A car battery has an emf of 12.0 V. A car's lights consist of two 36 W lamps and two 18 W lamps. The battery can keep the car's lights on at full power for 8.0 h before the battery is discharged. Calculate the energy that the battery transfers to the lights in 8.0 h. ]Calculate the charge that passes through the battery in 8.0 h.

The panel is placed outside, initially in full sunshine, and the circuit is connected continuously for a period of 24 h. Explain why the semiconductor diode is needed. When the battery is connected as shown in Figure 11 the terminal potential difference of the solar panel becomes equal to the sum of the battery emf and the pd across the diode. The pd across the diode is 0.60 V. The emf of the battery remains constant at 12 V. Determine the power P delivered by the solar panel when it is in full sunshine. State and explain the value of when the solar panel delivers its maximum possiblepower in full sunshine.DoOu When the battery is connected as shown in Figure 11 the solar panel delivers significantly less than its maximum possible power. The circuit in Figure 12 can be used to ensure that the solar panel is operating closer to its maximum possible power.

Between one and twelve diodes can be included in the circuit by selecting the position of the rotary switch. Explain how the circuit in Figure 12 can be used to ensure that the solar panel is operating at its maximum possible power. In your explanation, suggest the number of diodes needed in the circuit.[2 mark