Discuss the role of toll-like receptor 4 (TLRs) in innate immunity. Include in your answer a detailed explanation of the TLR4 signaling pathway associated with Gram-negative bacteria.

Explain how deep freshwater lakes can become stratified. Describe the characteristics of each trophic zone in a stratified freshwater lake. Include information about oxygen level, temperature, and density.

What type of media is the actinomycetes isolation agar (AIA) that we use in Lab 12:Streptomyces? Choose all that apply.

. Which of these drugs inhibits cell wall synthesis by blocking alanine bridge formation?

Which are true about glycolysis (the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway)? Choose all that apply.

In Lab 8: Bacterial Transformation, what method of gene transfer are we using?

If your partner forgot the safranin in the Gram stain procedure, what would happen?

Which of the following microbes has been genetically engineered to contain a protein that helps protect crops from freezing?

What would happen to anaerobic bacteria if they didn't have a fermentation pathway?

Which of these can be the final electron acceptor in an oxygenic (anaerobic) respiration in-bacteria? Choose all that apply.