Chemistry of Sustainability, Homework 2 ALTERNATIVE SOLVENTS Inkjet printers use ink containing many chemical species, with typical components of a water-based formulation including: ● Water: main component, 60–90% • Colorant: soluble dye or pigment, 2-10% • • ● ● Humectant co-solvent: retains water in the ink to prevent drying, 5-20% Penetrant co-solvent: wets paper fibers to allow ink to wick in, 1–10% Surfactant: reduces surface tension to allow ink to jet and spread, 0.2–5% Antimicrobial agents: prevent the growth of fungi and microbes, 0.1–0.5% Others: polymers to control viscosity, pH buffers, sequestering agents 0–1% We will be using the CHEM21 selection guide to analyze the co-solvents that are used within the two water-based inkjet ink formulations below. ● Inkjet Ink Formulation 1: Chemical CAS# Grams Water 743 Ethylene Glycol 107-21-1 51.5 Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 109-86-4 48.3 Dimethyl formamide 68-12-2 23.6 Potassium heptadecafluoro-1-octanesulfate 2795-39-3 2.0 Pigment yellow 83 5567-15-7 30 Inkjet Ink Formulation 2: Chemical Water Propylene Glycol Isopropanol Propylene glycol ether acetate Glycerol Acetylinic diol Surfonyl 104 Pigment yellow 74 CAS# Grams 743 57-55-6 104 67-63-0 39.3 108-65-6 48.5 56-81-5 31.3 126-86-3 2 6358-31-2 30 1. For each formulation, find the following data for co-solvents (italicized) in the CHEM21 solvent selection guide table: https://learning.acsgcipr.org/guides-and- metrics/solvent-selection-guides/the-chem21-solvent-selection-guide/. If the solvent cannot be found on the solvent selection guide table, use the CHEM21 interactive tool at the bottom of the linked page to generate a score. The following information is needed to generate a score from the interactive tool: From safety data sheet (SDS): • Boiling point, flash point, auto-ignition temperature, resistivity Whether or not it is an ether that forms explosive peroxides GHS statements and symbols Whether or not it is hazardous to the ozone layer From https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/registered-substances: Whether or not it is fully registered for REACH Student Data Sheet Inkjet Ink Formulation 1: Solvent Physical Properties Chemical Ethylene Glycol CAS# BP (°C) FP (°C) Hazard Statements 107-21- 1 98 116 Diethylene glycol monomethyl 109-86- ether (Methoxy ethanol) Dimethyl formamide Chemical Ranking Information 4 68-12-2 Chemical Ethylene Glycol Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (Methoxy ethanol) Dimethyl formamide Inkjet Ink Formulation 2: Safety Health Score Score Env. Ranking Ranking Score by default discussion after Solvent Physical Properties Chemical CAS# BP (°C) FP (°C) Hazard Statements Propylene Glycol 57-55-6 Isopropanol 67-63-0 Propylene glycol ether acetate 108-65- 6 Glycerol 56-81-5 Chemical Ranking Information Chemical Safety Health Score Score Env. Score Ranking Ranking by after default discussion Propylene Glycol Isopropanol Propylene glycol ether acetate Glycerol Additional Questions: Please justify your answers with your reasoning. 1. Please list the sources where you gathered the above data. If the solvent was found in the CHEM21 solvent selection guide table, please note that. Chemical Data Source(s) for BP, FP, Hazard Statements, and Safety, Health, Env. Scores and Ranking data Ethylene Glycol Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (Methoxy ethanol) Dimethyl formamide Chemical Propylene Glycol Isopropanol Propylene glycol ether acetate Glycerol Data Source(s) for BP, FP, Hazard Statements, and Safety, Health, Env. Scores and Ranking data 2. Which formulation would you recommend based on the rankings from the CHEM21 Solvent Selection Tool? 3. Which solvents do you still have concerns about? 4. What solvents would you recommend to formulators as alternatives that could be considered in attempts to create a formulation with greener solvents?