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BI 101-709 Module 03 Homework Assignment Spring 2024 Remember, please use a font color other than black or yellow for your answers. 1. What does the term "endosymbiosis" mean in general, and what does it have to do with chloroplasts and mitochondria, specifically? 2. List three structures that are present in eukaryotic cells but are absent in prokaryotic cells: a. b. C. 3. List three structures that are found in plant cells but are absent in animal cells: a. b. C. 4. Look around your home (or workplace) and identify a common object that could represent the function (not the appearance) of your choice of one of the following organelles: mitochondrion, nucleus, chloroplast, or lysosome. Describe that object here and explain how it represents the function of the organelle you have chosen. For example, if the plasma membrane were on that list (which it is not), you might choose a fence as the object that represents its function because the fence forms a boundary and controls what can go in and out of your yard, just like the plasma membrane forms the boundary of the cell and controls what goes in and out of the cell. 5. Active transport processes require an input of energy. Answer both of the following questions: What is the full name of the molecule that the cell uses as the energy for active transport processes? a. b. What is the commonly used abbreviation of that name? 6. Match these terms: passive transport, diffusion, concentration gradient, and osmosis, with these descriptions: a. When there exists a difference in the amount of a substance across a distance: b. Movement of a substance from high to low concentration: C. Movement across a cell membrane that requires no work from the cell: d. Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane: 1 7. The following image illustrates a beaker containing a 1% sucrose solution. Into it is placed a cell that contains a 10% sucrose solution. In the figure below, draw an arrow to illustrate the direction in which there will be a net movement of water (into, or out of, the cell). Assume that the cell's membrane is not permeable to the sucrose. cell (Note: if you are unable to draw an arrow with your word processing program, use words to describe what the direction of net movement of water will be.) 8. Imagine you are sailing on Lake Victoria from Entebbe to Mwanza. Suddenly, you notice that your sailboat has sprung a leak. You immediately grab a bucket and begin bailing water out of the boat. Briefly explain how your predicament could be used as an analogy to help explain both active transport and passive transport. 9. From the Viewing Assignment "SARS-CoV-2 Infection Process," (video in the module folder) answer the following questions: a. What specific part of the SARS-CoV-2 virus initially interacts with the host cell membrane? b. Which molecules present in the host cell membrane interact with that part of the virus? For the following multiple-choice questions, please highlight, bold, or color the best answer. For short answer and filling-in of the tables, please use a font color other than black or yellow. 10. The model that explains both the function and the microscopic observations of the plasma membrane is called the A. sandwich model B. envelope model C. fluid mosaic model D. runway model 11. The heads of the phospholipids of the plasma membrane are composed of A. phosphate groups ... hydrophilic B. phosphate groups ... hydrophobic C. fatty acid groups ... hydrophilic D. fatty acids groups ... hydrophobic and are 2 12. Which of the following best describes the structure of a plasma membrane? A. Proteins sandwiched between two layers of phospholipids B. Proteins embedded in two layers of phospholipids C. A layer of protein on top of a layer of phospholipids D. Phospholipids sandwiched between two layers of protein 13. Water moves via osmosis _. A. from an area with a high solute concentration to an area with a lower solute concentration B. from an area with a low solute concentration to an area with a higher solute concentration C. from an area with a low water concentration to one of higher water concentration D. throughout the cytoplasm of the cell 14. Which of the following are factors that can affect the rate of diffusion? A. mass of the molecules diffusing B. temperature C. solvent density D. only answers B and C can affect the rate of diffusion E. answers A, B, and C can all affect the rate of diffusion 15. When placed in a solution that is described as _, a cell will shrink because of the net movement of water out of the cell into the surrounding solution. A. isotonic B. hypotonic C. hypertonic D. supersonic 16. When a cell needs to grow bigger, such as they do after cell reproduction, it must add phospholipid membrane to its plasma membrane. Which of the following processes could be involved in adding membrane to the plasma membrane? A. cytokinesis B. endocytosis C. exocytosis D. pinocytosis 3 For the following items, identify the structures indicated in the figures of a bacterial cell (Figure 1), an animal cell (Figure 2), and a plant cell (Figure 3), and match them to the functions listed in the corresponding table. In other words, fill in the letter label of the indicated structure in the figure, and its name, next to the appropriate function, in the table. (Note: not all letters will be used in each case.) Hint: You will recognize these images as the ones in our textbook, so use the textbook to help you identify the structures and their functions. D C A B E G F Figure 1. Model of a Typical Bacterial (Prokaryotic) Cell Function Letter Label from figure region where the bacterial chromosome is found protection, maintenance of shape control of the flow of materials in and out of cell genetic control protein synthesis attachment locomotion H Structure Name 4 0 N P GHID 100 M IND A B C D E Figure 2. Model of a Typical Animal Cell Function L FL K G | H Letter Label Structure Name from figure control flow of material in and out of the cell control flow of material in and out of the nucleus genetic control production of ribosomes synthesis of proteins to be secreted from the cell cellular respiration digestion microtubule-organizing center formation of the mitotic spindle; shape and support of cell reinforce cell shape; anchor organelles 5