Instructions :-
Experiment: Lipid Extraction using Soxhlet apparatus.
Only write the “discussion” part of the given experiment.
Discussion (25%): Interpretation of results and relevant comments should be explicitly placed under this heading. Consideration should be given to potential sources of errors in data and parameters influencing the results, how specific parameters impacted the outcome, and an evaluation of the reliability, accuracy, and consistency of the results with existing literature. Provide examples and draw comparisons with analogous experiments.
References (5%): The reference list is a required compilation of all the literature sources,
including books, journals, proceedings, and web pages, utilized in preparing the report.
Word limit: min 500 excluding references
Instructions:
Plagiarism free
Solutions generated from any AI platform is strictly Prohibited
Referencing and formatting Style APA
Need Typed Solutions only./n111
LIPID EXTRACTION
Zuhal Bitiş - Hilal Oğan - Esma Caner - Kaan Karakuş - Yiğit Adaoğlu - Buket Yazıcı
TABLE OF CONTENTS
01
02
INTRODUCTION
03
MATERIALS METHODS
AIM 04
RESULTS
05
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
Separation
Lipid extraction from wet biomass
Soxhlet
CH.
Bligh and Dyer
Organic
Solvent evaporation
phase
HD
Folch
phase
et al.
Hara and Radin
Green solvents
Lipids are essential biomolecules that perform multiple functions in cells, such as structural components of cell membranes, energy storage molecules and signaling molecules.
Lipid extraction is a common technique in biochemistry involving the separation of lipids from biological samples.
Lipid extraction is usually performed with solvents such as ethanol, methanol, chloroform and hexane.
Lipids
hexane Chemical Formula: C6H 14 Molecular Weight: 86.18
? Why Hexane
❑ One of the most well-known methods for the isolation of lipids is solvent extraction, which involves combining polar and non-polar solvents.
❑ For large-scale lipid extractions, hexane is the most often used non-polar, volatile solvent because of its many technical and financial benefits, most notably its low cost and great lipid (non-polar) selectivity. The volatility is also closely associated with the boiling point of the substance. Materials with a low boiling point evaporate more easily, making them more volatile. Because of this, we chose hexane with a boiling point of 68,7 ℃ instead of ethanol has a boiling point of about 78 ° C. ❑ It mainly extracts neutral lipids such as Monoacyl glycerols, Diacyl glycerols, Triacyl glycerols, free fatty acids, cholesterol, and cholesterol-derivatives. Cholesterol derivatives
1. Rose et. al. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 101072, 2024
2. Mat Husin et. al. Preparative biochemistry & biotechnology, 54(2), 159-174, 2024
?
Why Hexane
Hexane's main Applications in the Extraction of Food Products and Ingredients.
❑ Hexane is a petrochemical solvent widely used in the crushing industry for the extraction of vegetable oils
but also for the production of flavors and fragrances, natural extracts, drugs, and nutraceuticals
Quantity
Raw material
Extraction sectors
Products
Applications
Feed
Bulk meals
Defatted
Feed ingredients
Feed millers
Premix
Food
meals
Oilseeds:
650 kT
soybean, rapeseed,
Crushing industry:
Plant-based proteins
sunflower, corn germ, etc.
vegetable oil extraction
Meat Alternatives
Infant nutrition
Edible oils
Processed foods
Colours
Biofuels
Biodiesel
Technical
Paints and inks
Refined oils
Crude oils
Methyl esters
Specialty oilseeds:
Specialty oils
sesame, wheat germ, primrose, rice bran, perilla, etc.
Specialty oils extraction
Oils ingredients and derivatives
uses
450 kT
Beauty
Perfumery
Cosmetics
Medicinal plants, algae, flowers, micro-organisms, etc.
Natural extracts production
Natural extracts
Health
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9655691/
AIM OF THIS EXPERIMENT
To extract and quantify lipid from chips. By drying the sample, extracting it and then measuring the amount of oil obtained, the lipid content of potato chips will be determined. This method can be used in product quality control and nutritional composition analysis in the food industry.
O
NS 29/32
"500ml
BORO 34
BORU
CAM
MATERIALS
· 20 gr Chips
· 250 ml of hexane
· Cellulose thimble
· Soxhlet apparatus
· Extraction chamber
· Graduated cylinder
· Heater
XIX
· Mortar
· Rotary evaporator
· Bottom flask
· Boiling chips
· Oven
· Balance
· Gloves
Soxhlet Apparatus
The setup includes a part that extraction chamber, the thimble, siphon mechanism.
When the heating mantle warms the solvent in the round-bottom flask, it turns into vapor. This vapor rises and turns back into liquid in the condenser, dripping onto the sample to dissolve the target compound. As more liquid collects, it fills the Soxhlet well, causing the siphon to send it back to the flask with the dissolved compound. This repeating process extracts efficiently without needing constant watching.
Cold water out
>
Condenser
Cold water in
Soxhlet
Vapor
> Siphon tube
Round bottom flask
Hard ceramic surface -
Metal can-
To power controller
Heating element- inside cạn
10%
o
ROTARY EVAPORATOR
Condenser
Motor
Vacuum pump
Vacuum tube
Receiving
C
Water bath
flask -
Stand-
Rotary evaporators function by utilizing the principle that solvents have different boiling points, which decrease under reduced pressure. This method facilitates faster and more efficient solvent removal compared to atmospheric pressure evaporation, enhancing time efficiency and productivity in labs.
METHODS
1. Weigh 20 grams of chips sample. Grind it.
2. Place the sample and the bottom flask into over.
Dry the sample for 30 minutes. Weigh the sample.
3. Calculate the moisture gradient.
4. Add 2 boiling chips to the bottom flask and weight it. Note it
5. Weigh 10 grams of chips from the dried sample.
1
0 O
Condenser
1. Add 250 ml of hexane to the bottom flask.
2. Place the 10 grams of sample to the cellulose thimble.
3. Set the soxhlet apparatus. Place the sample inside the extraction chamber. Plug the heater.
4. After 3 cycles, unplug the heater.
5. Use the rotary evaporator to remove hexane from the fat extraction on the bottom flask.
Extraction chamber
Thimble Siphon arm
Vapor
Extraction solvent
Boiling flask
6.
Weigh the bottom flask with the extracted fat.
CALCULATING THE MOISTURE GRADIENT
Wet Weight - Dry Weight Wet Weight
Green STHEC FILM
STHEC FILA
Greek
. sartorius
25290
it sartorius
RELLENELAMINE
After Drying
250 78 g
Tare
M-power
BE CAREFUL THAT THE WATTLE BALANCE ISIN THE HEADLE
DO NOT MOVE THE BALANCE FROM THE PLACE IN ORDER NOT VI TO BECOME UNS MILE
BE CAREFUL THAT THE WATER /ALANCE BIN THE MADLE
M-power
-0.212 grams
DO NOT MOVE THE BALANCE FROM THE PLACE IN ORDER NOT AT TO BECOME LINS TAGLI
% MOIST: 0.0084
Fat Determination
Fat% =
[(wt of ext. flask + extracted fat) - (wt of ext. flask)]
× 100
wt of sample
Green
ES FILM
Green HEC FILA
ALII VE SATIM
NULLANE JMRE
- sartorius
BORY
CAM
500ml
10.000 g
Tare
Taw
F
M-power
-sartorius
BA LARAILS, THAT THE WATLÝ JALANCE 15 LA THEE. NQUER
DO NOT MOVE THE BALANCE FROM THE PLACE IN ORDER NOT LI TO BECOME UNSTABLE
196.758
M-power
sartorius
WE CAREFUL WANT THE WATLE AALANES 18 HTYA. HEARLA.
DO NOT MOVE THE BALANCE FROM THE PLACE IN CADER NOT YT YO WECOME UNSALE
202.3 11
Mi-power
BE CAREFUL THAT THE WATER AMUNNEL IS IS THE ANDRE
DO NOT MOVE THE BALANCE FROM THE PLACE IN ORDER NOTAT TO BECOME UNS ME
202.311-196.758/10 *100
= 55.53%
5.55 grams of fat was obtained from 10 grams sample
O
O
C
REFERENCES
1. Rose, A., Showman, C., Shen, C., Jaczynski, J., & Matak, K. (2024). Effect of organic solvent on the extraction of lipids from krill powders using a one-step extraction process. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 101072.
2. Mat Husin, M. A., Mohd Yasin, N. H., Takriff, M. S., & Jamar, N. H. (2024). A review on pretreatment methods for lipid extraction from microalgae biomass. Preparative biochemistry & biotechnology, 54(2), 159-174.
O
O C
REFERENCES
3. Ultrasonics, H. (2024, March 21). Soxhlet Extraction - What is it? How does it work? Hielscher Ultrasonics. https://www.hielscher.com/soxhlet-extraction-setup-and-function.htm
4.Wikipedia contributors. (2024, May 5). Soxhlet extractor. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soxhlet extractor
5.Elgie, K. (2023, April 6). What is a Rotary Evaporator? Asynt.
https://www.asynt.com/blog/what-is-a-rotary-evaporator/
0
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING
O
