Attenuators EGEC 203L-08 Electric Circuits Laboratory Luis Bravo Obaid Alromaithi 04/12/2024 Submit to Dr. Pradeep Nair EGEC 203L-08 Introduction Attenuators To begin with, an attenuator is a circuit that is specifically designed to lower the power of a signal. The degree of power reduction can be adjusted, adjusted, or fixed and a fixed amount of reduction is referred to as a pad. T, Pi, L, and Lattice are the names of a few of the attenuators. In terms of gain and loss, signal power increases and decreases are measured by amplifiers and attenuators using the unit Bel. The number of bels log10Pa/Pb, Gain=logP2/P1 bels, 10 logP2P1 db, Loss-logP1/P2 bels, 10 logP1/P2 db are the two powers that define the bel. There is a positive gain or negative loss if the output power is higher than the input power. A negative gain or positive loss occurs when the Input power exceeds the output power. Attenuators are made to have a specific loss and resistance with Ro, meaning that R₁=R), and that R-R), in order to match resistance. This enables another attenuator made for the same Ro to have its input from the loaded attenuator connected as the load, and the second attenuator will function as though its load were just R. From the information we started our lab and had to start by creating a circuit that the PI-network described in the lab manual. After that, we had to compare the loss result by connecting it to a 6V source. In this lab we design attenuator in theoretical and lab. For theoretical design pi attenuator by taking Ro = 600 Calculate all resistances of the Attenuator. Repeat design of pi attenuator by taking attenuator is 20dB. For lab we assemble the attenuator (pad) designed in part 2.A.1 with its designed load. Connect the input to the 6V source. Measure the input and output voltage, and calculate the attenuation (loss) in dB Compare with results with the design value. Disconnect the attenuator (pad) from the 6V source. Vary the load over a Wide and we will measure R. as a function of R using the digital multimeter as an Ohmmeter. Plot this result. Page 2 of 9 EGEC 203L-08 Theoretical Background Attenuators Pads and an attenuator are important circuits that are designed to lower the input signal's power. It is the opposite of an amplifier, which is a device used to boost signal strength, like stereo audio amplifiers. Utilising the following formulas, we will determine how many units we gain or loss. Gain formula is given by 172 In/Out R1 R3 Out/In To design an attenuator we need to know how find all resistor values for pi attenuator. By using the below formulas Loss = 20log N Loss (attenuation loss in dB) Page 3 of 9 EGEC 203L-08 Tools and Equipment 1. Resistance boxes 2. Wires 3. Multimeter 4. Power Supply of 6V 5. A circuit that was in Pi formation Attenuators Page 4 of 9 EGEC 203L-08 Procedure Attenuators 1. We have designed the pi attenuator With R = 600 2 and an attenuation of 5 dB 2. Calculate all the resistor valued for the first pi attenuator 3. Redesign the pi attenuator with the same R and 20dB 4. Calculate all the resistor valued for the second pi attenuator 5. Assemble the pad with an input of 6V source and 5dB. 6. Measure the input and the output voltage of the bad 7. Calculate the attenuation loss in dB. 8. Disconnect the bad from the 6V source and change the load 12 times and record Ri by using the digital multimeter as an ohmmeter. 9. Assemble the pad with input of 6V and attenuation of 20dB and change the load 12 times and record the values of Ri. Page 5 of 9/n Assignment 5 Attenuators • Due via Canvas. Submit only copy per team Before submitting, verify that your submitted files are readable Read the safety and introduction information carefully and thoroughly from the lab manual. Note: Failure to follow safety precautions and/or negligence may result in grade reduction. In this lab assignment, you will work in a team of two members and complete the tasks given below: Attenuator concepts 1. Make yourself familiar with attenuator concepts and attenuator design using the lab manual and the cirucits textbook. Attenuator design (theoretical) 2. A. 3. 1 Design a pi attenuator with Ro= 600 2 and an attenuation of 5 dB by calculating the required resistor values. Show all your work clearly and include in your report. 2. Design a pi attenuator with Ro = 600 2 and an attenuation of 20 dB by calculating the required resistor values. Show all your work clearly and include in your report. Attenuator design (lab) A Assemble the attenuator (pad) designed in part 2.A.1 with its designed load. 3 Connect the input to the 6V source. Measure the input and output voltage, and calculate the attenuation (loss) in dB Compare your results with the design value. Demonstrate your circuit to the instructor. 4. Disconnect the attenuator (pad) from the 6V source. Vary the load over a wide range (use Table I given in the following page) and measure R as a function of RL using the digital multimeter as an Ohmmeter. Plot this result. B. Assemble the attenuator (pad) designed in part 2.A.2 with its designed load. Repeat parts 1 and 2 above for this attenuator. (use Table 2 given in the following page) C. Discuss the results obtained above and compare the two attenuators. and Avromaitai Brave California State University, Fullerton Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering EGEC 203L-08 Electric Circuits Laboratory Spring 2024 Assignment 5 Attenuators . Due via Canvas. Submit only copy per team Before submitting, verify that your submitted files are readable Read the safety and introduction information carefully and thoroughly from the lab manual. Note: Failure to follow safety precautions and/or negligence may result in grade reduction. In this lab assignment, you will work in a team of two members and complete the tasks given below: Attenuator concepts 1. Make yourself familiar with attenuator concepts and attenuator design using the lab manual and the cirucits textbook. Attenuator design (theoretical) 3. 1. Design a pi attenuator with R. 600 2 and an attenuation of 5 dB by calculating the required resistor values. Show all your work clearly and include in your report. 2. Design a pi attenuator with Ro 600 2 and an attenuation of 20 dB by calculating the required resistor values. Show all your work clearly and include in your report. Attenuator design (lab) A. Assemble the attenuator (pad) designed in part 2.A.I with its designed load. 3. Connect the input to the 6V source. Measure the input and output voltage, and calculate the attenuation (loss) in dB Compare your results with the design value. Demonstrate your circuit to the instructor. 4. Disconnect the attenuator (pad) from the 6V source. Vary the load over a wide range (use Table I given in the following page) and measure R. as a function of RL using the digital multimeter as an Ohmmeter. Plot this result. B. Assemble the attenuator (pad) designed in part 2.A.2 with its designed load. Repeat parts 1 and 2 above for this attenuator. (use Table 2 given in the following page) C. Discuss the results obtained above and compare the two attenuators. Table 1 Trial Number Ri Ri 1 0 312.32 2 100 Ω 379.804 3 400 ≤2 530-2 4 600 ≤2 602n 5 800 Ω 660-22 6 1 ΚΩ 707-2 7 5 ΚΩ 1006-2 8 10 ΚΩ 1079- 9 50 ΚΩ 1149-2 10 100 ΚΩ 1 159 11 500 ΚΩ 1166- 12 ΙΜΩ 1167-22 Table 2 Trial Number RL Ri 0 6252 2 100 ≤2 628 3 400 Ω 635-2 4 600 Ω 6382 5 800 2 640-2 6 1 ΚΩ 649-2 7 5 ΚΩ 649-2 8 10 ΚΩ 6304 9 50 ΚΩ 651-2 10 100 KS 652- 11 500 KM 652-0 12 1 ΜΩ 652-0 Include your measurements and results in the report also. Deliverables: Turn in a completed and filled copy of this handout on Canvas showing all relevant calculations, data and results (in PDF format). Also turn in an informal report via Canvas in PDF format. Your report shall include: 1. Title page. This page must include the title of the assignment, the full names of the team members and date of report completion 2. Introduction 3. Theoretical background 4. Tools and Equipment 5. Procedure 6. Results: 7. Discussion 8. Conclusions/n Assignment 6 Written Communication: Attenuator Design and Measurement The goal of this assignment is to assess your written communication. For this, you will need to do the following: • Use parts, 1, 2 (all subparts) and 3 (subpart 3.A.3 only from part 3) of assignment 5. • Use at least 3 references • It is okay to use a spelling and grammar checker but it is not okay to use generative Al (such as ChatGPT, etc.) • Write a detailed report covering the parts and subparts mentioned above with respect to the rubrics give below. The indicator or performance is listed on the left-most column. The possible levels (based on the quality and completeness of your work) are given in the remaining columns: Performance Indicator Beginning (0) Developing (1) Proficient (2) Exemplary (3) • Little or no logical Organization organization. • Introduction •Organization is confusing. Organization is mostly logical and complete. • Excellent organization. • Introduction and/or conclusion and/or conclusion are missing are not very and/or thorough or weak. • Introduction and conclusion are mostly • Introduction and conclusion are strong and thorough. thorough. incomplete. • Main points are not supported or incompletely supported with • Main points are incompletely supported with evidence or references. • Main points are not thoroughly or sufficiently Support of main points and use of figures, tables, and • Poor or incorrect use of figures, tables, and other visual aids. .Limited use of supported with evidence or references. weakly supported Main points are Main points are with evidence or references. thoroughly supported with evidence or references. other visual aids • Terrible quality of figures, tables, and other visual aides. figures, tables, and other visual aids. good-quality • The quality of figures, tables, and other visual aids is poor. • Sufficient use of Excellent use of figures, tables, and other visual aids. well-created figures, tables, and other visual aids. S • No figures, tables, and other visual aids present. Proper use of English and technical, ECE terminology • Grammar, spelling, or word choice errors are very distracting. • Has multiple ⚫ Numerous minor errors with grammar, spelling, • Few minor or word choice. • Grammar, spelling, and word choice are errors with grammar, spelling, or word choice. grammar, spelling, Correctly uses • Correctly uses • Few major errors with correct. Use of references • Has multiple grammar, spelling, Correctly uses • Correctly uses major logical or word choice. mistakes and is applicable applicable technical, ECE technical, ECE incorrect. Incorrectly uses terminology. terminology. a few technical, ECE terms. • Assignment contains plagiarism. •No references or only incorrect references are found. • Some basic references are found but are not appropriately used to support the assignment. • Assignment contains material copied from a reference but cited by the student. • Some basic references are found, and most are appropriately used, but insufficient to support the assignment. • Sufficient references are found but are not appropriately used to support • Assignment contains only student's words. ⚫ Sufficient references are found, and most are appropriately used to support the assignment. • Assignment contains only student's words. • Excellent references are found and appropriately used to support the assignment.