Q1: Essay (50 points)

Read "Direct Manipulation Interfaces" by Hutchins et al., and "Direct Manipulation: A Step

Beyond Programming Languages" by Ben Shneiderman.

1. Summarize what direct manipulation is?

2.

Is the direct manipulation concept discussed by Hutchins et al. the same as that described

by Ben Shneiderman? Why do you think so? You should refer to and discuss the detailed

content from the two given papers to support your claim.

4.

3. Given an example of a direct manipulation interface and describe how it works.

What are the pros and cons of using direct manipulation? You should answer this

question by referring to the gulf of execution & evaluation and the semantic &

articulatory distance, discussed by Hutchins et al.

You can find the two papers in the attachment. You should write your answers in your own

words. Do NOT copy any content from the papers or elsewhere. A plagiarism tool will be used

to check your submission. If the similarity score, given by the plagiarism tool, goes above 25%, a