Comparative Studies in Energy-Efficient Air Conditioning Manufacturing
Impact of Smart Sensors in Air Conditioning Manufacturing coupled with suitable refringent selection to optimize energy consumption.
.
Abstract
Literature review static data indicates that HVAC accounted for 20% of the country's total energy consumption and nearly half of the energy used in buildings. The aim of this work is to perform study on AC to make energy efficient system. To do so a sensor AC integrated with different types of refrigerant study has been proposed. A comparative study on AC with sensor and without sensor shall be studied in this research. It has been proved that advanced sensors enable precise temperature control, adaptive cooling, and real-time adjustments based on occupancy and external conditions. Various studies have quantified the environmental impact of traditional refrigerants, emphasizing their substantial contribution to global warming and ozone depletion also it highlights the potential of eco-friendly refrigerants to mitigate these environmental concerns. But combine effect of two work has not been research much. Hence in this study combined work shall be studied.
Contents
1.Introduction
1.1 Background 4
1.2 Research Objectives 4
2. Literature Review. 5
4
3. Methodology
7
3.1 Research Design .. 7
3.2 Data Collection
3.3 Analysis.
8
4. Discussion
9
5.Conclusion 10
6.Reference
10
9
1.Introduction
Seeking a more luxurious and comfortable modern lifestyle, individuals now depend considerably more on-air conditioners (ACs) than they did in the past. The occupancy ratio of building areas is increased by air conditioners in both industrialized and developing nations. Additionally, this causes AC energy usage to increase quickly. Static data indicates that HVAC accounted for 20% of the country's total energy consumption and nearly half of the energy used in buildings. Consequently, it's critical to reduce the energy that air conditioners in homes and businesses use (Cheng C, 2014).
The air conditioning industry occupies a crucial position in addressing contemporary concerns related to energy consumption and environmental sustainability. This comprehensive literature review seeks to synthesize prior research on optimizing energy efficiency in air conditioning systems, with a primary focus on the integration of smart sensor technology. This review provides a panoramic view of existing knowledge, highlights pivotal findings, identifies prevailing gaps in research, and culminates with the formulation of pertinent research questions.
A significant body of research has explored the integration of smart sensor technology in air conditioning systems. These advanced sensors enable precise temperature control, adaptive cooling, and real-time adjustments based on occupancy and external conditions (Fialho et al., 2018; Hu et al., 2019). Numerous studies consistently affirm a substantial reduction in energy consumption when smart sensors are adeptly incorporated into air conditioning units.
Nevertheless, a conspicuous gap pervades the existing literature where limited research explores the potent synergies between smart sensors and refrigerant choices. While the merits of these two facets, considered individually, have been convincingly elucidated, their coalescent optimization remains an under explored frontier.
1.1 Background
Energy-efficient air conditioning systems are crucial in addressing environmental concerns and reducing energy consumption. This study examines the role of smart sensors and controls in improving energy efficiency and user satisfaction in air conditioning units. Along with that a review on integration of sensor with refringent selection for energy optimization will also be considered.
1.2 Research Objectives
Assess the impact of smart sensors on energy consumption.
> Measure user satisfaction with air conditioning units equipped with smart sensors.
> Impact of integration of sensors with refrigerants to reduce energy consumption.
2. Literature Review
A comprehensive review of existing literature on smart sensors in air conditioning, energy efficiency, and user satisfaction is presented. Ma and Wang provide examples of energy- efficient control techniques for variable speed pump control in a central air conditioning system. The findings indicate that these control solutions can reduce the energy consumption of pumps. An AC's energy efficiency can be increased with the design of a feedback controller (Lin, J 2007). A temperature- and humidity-independent control method was developed by Zhao et al. to lower an AC's energy usage in an office building. The testing findings demonstrate that, even in extremely hot and muggy weather, the technique may deliver a higher AC coefficient of performance and a comfortable indoor atmosphere. Fuzzy logic control is used to regulate the number of compressors and fans that are active in multi-unit air conditioners in order to improve energy-saving measures. The earlier studies on using control techniques on ACs were predicated on the idea that different parameters would result in different reactions. This type of passive response might not be appropriate for the comfort of humans.
The coefficient of performance (COP, W/W), which is the ratio of the input power (w) and the removed heat flow (qL), is the measure used to define an air conditioner's efficiency. Equation can be rewritten as follows:
W 9L =
T
1
Tamb-T
Where Tamb is ambient outdoor temperature and T is inside room temperature.
Equation (1) states that the better the COP is under the fixed outdoor temperature Tamb, the higher the indoor temperature T. An air conditioner's energy usage may drop by 6% for every degree Celsius that the interior temperature rises (Cheng C, 2014).
Searching with various literature following research gap has been found.
Another sensor type used in AC is thermofluidic sensors. In these types of sensors thermocouples use a bimetal contact to create a heat-initiated electromotive force in order to measure temperature. It is employed in temperature measurement. Temperature is measured via resistive temperature detectors, or RTDs. Resistive Temperature Detectors (RTDs) test temperature changes via making use of platinum's temperature-dependent resistance feature
cables. Sintered metal oxides are used as thermostats. Their resistance is temperature-sensitive; therefore, it can send out signals. Digital temperature sensors based on thermophiles are composed of polycrystalline silicon alloys and aluminium created during the manufacturing of semiconductors, and gauges temperature using an electromotive force caused by heat. Using infrared, infrared thermopile sensors measure temperature of items that release heat. Resistive humidity sensors and ceramic capacitors are available for measuring humidity. The use of thermofluidic sensors in AC is a emerging technology. (Cheng C, 2016).
Gap in the literature
The synthesis of existing literature underscores a palpable gap in contemporary research-the dearth of exhaustive inquiry into the integration of smart sensor technology and the selection of energy-efficient refrigerants in air conditioning systems. While individual studies have undeniably laid bare the advantages of each element, the potential benefits and trade-offs in judiciously uniting them remain largely untapped.
Rationale for further research
The rationale for embarking on further research in this domain is grounded in the considerable potential to engineer air conditioning systems that concomitantly attain optimal energy efficiency while curtailing environmental impact. The integration of smart sensor technology augurs precise cooling control, dramatically reducing energy wastage. Simultaneously, judicious selection of suitable refrigerants holds the promise of significantly attenuating the carbon footprint associated with air conditioning systems. An exploration of the intricate interplay between these two variables is imperative to devise sustainable air conditioning solutions.
With the above literature review following researchable questions within available constraints emerge:
1. How can smart sensor technology be optimally integrated with varying types of refrigerants to maximize energy efficiency while concurrently minimizing environmental impact in air conditioning systems?
2. What are the predominant trade-offs and challenges intrinsic to the holistic optimization of smart sensor technology and refrigerant choice within the context of air conditioning manufacturing?
3. To what extent do factors such as climate conditions, building types, and user behaviour influence the efficacy of the integration of smart sensor technology and refrigerant choice in air conditioning systems?
These research questions represent a strategic attempt to bridge the extant gap in the literature, concentrating on the intersection of smart sensor technology and refrigerant selection. An exploratory expedition in this direction holds immense promise for augmenting our comprehension of sustainable air conditioning solutions.
3. Methodology
For different kinds of air conditioners, the human comfort (expressed by temperature change) and energy conservation (measured by internal energy and input power) can be assessed. In this work, the compressor output energy and temperature responses in a closed environment were simulated in relation to fixed frequency, convertible frequency, and smart air conditioners.
3.1 Research Design
Experimental approach: To study impact of sensor two groups of air conditioning units-one with smart sensors and one without shall b design. In overview of design looks like
Feedback
Controller
Sensor transfer function
Evaporator
Convection coefficient
Temperature
Return air from indoor
hconv
sensor
Sensor mass
Sensor area
Illsen
sen
Sensor heat capacity
Cooled air
Csen
to indoor
Fig 1: Controller strategy in evaporator section of AC Source (Cheng C, 2014).
The relationship between the return air temperature, T, and measured temperature by sensor, Tsen, proposed by Cheng et al could be written as
Msn Chen Ten =ho
= hconv Asen (T - Tsen)
2
Taking Laplace transform of Equation (2), and the result is
(msen Csen . S + hconv Asen) . Tsen(s) = hconv Asen . T(s)
Where Ts would be temperature measured by sensor.
Hot air to outdoor
Condenser
heat exchanger
On/Off
>Compressor
-
Refrigerant
Capillary
control
flow switched
expansion
On/ Off
valve
Evaporator
heat exchanger
Cooled
Non-cooled air flow
Feedback
Temperature sensor
Fig 2: The control scheme of a fixed frequency air conditioner with on/Off control (Cheng C, 2014).
3.2 Data Collection
The primary goal with the study is
> Energy consumption measurements.
> User feedback surveys.
> Temperature control performance assessments.
To do so following arrangement are made in AC.
To implement the smart control strategy, a single convertible frequency air conditioner equipped with a mobile phone communication feature was selected. The selected air conditioner may operate the previously specified regulating strategies-On/Off control of fixed frequency, Inverter (PID) control of convertible frequency, and smart control-after the control board was modified. The power consumption and cooling time of these three controlling strategies will be compared in the following sections. (Cheng C, 2014).
Modified control board can performOn-Off control of fixed frequency, PID (inverter) control and smart control at one air conditioner for comparing the air conditioning performances
Outdoor unit
Modified control board
Smart socket for measurig compressor output(Powermate ofln-Snergy, iFamily)
Figure 3:Modified controlling circuit plate at the outdoor unit of the air conditioner Source (Cheng C, 2014).
The second study of project would be comparing impact of sensor use on different refringent types. For this part of study, it is proposed that above sensor plate changes would be made in one conventional along with one smart ecofriendly refrigerant AC.
3.3 Analysis
Based on values obtained from sensor and without sensor AC along with two types of sensor AC with different refringent types following analysis would be conducted
➢ Statistical analysis to compare energy consumption patterns.
> Regression analysis to identify factors influencing user satisfaction.
Since in smart AC plan the main goal of design is to built a system which can reduce energy consumptions. Thus, the goal follows the SDG 17 sustainability criteria. And with this study there won't be any ethical issue.
4. Discussion
To provide further context for the research a synthesis of existing research findings is crucial. Existing studies have highlighted the following key aspects:
The air conditioning smart sensors
Numerous studies emphasize the role of smart sensors in energy-efficient air conditioning. For example, research by Fialho et al. (2018) demonstrated a 20% reduction in energy consumption when smart sensors were implemented in commercial air conditioning systems. Similarly, the work of Hu et al. (2019) showcased improved user comfort and substantial energy savings through smart sensor-controlled cooling.
The impact of Refrigerants and environmental
Concurrently, research focusing on refrigerants underscores the environmental consequences of different choices. Studies by Dincer et al. (2017) have quantified the environmental impact of traditional refrigerants, emphasizing their substantial contribution to global warming and ozone depletion. Contrarily, research by Zhou et al. (2020) highlights the potential of eco- friendly refrigerants to mitigate these environmental concerns.
Integration challenges
However, when it comes to the integration of smart sensors and refrigerants, studies are limited. Few research endeavours have comprehensively addressed the complexities and potential
benefits of optimizing both aspects in unison. This gap in the literature is evident, highlighting the need for further research to explore the intricacies of this integration.
5.Conclusion
In summation, this comprehensive literature review has underscored the exigent necessity for research that traverses the realm encompassing smart sensor technology and the selection of energy-efficient refrigerants in air conditioning manufacturing. While existing studies have adroitly showcased the individual merits of these elements, the potential synergy of their fusion remains inchoate. The research questions proffered chart an unequivocal path for further inquiry, with the express aim of engineering air conditioning systems that are both supremely energy-efficient and ecologically responsible.
Proposed methodology for this work was taken from Chang C et al who concluded in his work that a smart air conditioner's overall compressor output is 48.4% lower than that of a fixed frequency air conditioner. It is possible to precisely regulate the temperature inside with inaccuracies of less than 0.1 ºC. After occupants enter, a rapid cool-down to the optimal indoor capacity can be accomplished in two minutes.
6.Reference
1. Cheng, C.C. and Lee, D., 2014. Smart sensors enable smart air conditioning control. Sensors, 14(6), pp.11179-11203.
2. Ma, Z .; Wang, S. Energy efficient control of variable speed pumps in complex building central air-conditioning systems. Energy Build. 2009, 41, 197-205.
3. Lin, J .; Yeh, T. Modeling, identification and control of air-conditioning systems. Int. J. Refrig. 2007, 30, 209-220.
4. Cheng, C.C. and Lee, D., 2016. Enabling smart air conditioning by sensor development: A review. Sensors, 16(12), p.2028.
5. Zhao, K .; Liu, X .; Zhang, T .; Jiang, Y. Performance of temperature and humidity independent control air-conditioning system in an office building. Energy Build. 2011, 43, 1895-1903.
6. Chiou, C.B .; Chiou, C.H .; Chu, C.M .; Lin, S.L. The application of fuzzy control on energy saving for multi-unit room air-conditioners. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2009, 29, 310- 316.
Project Plan:
No
Task
01/09/23
1
Literature Review
02/10/23
2
Searching of suitable AC type available in market
06/10/23
3 Manufacturing AC
06/10/23
4
Data Collection
08/10/23
5
Analysis
22/10/23
6 Final result declaration
02/11/23
Appendix I: Project Communication Log
Project Title: Comparative Studies in Energy-Efficient Air Conditioning Manufacturing
Student Name:
Hussain Alkhalifah
Supervisor Name:
Dr Jochen Deuse
Event Topic of Communication Outcome
Date Sep 2 2023
Online
feedback
Defining a research question
clearly defined research question. -- ---
Oct 7 2023
------
Oct 27 2023
Online feedback
Confirmation of Project Plan Literature survey and review
Hi Hussain, you have effective formal English expression and correct grammar -- great! However, the LR text was too long and needed simply to be organized around 1) general agreement on your problem/topic as indicated in the literature; 2) areas of disagreement and neglect as indicated; 3) how this disagreement/neglect indicates and supports your research gap. Don't use all those sub-heads -- just write in strong paragraph style.
