35 points Consider a flow loop constructed using cylindrical tubes of circular cross-section as shown in the figure below. Flow is being driven using a pump that drives liquid of density p through a Reducer section. The pump inflow tube has a cross-sectional diameter Do; and the reducer geometry decreases the diameter to Do, where is a constant number 1.0. Two pressure ports are included in the loop to measure pressure before and after the reducer segment, and an inverted U-tube manometer with manometer liquid of density Pm is connected to measure the differential pressure. Both the operating liquid in the loop, and the manometer liquid can be assumed to be incompressible. All viscous effects can be assumed to be negligible. Problem 2 FLOW RATE Ih ID, Do Part a: Assume that in this problem, only the pump flow rate Q going in to the reducer is known./nIt can be shown that the flow rate Q for flow with uniform velocity U flowing through a plane surface of area A can be written as: Q=UA. Use this expression to find the flow velocity of the operating fluid at the reducer inlet. Part b: Using an elementary version of mass balance for incompressible fluids, obtain the flow velocity at the reducer outlet. Part c: In terms of the reducer parameter as described in the problem statement above, quantify the change in: (1) flow velocity; and (2) flow rate across the reducer. Part d: Obtain an estimate for the differential manometer reading (h as shown in the figure), in terms of all provided problem variables. In order to accomplish this, select a reference height along the manometer tubes, and equate the pressure on left and right tubes of the manometer at that chosen reference. Hint: Note that this manometer measures the pressure P as it appears in the Bernoulli's equation, and it is safe to assume that pressure does not vary across the cross-section of the tubes. Part e: Is the pressure higher or lower when measured from the smaller tube? Is the sketch above correctly representing the pressure differential?

Fig: 1

Fig: 2