4:09 Introduction to Stem Cells: Specialized stem cells have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into multiple cell lineages. It has been acting as an essential role in development, tissue

repair, and regeneration. It is classified based on potency and origin. There types are totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, oligopotent, and unipotent. For most of the time, they are recovered from bone marrow, amniotic cells, fat tissue, umbilical rope, and placental tissue. Therapeutic Applications: Although harvesting bone marrow-derived stem cells can be challenging, they have a long history of use and have been shown to be effective in treating blood diseases. Amniotic cells like amniotic epithelial and mesenchymal stem cells have arisen as promising sources due to their immunomodulatory reasons. Adipose tissue-derived stem cells can be used compared in terms of harvesting ease and non-immunosuppression transplantations. Umbilical cord blood-derived stem cells having a rich source of hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells with a little risk of rejection. Thus, It can be better option. Placental tissue-derived stem cells like amniotic epithelial and mesenchymal stromal cells can be used, because it has good differentiation capabilities and immunomodulatory properties (Poliwoda, 2022). Challenges in clinical treatments: Stem cell therapies can cure cardiovascular diseases, digestive system diseases, arthritis, and cancer. It can be done using human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Challenges in clinical treatments include determining optimal cell sources, doses, delivery routes, and timing of administration. MSCs were first discovered in mouse bone marrow and later found in various human tissue sources, including adipose tissue, umbilical cord, and placenta. (Hoang, 2022). Stem cells can be genetically modified to enhance their survival, secretion of beneficial proteins, and differentiation abilities. Techniques such as gene cassette construction, transgenics, Cre/Lox P system, antisense inhibition, siRNA gene silencing, microRNA, reporter genes, cell-specific promoters, and gene switches can be used to modify the stem cells. One of the key challenges in stem cell-based therapy for heart repair is the low survival rate of transplanted cells in the harsh microenvironment of the ischemic heart. Genetic modification strategies aim to enhance the survival of graft cells by introducing genes that confer resistance to apoptosis and inflammation. For example, the Akt gene (promotes cell survival) has been successfully engineered into mesenchymal stem cells. Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels. It is crucial for restoring blood flow to ischemic myocardium I AA mediatb.blob.core.windows.net C 4:10 survival) has been successfully engineered into mesenchymal stem cells. Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels. It is crucial for restoring blood flow to ischemic myocardium. Genetic engineering allows for the delivery of angiogenic factors directly to the heart tissue. Genetic modification of MSCs to secrete a spectrum of angiogenic cytokines including VEGF, HGF, bFGF, and SDF-1a can be used to improve cardiac function. The shortage of functional insulin-producing pancreatic ß cells is a major obstacle in the treatment of type 1 diabetes. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can be engineered to overexpress key transcription factors involved in pancreatic development such as Foxa2 and Pdx1. These factors drive the differentiation of hESCs into pancreatic endocrine precursor cells capable of producing insulin. One challenge in cell replacement therapy for diabetes is the immune rejection of transplanted cells. To overcome this hurdle, researchers are using alternative stem cell sources with lower immunogenicity such as adult stem cells. For example, hepatic stem cells and hMSCs can be derived from the patient's own tissues. It will be reducing the risk of immune rejection (Phillips, 2008). Reference: Poliwoda, S., Noor, N., Downs, E., Schaaf, A., Cantwell, A., Ganti, L., Kaye, A. D., Mosel, L. I., Carroll, C. B., Viswanath, O., & Urits, I. (2022). Stem cells: a comprehensive review of origins and emerging clinical roles in medical practice. Orthopedic reviews, 14(3), 37498. https://doi.org/10.52965/001c.37498 Hoang, D. M., Pham, P. T., Bach, T. Q., Ngo, A. T. L., Nguyen, Q. T., Phan, T. T. K., Nguyen, L. T. (2022). Stem cell- based therapy for human diseases. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-022-01134-4#Sec2 Phillips, M. I., & Tang, Y. L. (2008). Genetic modification of 11 mediatb.blob.core.windows.net 4:10 engineered to overexpress key transcription factors involved in pancreatic development such as Foxa2 and Pdx1. These factors drive the differentiation of hESCs into pancreatic endocrine precursor cells capable of producing insulin. One challenge in cell replacement therapy for diabetes is the immune rejection of transplanted cells. To overcome this hurdle, researchers are using alternative stem cell sources with lower immunogenicity such as adult stem cells. For example, hepatic stem cells and hMSCs can be derived from the patient's own tissues. It will be reducing the risk of immune rejection (Phillips, 2008). Reference: Poliwoda, S., Noor, N., Downs, E., Schaaf, A., Cantwell, A., Ganti, L., Kaye, A. D., Mosel, L. I., Carroll, C. B., Viswanath, O., & Urits, I. (2022). Stem cells: a comprehensive review of origins and emerging clinical roles in medical practice. Orthopedic reviews, 14(3), 37498. https://doi.org/10.52965/001c.37498 Hoang, D. M., Pham, P. T., Bach, T. Q., Ngo, A. T. L., Nguyen, Q. T., Phan, T. T. K., Nguyen, L. T. (2022). Stem cell- based therapy for human diseases. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-022-01134-4#Sec2 Phillips, M. I., & Tang, Y. L. (2008). Genetic modification of stem cells for transplantation. Advanced drug delivery reviews, 60(2), 160-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2007.08.035 mediatb.blob.core.windows.net/n TO DO: I need 350 words (single spaced) more added to this (attached PDF) It is stem cell and genetic engineering, but it is on the files I sent.