Need to write on these 3 topics
the epidemiology, curr

Question

Need to write on these 3 topics 
the epidemiology, current statistics and current actions and drawbacks of human
herpes in Africa

TutorBin · Accepted Answer

Epidemiology

Types 1 and 2 of the herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are common human infections that are members of the Simplex Virus genus and Alpha-herpesvirinae subfamily. HSV-1 is predominantly in charge of orofacial lesions, whereas HSV-2 primarily spreads through sexual contact and results in genital herpes. Africa is the continent where both viruses are most prevalent (universal; over 90% population acquire it orally) and there is no evidence that this prevalence has decreased over the past few decades. (Forni et al. 2020) (Harfouche, Chemaitelly & Abu-Raddad 2019)

Current statics of human herpes in Africa

According to a study pooled mean seroprevalence was 67.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): 54.7–78.5%) in children, and 96.2% (95% CI: 95.0–97.3%) in adults. Across age groups, pooled mean was 44.4% (95% CI: 29.9–59.3%) in ≤5 years-old, 85.6% (95% CI: 81.0–89.6%) in 6–15 years-old, 93.3% (95% CI: 89.2–96.6%) in 16–25 years-old, and 93.8% (95% CI: 84.6–99.4%) in >25 years-old. Age explained 78.8% of seroprevalence variation. Pooled mean proportion of HSV-1 detection was 0.4% (95% CI: 0.0–1.5%) in GUD, and 1.2% (95% CI: 0.0–4.0%) in genital herpes. (Harfouche, Chemaitelly & Abu-Raddad 2019)

Current actions and drawbacks of human herpes in Africa

Studies have developed diagnostic kits - ImmunoFLOW, a rapid test for detecting herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) infections for early diagnosis of the infection (Govender, Mbambo, Nyirenda, Sebitloane & Abbai 2020) and for treatment Acyclovir, an antiviral drug was found to have a favorable effect on the healing of herpes which was found in South African randomized controlled experiment. Among patients with recurrent genital herpes who got treatment within 48 hours of the development of lesions, research from the 1980s found that oral acyclovir dramatically reduced viral shedding, enhanced ulcer healing, and decreased the incidence of new lesions. Patients take 400 mg of acyclovir three times daily for five days.

The negative effects of this medication could be severe or minor. Consequences that could harm the liver are included in this. There have been allergic reactions as well as side effects that damage the skin. (Schalkwijk, Snoeck & Andrei 2022)

Reference

Forni, D, Pontremoli, C, Clerici, M, Pozzoli, U, Cagliani, R & Sironi, M. 2020. Recent Out-of-Africa

Migration of Human Herpes Simplex Viruses. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 37(5):1259–1271. doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa001.

Harfouche, M, Chemaitelly, H & Abu-Raddad, LJ. 2019. Herpes simplex virus type 1 epidemiology

in Africa: Systematic review, meta-analyses, and meta-regressions. Journal of Infection. 79(4):289–299. doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2019.07.012.

Govender, S, Mbambo, L, Nyirenda, M, Sebitloane, M & Abbai, N. 2020. Herpes simplex virus-2

infections in pregnant women from South Africa: Evaluation of the ImmunoFLOW rapid test. African Journal of Laboratory Medicine. 9(1). doi.org/10.4102/ajlm.v9i1.854.

Schalkwijk, HH, Snoeck, R & Andrei, G. 2022. Acyclovir resistance in herpes simplex viruses:

Prevalence and therapeutic alternatives. Biochemical Pharmacology. 206:115322. doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115322.

Need to write on these 3 topics

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