PERSPECTIVES: AN OPEN INTRODUCTION TO CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY SECOND EDITION Nina Brown, Thomas McIlwraith, Laura Tubelle de González CC 2020 American Anthropological Association 2300 Clarendon Blvd, Suite 1301 Arlington, VA 22201 ISBN Print: 978-1-931303-67-5 ISBN Digital: 978-1-931303-66-8 http://perspectives.americananthro.org/ This book is a project of the Society for Anthropology in Community Colleges (SACC) http://sacc.americananthro.org/ and our parent organization, the American Anthropological Association (AAA). Please refer to the website for a complete table of contents and more information about the book. cc 1 ⑧ Perspectives: An Open Introduction to Cultural Anthropology, 2nd Edition by Nina Brown, Thomas McIlwraith, Laura Tubelle de González is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Under this CC BY-NC 4.0 copyright license you are free to: Share · copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material Under the following terms: Attribution - You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. NonCommercial You may not use the material for commercial purposes. - CONTENTS Preface WHY THIS BOOK? ABOUT THE SOCIETY FOR ANTHROPOLOGY IN COMMUNITY COLLEGES WHY OPEN ACCESS? THE COVER DESIGN ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I. Part 1 1. Introduction to Anthropology WHAT IS ANTHROPOLOGY? WHAT IS CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY? WHAT IS CULTURE? A BRIEF HISTORY OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL THINKING THE (OTHER) SUBFIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES WHY IS ANTHROPOLOGY IMPORTANT? GLOSSARY ABOUT THE AUTHORS BIBLIOGRAPHY 2. The Culture Concept 3. THOUGHTS ON CULTURE OVER A CUP OF COFFEE STORIES AS A REFLECTION ON CULTURE THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEORIES OF CULTURE BACK IN THE COFFEE SHOP GLOSSARY ABOUT THE AUTHORS BIBLIOGRAPHY Doing Fieldwork: Methods in Cultural Anthropology FINDING THE FIELD TRADITIONAL ETHNOGRAPHIC APPROACHES ETHNOGRAPHY TODAY ETHNOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES AND PERSPECTIVES ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS WRITING ETHNOGRAPHY GLOSSARY ABOUT THE AUTHOR BIBLIOGRAPHY . . xi xii xiii xiii X111 10 14 17 29 29 30 40 41 35567OITSO22223777744776356% % 49 68 68 4. Language THE IMPORTANCE OF HUMAN LANGUAGE TO HUMAN CULTURE THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF LANGUAGE HUMAN LANGUAGE COMPARED WITH THE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS OF OTHER SPECIES UNIVERSALS OF LANGUAGE DESCRIPTIVE LINGUISTICS: STRUCTURES OF LANGUAGE LANGUAGE VARIATION: SOCIOLINGUISTICS LANGUAGE IN ITS SOCIAL SETTINGS: LANGUAGE AND IDENTITY LANGUAGE CHANGE: HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS GLOBALIZATION AND LANGUAGE GLOSSARY ABOUT THE AUTHOR 5. Subsistence STUDYING SUBSISTENCE SYSTEMS MODES OF SUBSISTENCE THE GLOBAL AGRICULTURE SYSTEM CONCLUSION GLOSSARY ABOUT THE AUTHOR BIBLIOGRAPHY 6. Economics MODES OF PRODUCTION MODES OF EXCHANGE 7. CONSUMPTION AND GLOBAL CAPITALISM POLITICAL ECONOMY: UNDERSTANDING INEQUALITY CONCLUSION GLOSSARY ABOUT THE AUTHOR BIBLIOGRAPHY Political Anthropology: A Cross-Cultural Comparison BASIC CONCEPTS IN POLITICAL ANTHROPOLOGY LEVELS OF SOCIO-CULTURAL INTEGRATION EGALITARIAN SOCIETIES BAND-LEVEL POLITICAL ORGANIZATION TRIBAL POLITICAL ORGANIZATION RANKED SOCIETIES AND CHIEFDOMS STRATIFIED SOCIETIES STATE LEVEL OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATION CONCLUSION ABOUT THE AUTHOR BIBLIOGRAPHY 70 70 75 76 76 78 83 87 88 92 94 96 97 PREKO 1% 10% 2222% 71 98 112 114 114 115 115 119 120 127 135 139 141 142 143 143 148 148 150 150 151 152 161 166 168 173 175 176 8. Family and Marriage RIGHTS, RESPONSIBILITIES, STATUSES, AND ROLES IN FAMILIES 182 183 KINSHIP AND DESCENT KINSHIP TERMS MARRIAGE AND FAMILY 183 188 190 FAMILIES AND CULTURE CHANGE GLOSSARY ABOUT THE AUTHOR 199 200 202 9. Race and Ethnicity 204 "DUDE, WHAT ARE YOU?!” IS ANTHROPOLOGY THE “SCIENCE OF RACE?" RACE IN THREE NATIONS: THE UNITED STATES, BRAZIL, AND JAPAN 205 207 215 ETHNICITY AND ETHNIC GROUPS 220 A MELTING POT OR A SALAD BOWL? 222 ANTHROPOLOGY MEETS POPULAR CULTURE: SPORTS, RACE/ETHNICITY AND DIVERSITY 223 CONCLUSION 226 GLOSSARY 226 ABOUT THE AUTHOR 227 BIBLIOGRAPHY 228 10. Gender and Sexuality 231 INTRODUCTION: SEX AND GENDER ACCORDING TO ANTHROPOLOGISTS 231 FOUNDATIONS OF THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF GENDER 233 CONTEMPORARY ANTHROPOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO STUDYING SEXUALITY AND GENDER 262 CONCLUSION 271 GLOSSARY 272 ABOUT THE AUTHORS 274 11. Religion 286 DEFINING RELIGION 288 THEORIES OF RELIGION ELEMENTS OF RELIGION CONCLUSION GLOSSARY ABOUT THE AUTHOR 12. Globalization OVERVIEW AND EARLY GLOBALIZATION THE ACCELERATION OF GLOBALIZATION SELECTIVE IMPORTATION AND ADAPTATION GLOBALIZATION IN EVERYDAY LIFE GLOBALIZATION AND NEOLIBERALISM 289 291 300 300 301 304 305 306 308 311 316 RESPONSES TO GLOBALIZATION IMPLICATIONS FOR ANTHROPOLOGY 319 322 CONCLUSION GLOSSARY ABOUT THE AUTHORS 326 327 328/n Globalization makes new forms of consumption possible, but the effects of globalization on an individual's lifestyle vary based on many factors including socioeconomic status. In what ways is globalization experienced differently by people from wealthy countries compared to people in developing countries? How are producers of commodities like clothing or food affected differently by globalization than consumers? (Chapter 12) in first person perspective such as " I believe "in 200 words In Latin America, globalization and neoliberalism have led to the development of policies, such as the privatization of the water supply, that reduce local control over important resources. In what ways is globalization a “double-edged" sword that brings both benefits and problems to developing countries? You may also consult the video Water Rising (Bolivia) and the reading Leasing the Rain to assist with your post. (Chapter 12 in first person perspective such as " I believe "in 200 words