3. 'Larks and Owls' Researchers used a questionnaire to find out from 500 students whether they preferred carrying out cognitive activities in the morning or in the evening. The students who

preferred mornings were called 'Larks' and those who preferred evenings were called 'Owls'. Students found to have no preference were called 'In Betweens'. The results of the questionnaire found 315 'Owls', 53 'Larks' and 132 'In Betweens'. The researchers wanted to test whether 'Larks' were better at cognitive activities in the morning and 'Owls' better in the evening, as predicted from the preferences. Using the 368 students who were 'Larks' or 'Owls', the researchers asked them to perform cognitive activities in controlled conditions. There were two types of cognitive activity: one tested creativity and the other tested analysis skills. Each type of activity had 20 cognitive tasks for the students to complete. Each student had to complete all 40 cognitive tasks twice on one day, between 9am and 10am in the morning, then again between 3pm and 4pm in the afternoon. The scores indicate the number of tasks in each type of cognitive activity that the students performed correctly. Table 1 shows the mean number of tasks out of 40 that were correct. 'Larks' 'Owls' Totals 9am to 10am Creative 10 8 18 Analysis 15 12 27 Total 25 20 45 3pm to 4pm Creative Table 1 6 12 18 Analysis 14 15 29 Total 20 27 47 Overall total 45 47 92 (Source: Adapted from Roberts and Kyllonen (1999))/nStatistical research a) Analyse the data provided in Table 1 to explain three conclusions that the researchers might draw from these results./nTable 2 shows the mean number of tasks out of 40 that were correct for 'Larks' and 'Owls' in the morning. 'Larks' 'Owls' Totals 9am to 10am Creative 10 8 18 Analysis 15 Page 7 12 27 Total 25 20 45 Table 2 b) Analyse the data provided in Table 2 to explain whether the results are likely to show a significant difference. You do not need to perform a hypothesis test. The total word limit for question 3 is 300 words. This does not include calculations.