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KB4027 Fluid Mechanics Friction in Pipes Experiment Aim This experiment is intended: (i) To illustrate the theory of friction loss in pipe flow. (ii) (iii) To enable you to get a "feel" for and be able to visualise the effects of friction loss in pipe flow. To encourage you to find and apply the correct theory from the text book and your notes to understand the principles of the experiment. Method Full details of the apparatus can be found in the attached manufacturer's documentation. The experiment is carried out as follows: Ensure all safety precautions have been followed and any safety briefing understood and adhered to • Practice operating the hydraulics bench with the header tank • Practice using a container and stopwatch to measure low flows in the apparatus • Practice using the hydraulics bench with both water manometer for low flows and the pressure gauge for higher flows (technicians will assist with the preceding points) • Switch on the hydraulics bench and adjust the valve until there is a steady flow down the header tank overflow • Open the valve to allow water to flow in the test pipe • For lower flows, record the head differential between the ends of the test pipe using the water manometer, ensuring that any bubbles are evacuated from the system before taking readings • • • For higher flows, isolate the water manometer and use the pressure gauge to record the head differential, employing the bleed valve to evacuate air from the system before taking readings For lower flows, measure the flow using the flexible outlet pipe to pour water into a container; record the time taken for a known volume to be collected For higher flows, use the hydraulics bench to measure the flow • Repeat the procedure for several lower and higher flow settings • Note your results in the table below • • Photograph and/or sketch the experiment Using the theory learned in your studies, demonstrate the application of the principles of friction loss in pipes to explain your results Discussion and Conclusions Describe how your results demonstrate the application of friction loss in pipes for laminar and turbulent flow • Account for differences between laminar and turbulent flow • Discuss whether or not your results match theory, and suggest specific reasons for any large divergence 1 • - Do not be vague – for example, if you think divergence from theoretical results is caused by 'human error', say which sort of human error, for example, inaccurate reading of manometers due to stress, etc • Suggest any possible improvements to the method or the apparatus for the experiment Indicate the extent to which you think the stated aims of the experiment have been met Results Your name: Test Number Name of Student Taking Readings for Test Weight or volume of water (kg or m³) 100 150 200 100 150 200 ☐ Time taken to collect (s) 15-785 17.815 13.815 195 26.605 32.28S Flow (m³/s) Mean velocity (m/s) - Head difference (m) 500mm 1000mm 1500mm 340-185 380-135 410-100 = 155mm =245mm = 310mm Reynolds number Laminar or turbulent flow? Friction factor λ from theory Theoretical head loss Difference between theoretical and measured Useful information/formulae: • Assume a constant viscosity of 1×10³ Pas (neglecting variation with temperature) • Assume a water density of 1000 kg/m³ . Pipe diameter is 0.003 m, giving a cross-sectional area of 7.069 m² λLu² • Darcy equation for head loss in a pipe: hf = 2gD 2/n KB4027 Fluid Mechanics Impact of a Jet Experiment Aim This experiment is intended: (i) To illustrate the application of the momentum equation. (ii) To enable you to get a "feel" for and be able to visualise the operation of fluid momentum in a steady flow situation. (iii) To encourage you to find and apply the correct theory from the text book and your notes to understand the principles of the experiment. Method Full details of the apparatus can be found in the attached manufacturer's documentation. The experiment is carried out as follows: • • • Ensure all safety precautions have been followed and any safety briefing understood and adhered to Practice operating the hydraulics bench to get a clear indication of flow either as kg/s or litres/s or m³/s, depending on the bench employed (technicians and teaching staff will assist with this) Fit the flat plate to the apparatus Level the apparatus and set the lever to the balanced position with the jockey weight at its zero position • Start the water supply and increase it to a high value using the bench controls • Move the jockey weight outwards along the lever until the balanced position is restored and note the reading • Using the hydraulics bench, note the time taken for an appropriate mass/volume of water to be collected • Adjust the flow rate downwards to take repeat readings • Note your results in the table below • Photograph and/or sketch the experiment • Repeat the whole experiment, replacing the flat plate with the hemispherical cup • Using the theory learned in your studies, demonstrate the application of the principles of momentum to explain your results for the flat plate and the hemispherical cup Discussion and Conclusions • Describe how your results demonstrate the application of momentum principles • Account for differences between the flat plate and the hemispherical cup Discuss whether or not your results match theory, and suggest specific reasons for any large divergence • Do not be vague – for example, if you think divergence from theoretical results is caused by 'human error', say which sort of human error, for example, inaccurate reading of manometers due to stress, etc • Suggest any possible improvements to the method or the apparatus for the experiment • Indicate the extent to which you think the stated aims of the experiment have been met 1 Results Your name: Test Number Name of Student Taking Readings for Test Iliter-slkg Starting Flat Plate or Hemispherical flat Cup? Plat Plat Hemi Hemi Неті Plate plate plate cup сир сир 18mm 34 mm 48m 21 mm mm 39mm 59mm Balanced position of jockey weight (mm) Weight (kg) or Volume (litres or m³) of water in Hydraulics Bench Time taken for weight/volume to accumulate (s) 5 liter 15 liter 25 liter 5 liter 15 liter 25 liter 205,69 44.41s im 4.595 25.195 57.50s Im 16.-785 Useful information/formulae: • Mass of jockey weight = 0.6 kg • Force on plate or cup derived from taking moments about lever hinge is F = 4gy N Where y is the distance in m (not mm) at which the jockey weight restores the lever to its balanced position. The effects of gravity in the experiment should be neglected for the purpose of your calculations, since the height difference across the experimental area of interest is very small - but if you want to include them refer to the experiment manual which is provided separately. 2/n3 Assessment Details 3.1 Module Learning Outcomes (MLO) Assessed by Coursework 3. Plot and discuss experimental results and draw conclusions based upon them. 4. Work as a member of a small team in order to safely carry out laboratory testing and respect the values of other team members. 3.2 Coursework Overview 3.3 3.4 You are required to carry a range of fluid mechanics experiments, record and plot their results and write a brief discussion of their meaning, relating them to the theoretical concepts discussed in the module classes. Coursework Tasks to be Completed by Students Attend the laboratory at the time specified on the timetable, bringing with you all necessary information and handouts, either printed out or in usable electronic form Sign the paper attendance list Listen to the safety briefing given by laboratory staff at the start of the class Prepare your own risk assessment for the class and implement the control measures you specify (and any additional ones required by laboratory staff) Working in a small group, conduct the following experiments, recording their results: 。 Flow measurement 。 Impact of a jet 。 Friction in a pipe Details for which are included in the separate one-page handouts In each case, prepare a short report containing 0 Your risk assessment 。 A careful hand-sketch of the apparatus, drawn in proportion and with important features labelled • A table and an accompanying plot of results in an appropriate form. This may be prepared using software such as Excel or Matlab, but must be legible in printed-out form. A brief discussion indicating 0 How the results illustrate theoretical concepts discussed in class Where the results diverge from expectations, suggestions as to the likely reasons for this The report for each experiment should contain one page of risk assessment, one page of sketch, one page of tabulated results and graph and a short paragraph of discussion concisely highlighting significant issues • Scan and submit your work to Blackboard as a single PDF document by the submission date advertised. Expected Size of Submission A maximum of 1250 word equivalents. 3.5 Referencing Style 3.6 You are to write your coursework using the Cite Them Right version of the Harvard referencing system. An online guide to Cite Them Right is freely available to Northumbria University students at: https://www.citethemrightonline.com/ Use of Artificial Intelligence You may use generative artificial intelligence (Al), e.g. tools like ChatGPT, to assist in analyses and draw insights from data as part of the research process. You may also use these technologies to improve readability and language when writing. Applying the technology should be done with human oversight and control, and you should carefully review and edit the result, as Al can generate authoritative-sounding output that can be incorrect, incomplete or biased. Al and Al-assisted technologies should not be listed as an author or co-author, or be cited as an author. Authorship implies responsibilities and tasks that can only be attributed to and performed by humans. MCE | Learning and Teaching Version 2.0 | Page 2 of 6

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