.013 lbmv/lbma. (30) b) Calculate relative humidity of moist air with the dry bulb temperature of 85F and dew point of 6OF. (20) c) Calculate humidity ratio of moist air with the dry bulb temperature of 85F and wet bulb temperature of 70F. (20) d) Calculate humidity ratio of moist air with the dry bulb temperature of 75F and enthalpy of 28.01Btu/lbma. (10) e) Calculate humidity ratio of moist air with dry bulb temperature of 75F andrelative humidity of 45.1% (20) Mark all points with the letter (a to e) on the psychrometric chart and compare thecalculated properties with the properties that are obtained from the chart. Giveyour conclusions. (5x7)