School of Mechanical Engineering METADATA ANALYSIS OF CORROSION INHIBITORS EFFECTIVENESS ON CARBON STEEL PIPELINE TRANSPORTING CO2 ENVIRONMENT: REVIEW RESEARCH 1 Abstract: This project study the effectiveness of the corrosion inhibitor in in wet environment where there is a present of Carbon dioxide Co2, the investigation of the effectiveness was done by collecting the data for PLR and EIS and WL test, the inhibitors was classified into 3 categories Anodic, Cathodic and Mix inhibitors, where this categories applied into the organic and Inorganic inhibitors, Net Zero goaler o reduce the Carbon dioxide in the inhibitors itself and represent the best alternative for the Inorganic inhibitors Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1Introduction 1.2 Background of the Study 1.3 Aims 1.4 Objectives 1.5 Report layout Chapter 2: Theoretical background. 2.1 Introduction .... 2.2 Theoretical background Chapter 3: Inorganic Inhibitors 3.1 Inorganic inhibitors Chapter 4: Organic Inhibitors ..... 4.1 Organic inhibitors Chapter 5: Net Zero and How It Related to The Corrosion Inhibitors 5.1 Net Zero and How It Related to The Corrosion Inhibitors..... Chapter 6: Conclusion......... 6.1 Introduction List of Tables and Figure Chapter 3: Inorganic Inhibitors .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .5 .6 .6 .6 .11 .11 .16 16 .19 .19 .22 .22 .11 Table 1: Metadata matrix analysis for inorganic corrosion inhibition involving cathodic test. Table 2: Metadata matrix analysis for inorganic corrosion inhibition involving anodic test... Table 3: Metadata matrix analysis for inorganic corrosion inhibition involving mix test...... 11 .12 13 Table 4: Mean differences between effectiveness rate and reduction of corrosion based on inorganic corrosion inhibition..14 Figure 1 Reduction of corrosion........ ..15 Table 5: Mean differences in effectiveness rate of corrosion inhibition among cathodic, anodic, and mix typology ...........15 Chapter 4: Organic Inhibitors Chapter 6: Conclusion ........ .16 Table 5: Metadata analysis on organic inhibitors part I.. Table 6: Metadata analysis on organic inhibitors part II.. 16 .16 Table 7: Mean differences between organic inhibitor corrosion rate reduction and organic inhibitor corrosion effectiveness..17 Figure 2 Organic inhibitore corrosion effectiveness...... .17 Chapter 5: Net Zero and How It Related to The Corrosion Inhibitors 19 Table 8: Correlation analysis on the effectiveness of corrosion inhibitors organic and inorganic classification...... Table 9: Factor analysis on the effectiveness of corrosion inhibitors organic and inorganic classification...... Table 10: Effectiveness of inorganic and organic inhibitor corrosion towards attainment of the net zero.. Chapter 6: Conclusion .19 .19 .20 22 Table 11: Paired sample correlation evaluation on organic and inorganic corrosion inhibitors in terms of best efficiency..........22 Table 12: Paired sample t-test evaluation on organic and inorganic corrosion inhibitors in terms of best efficiency .22 2 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Introduction The chapter is focused on explaining the background of the study and representing the aims and objective of the and the report layout. 1.2 Background of the Study A background analysis has been presented in this part of the research. The last thirty years have seen a significant amount of research on the CO2 rusting of mild steel, and lately there has been a lot of curiosity about the topic of rusting in supercritical carbon dioxide. Supercritical capture of carbon dioxide and increased extraction of oil are the main subjects covered in the published literature (Choi et al., 2015). These subjects frequently involve "dry" gases, meaning that water only exists in trace amounts. Although because water during formation as well as high-pressure areas directly affect pipeline steel oxidation, steel made of carbon corrodes at a very high rate (≥ 20 mm/y) at high CO2 tension (from fluid and hypercritical CO2) with no safeguarding FeCO3 rust product layers forming (Choi and Nesic, 2017). For the purpose of limiting corrosion, the pipeline must be sufficiently dried out (water removed) upstream to avoid high corrosion rates and the breaking out of free water. Drying the stream of gas in the field would be too expensive, though (Sim et al., 2017). The method of corrosion of carbon steel remains unchanged regardless of extreme CO2 pressures; hence, using inhibiting agents to reduce weathering under high CO2 pressure settings may be a viable approach. Numerous studies have examined how different inhibitors function in the CO2-saturated fluid. The most common inhibitors employed by the petroleum and natural gas sectors to prevent CO2 corrosion are those based on imidazoline. Nevertheless, the majority of these investigations used low CO2 pressure settings associated with gas and oil pipelines (Turgoose et al., 2018). Publications addressing the effectiveness of inhibiting corrosion in supercritical carbon dioxide systems under high CO2 tension settings are hard to come by. Supercritical CO2 devices were utilized to assess traditional anti-corrosion agents, including the imidazoline family, alkenylsuccinic acidic substances, and quaternary ammonium compounds. None of these substances worked completely, although they all did lower the corrosion rate (Kappes et al., 2018). At a high pressure and high temperature of 80 bar CO2 and 70 oC, the anti-corrosion activity of imidazoline-based inhibitors was evaluated. Localized corrosion was brought on by inadequate inhibition from imidazoline-type inhibiting agents, and the inclusion of sulfate showed the possibility of even decreasing the extent of corrosion in comparison to imidazoline inhibitors (Paolinelli et al., 2019). Overall, studies reveal that the aspect of corrosion in CO2 environments have received significant amount of assessment from past studies. Thus, it stages the scene for a critical metadata analysis to be explored in due course of the study. 1.3Aim(s) 3 The aim is to demonstrate the effectiveness of corrosion inhibitors in carbon steel corrosion specifically in environments with rich content of carbon dioxide (CO2), in Carbon Capture and Storage systems (CCS), aiming to provide a deep understanding of inhibitor performance and its effect via metadata analysis. In simple terms, however, the aim of the study is to establish the effectiveness linking to corrosion inhibitors in the mitigation of corrosion over carbon steel pipelines used for the transportation of CO2 environments via metadata analysis. 1.4 Objectives The objectives of the study are as follows: To collect data from academic articles, book chapters, websites, and use metadata analysis to build new data that highlights key discoveries alongside, improvement pathways with regard to replacing carbon-based environmentally degrading corrosion inhibitors with potentially less harmful alternatives. In explaining objective one above predominantly, the gathered/processed data will emanate from corrosion related experimental tests such as: (a) Electrochemical impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) (b) Linear polarization Resistance (LPR) and (c) Weight loss (WL). Therefore, the first objective is main to identify appropriate studies on the problem matter. In line with the objective above other sub-objectives are going to be considered as explicated next: a) To assess types of corrosion inhibitor that have been applied in various studies not to mention those that incorporate inorganic, organic, and hybrid inhibitors to determine their effectiveness in environments involving CO2. b) To quantify and comparatively analyse the rate of reduction of corrosion rate attained by varying corrosion inhibitors in CO2 environments in context of the findings established in different literature c) To investigate the impact of environmental factors related to CO2 concentration, pressure, temperature, and pH on the activity of corrosion inhibitors as expressed in selected/different studies 1.5 Report Layout The report consists of the following chapters: Chapter one which presents the introduction, research questions, aims, and objectives, and background review. Chapter two documents a theoretical framework aimed to present general information regarding carbon capture including storage (CCS) and the manner in which it could have an impact on the CCS performance. Chapter three addresses the situation of inorganic inhibitors and chapter four address the issue of organic inhibitors. Chapter five regards an assessment of the Paris Agreement 2015 featuring general information on the net zero and the manner in which it related to the corrosion inhibitors, and the manner in which inhibitors could assist to attain the net zero. Chapter six serves as the conclusion where comparison in the case of cathodic and anodic as well as mix inhibitors including mix inhibitors is to be conducted and establish the one that proves maximum efficiency. The captures also document about green inhibitor and the manner it could serve as an optimum alternative to attain the net zero. 4 Chapter 2: Theoretical Background 2.1 Introduction The focus of this chapter is to discuss the key theoretical background guiding the study and to elaborate on the impact of corrosion on CCS systems. The first section discusses the theoretical background adopted in the research. Thereafter, the effects of corrosion on CCS systems and the broader climate change are discussed. 2.2 Theoretical Background In this chapter a brief theoretical background has been presented to have an understanding of past studies regarding corrosion inhibitors effectiveness on carbon steel pipeline transporting CO2 environment. Comparisons and contracts across literature have been captured too. The Javidi et al. (2018) study examined the effectiveness of imidazoline derivation inhibitors of rust in preventing carbon steel from corroding in CO2 when hydrogen sulfide and iron carbonate scale were present. One of the most popular methods for preventing the corrosion of carbon steel by CO2 in the energy industry is the application of corrosion inhibitors. The film creation procedure used another imidazoline version as an anti-corrosion compound to safeguard the outermost layer. The study material was API 5L X65 carbon steel that was extracted from a damp gas distribution pipeline. Iron carbonates, a result of corrosion, coated the innermost layer of the pipeline. To investigate the efficacy of the inhibitory agents, Tafel polarisation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were implemented in a CO2-saturated 3.5-pound sodium hydroxide buffer. The results indicated that the presence of the iron carbonate coating lowered the inhibitory efficiency. Furthermore, the presence of H2S gas resulted in a decrease in inhibitory adsorption on the layer closest to the surface, resulting in a decrease in the inhibitor's effectiveness. Consistent with the aforementioned investigations, Chauhan et al. (2022) report that the carbon collection and preservation process effectively reduces atmospheric carbon dioxide pollution. When employing CCS technology, supercritical (SC) CO2 is a major risk because it damages pipelines. Steel pipes corrode as a result of a reaction between water contamination and CO2 gas, resulting in the formation of corrosive species such as carbonic acid (H2CO3). Three solutions are being utilized to solve this issue: (i) using corrosion-proof alloys (CRAs); (ii) using corrosive regulators; and (iii) using iron carbonate (FeCO3) protective coatings. Applying chemical compounds that interact with corrosive media that breakdown in the surroundings and adsorb on the desired metallic surface is one of the most crucial techniques for mitigating corrosion. A review of the several organic inhibitors of corrosion that are frequently used to stop SC CO2 rusting is the goal of this paper. This paper emphasizes the importance of finding greener inhibitor substitutes and considers various possible research directions. The researcher sought to examine the process by which SC CO2 corrodes, the variables influencing the chemistry of inhibiting agents, and their limitations. The use of computer algorithms to forecast restricting behavior is also included throughout this paper. This review, which highlights the 5