Question 1 a) With the aid of appropriate annotated diagrams, describe the role(s) of the flame and plasma sources used in AAS, MP-AES and ICP-MS instruments. b)Explain the role of the hallow cathode lamp in AAS. Why is a HCL not required for ICP-AES or ICP- MS? Your answer should include appropriate annotated diagrams. [10 marks; 350 words maximum] c) Using scholarly databases, identify and describe a study in which spectroscopy (AAS, ICP-AES, ICP- MS, luminescence, infrared, or UV-Vis) was used to address a "real-world" problem.

11. A 1:20 dilution of serum is needed. How much diluent should be used if only 20 μL of serum is available?

12. A 1:10 dilution is required for an assay. The total volume of solution must equal 100 μL. How much serum is needed?

13. How much diluent is needed to make the dilution in problem 12?

1. If 20 mL serum is added to 80 mL of diluent, what is the resulting dilution?

2. 150 mL of serum is added to 300 mL of diluent. What is the resulting dilution factor?

4. If 30 mL of serum is added to 180 mL of saline, what is the resulting dilution factor?

7. If a serial dilution is made using the same 1:2 dilutions as question 6, and the original concentration of stock solution was 400 mg/dL, what is the concentration in tube 4?

5. If 45 mL of stock solution are added to tube 2 to make a final dilution of 1:3, how much diluent is needed in tube 2?

6. A serial dilution series is made using 1:2 dilutions. 5 mL of stock solution from tube 1 is added to 5 mL of diluent in tube 2 and so on. What is the final dilution in tube 4?