watch the video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PDxKxnVZtgo Answer both questions. 1. Briefly describe each of these: Islam, Qur'an, Hadith, Hijra, and the Five Pillars of Islam. 2. Reading 9.1 [found at the end of Chapter 9] Includes some of the famous passages connecting the Qur'an with holy war. Many Islamic scholars argue that these passages are about the holy wars that were already happening between Christians and Zoroastrians and are not a command for Muslims to wage war against non-Muslims. Criticism of Islam and some Islamist fundamentalist disagree, and see it as an instigation of violence. Others have argued that religions generally promote violence such as with Christianity in the Crusades, Buddhism with the Rohingya population, Judaism in Palestine, and more. Defenders of religion point out that many secular or atheistic ideologies such as communism/socialism, nationalism, fascism, or even capitalism also justify and spread human cruelty. In a thoughtful paragraph, write what you think about the connection between religions or ideologies and violence. [Note, do this with respect. Include facts and not insults.]/n Safari Fichier Édition Présentation Historique Signets Fenêtre Aide ⠀⠀⠀ Your Loan Servicing Center TJX - Rewards VC G Ơ A₁ M FEVR 10 G Rate My Professors MyLab & Mast...ng | Pearson Google VC ~ A A tv VC Dashboard A plus.pearson.com O A The Rise and Spread of Islam A New Religion "he Dome of the Rock (Fig. 1) stands atop the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, on the site where, in Jewish tradi- Dashboard Degree Pathw...ncia College My Atlas - val...iacollege.edu M P Page 50 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1 Outline the principal tenets of the Muslim faith. 2 Explain the rapid spread of the Muslim faith. 3 Describe Islamic culture in both Africa and Spain. 4 Explore the importance of calligraphy in Islamic art and explain how the other arts reflect its emphasis on abstract rhythms of pattern and repetition. W Jewish Temple of Solomon originally stood here, and the site is further associated-by Jews, Christians, and Mus- lims alike with God's creation of Adam. The Second Temple of Jerusalem also stood on this spot until it was destroyed by Roman soldiers when they sacked the city in 70 CE to put down a Jewish revolt, an event commemo- rated on the Arch of Titus in Rome. Only the Wailing Wall remains, part of the original retaining wall for the platform supporting the Temple Mount, and for Jews the most sacred site in Jerusalem. To this day, the plaza in front of the wall functions as an open-air synagogue where daily prayers are recited and other Jewish rituals are performed. On Tisha B'Av, the ninth day of the month of Av, which occurs either in July or August, a fast is held commemorating the destruction of the successive temples on this site, and peo- ple sit on the ground before the wall reciting the Book of Lamentations. One of the earliest examples of Muslim architecture, built in the 680s, the Dome's ambulatory-its circular, colonnaded walkway-encloses a projecting rock that lies 154 4 Page 50 VC VC > VC VC directly beneath its golden dome. By the sixteenth century, the Islamic faithful had come to believe that the Prophet Muhammad ascended to heaven from this spot, on a winged horse named Buraq, but there is no evidence that this story was in circulation when the Dome was originally built. Others thought that it represented the ascendancy of Islam over Christianity in the Holy Land. Still oth- ers believed the rock was the center of the world, or that it could refer to the Temple of Solomon, the importance of which is fully acknowledged by Muslims, who consider Sol- omon a founding father of their own faith. All of this sug- gests that the Dome was meant to proselytize, or convert, both Jews and Christians to the Muslim faith. The sanctity of this spot, then, at the heart of Jerusalem, is recognized equally by the three great faiths of the West- ern world-Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. But it is the rise of Islam that is the subject of this chapter, and if the Dome of the Rock is one of Islam's most venerated sites, its holiest city is Mecca, located 760 miles to the south, about 50 miles inland from the Red Sea in present-day Saudi Arabia (Map 1). Mecca's natural spring originally made it an important stopping point for nomadic Arabs, known as Bedouins, who traded along caravan routes across the arid Subtitles are ... Subtitles.com Q Sam. 10 févr. à 12:14 AM O IE >>> P P n PM n AM n PM n PM n PM n AM Safari Fichier Édition Présentation Historique Signets Fenêtre Aide *** Your Loan Servicing Center TJX - Rewards VC G A₁ M FEVR 10 G Rate My Professors MyLab & Mast...ng | Pearson Google Dashboard VC ~ A A tv VC Black Sea 157 ANATOLIA ofpy Mediterranean Sea Fustat EGYPT ARMENIA rea Edessa. SYRIA Jerusalem Damascus eris Cuphrates AZERBAIJAN HEJA Medina Mecca Caspian Kufa MESOPOTAMIA IRAQ Baghdad O Basra plus.pearson.com YEMEN S ARABIA W A Persian Gulf IRAN A 205 Dashboard Degree Pathw...ncia College My Atlas - val...iacollege.edu M Map 1 The Muslim world, ca. 700 CE. peninsula. Until the seventh century CE, they worshiped more than one god. They stored images of those gods in a square structure in the center of the city that came to be known as the Kaaba, literally "cube" (Fig. 2). Scholars believe that the original Kaaba was linked to the astro- nomical year, containing an array of 360 idols, each asso- ciated with seasonal rituals and the passing of the days and months. Built with a bluish-gray stone from the hills OMAN 500 km Page 51 VC > VC VC VC surrounding Mecca, it is now usually covered with a black curtain. The Kaaba also held a sacred Black Stone, prob- ably a meteorite, which reportedly "fell from heaven." Leg- end has it that when workers who had been rebuilding the Kaaba were ready to place the sacred stone inside, a quar- rel broke out among the principal Arab tribes regarding who would have the privilege of laying the stone. Everyone agreed that the first passerby would do the honor. That pas- serby turned out to be the Muslim prophet Muhammad (ca. 570-632), who placed the stone on his cloak and then gave a corner of the cloak to the head of each tribe to carry into the building (Fig. 3). The story establishes Muhammad as a political as well as spiritual leader, and, perhaps more important, as a prophet capable of uniting the diverse ele- ments of Arab culture. Today, practitioners of the Muslim faith from all over the world face toward the Kaaba when they pray. They believe it is their place of origin, the site of the first "house of God," built at God's command by the biblical Abraham and his son Ismael, the ancestors of all Muslims, on the spot where, in Muslim tradition, Abraham prepared to sacrifice Ismael (not Isaac, as in the Jewish tradition, at the Dome of the Rock). Thus, walking around the Kaaba is a key ritual in the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, for the cube represents the physical center of the planet and the universe. It is the physical center of Muslim life, around which all things turn and to which all things in the universe are connected, symbolic of the cosmos itself. The Islamic transformation of Middle Eastern and Western culture, which began in Mecca in the seventh century and spread outward from that city, is the subject of this chapter. Just as Muslims physically turn toward Mecca when they pray, they turn their thoughts toward the teachings of their prophet Muhammad. Wherever Muslims found themselves and Islam rapidly spread across the Middle East, North Africa, and even into Spain-they built places P Page 51 Subtitles are ...Subtitles.com Q Tres Sam. 10 févr. à 12:15 AM - IE >>> P P n PM n AM In PM n PM n PM n AM Safari Fichier Édition Présentation Historique Signets Fenêtre Aide *** Your Loan Servicing Center TJX - Rewards VC G Ơ A₁ M 10 S Rate My Professors MyLab & Mast...ng | Pearson VC A Q tv VC Sea Fustat EGYPT Google Damascus Jerusalem HEJA Medina Mecca Baghdad Kufa Dashboard Basra plus.pearson.com YEMEN ARABIA O W A Persian Gulf IRAN 4 205 Dashboard Degree Pathw...ncia College My Atlas - val...iacollege.edu M COMAN N Map 1 The Muslim world, ca. 700 CE. peninsula. Until the seventh century CE, they worshiped more than one god. They stored images of those gods in a square structure in the center of the city that came to be known as the Kaaba, literally "cube" (Fig. 2). Scholars believe that the original Kaaba was linked to the astro- nomical year, containing an array of 360 idols, each asso- ciated with seasonal rituals and the sing of the days and months. Built with a bluish-gray stone from the hills 500 km Page 51 VC > VC The Rise and Spread of Islam VC VC gave a corner of the cloak to the head of each tribe to carry into the building (Fig. 3). The story establishes Muhammad as a political as well as spiritual leader, and, perhaps more important, as a prophet capable of uniting the diverse ele- ments of Arab culture. Today, practitioners of the Muslim faith from all over the world face toward the Kaaba when they pray. They believe it is their place of origin, the site of the first "house of God," built at God's command by the biblical Abraham and his son Ismael, the ancestors of all Muslims, on the spot where, in Muslim tradition, Abraham prepared to sacrifice Ismael (not Isaac, as in the Jewish tradition, at the Dome of the Rock). Thus, walking around the Kaaba is a key ritual in the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, for the cube represents the physical center of the planet and the universe. It is the physical center of Muslim life, around which all things turn and to which all things in the universe are connected, symbolic of the cosmos itself. The Islamic transformation. of Middle Eastern and Western culture, which began in Mecca in the seventh century and spread outward from that city, is the subject of this chapter. Just as Muslims physically turn toward Mecca when they pray, they turn their thoughts toward the teachings of their prophet Muhammad. Wherever Muslims found themselves and Islam rapidly spread across the Middle East, North Africa, and even into Spain-they built places P Page 51 Fig. 2 The Kaaba, center of the Haram Mosque, Mecca, all Saudi Arabia.Traditionally. Muslims must make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their lives. Once there, they must walk around the Kaaba seven times. The Kaaba has been rebuilt many times over the years, the last time in 1631. 51 Subtitles are ...Subtitles.com Q Tres Sam. 10 févr. à 12:15 AM - IE >>> P n PM n AM In PM n PM n PM Safari Fichier Édition Présentation Historique Signets Fenêtre Aide *** Your Loan Servicing Center TJX - Rewards VC G Ơ A₁ M FEVR 10 S Rate My Professors MyLab & Mast...ng | Pearson VC ~ A A tv VC Google Dashboard plus.pearson.com THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD What are the principal tenets of the Muslim faith? A of worship modeled on Muhammad's home in Medina, the city on the Arabian peninsula where Muhammad moved when he was driven from Mecca (see Map 1). And, as indi- viduals, they submitted themselves to the authority of their faith, so much so that the Muslim religion quickly became synonymous with the Islamic state itself. Because Arabic, as the language of divine revelation, was believed to have a sacred nature, writing too was revered, and calligraphy developed into the preeminent form of visual art in Islam, creating an almost wholly abstract standard of beauty devoid of figurative elements. As a faith that considered sensory satisfaction, love, luxury, sensuality, and enjoyment to be manifestations of divine grace, the Muslim religion enveloped Islamic culture, its art, music, and literature, in the pursuit of beauty. O Fig. 3 Muhammad Placing the Black Stone on His Cloak, from Rashid al-Din's Jami al-Tawarikh (Universal History), copied and illustrated at Tabriz, Iran, 1315. Illuminated manuscript, 5%" x 10%". University Library, Edinburgh. Notice that the figures in the back of the central section are lifting a veil that covers the Kaaba. Today, the veil, the meaning of which is obscure, is black, with quotations from the Qur'an woven across it in gold thread. W Dashboard Degree Pathw...ncia College My Atlas - val...iacollege.edu M VC P Page 52 Born in Mecca in about 570 CE to a prominent family that traced its ancestry back to Ismael, son of Abraham, Muhammad was orphaned at age 6 and received little for- mal education. He worked in the desert caravan trade, first as a camel driver for his uncle, and then, after marrying a Page 52 206 TL. N:- Cnd of al VC > VC wealthy widow 15 years his senior, as head of his wife's flourishing caravan firm. At the age of 40, in 610, he heard a voice in Arabic-the archangel Gabriel's, as the story goes urging him, "Recite!" He responded, "What shall I recite?" And for the next 22 years, he received messages, or "recitations," from God through the agency of Gabriel. These he memorized and dictated to scribes, who col- lected them to form the scriptures of Islam, the Qur'an (or Koran), which means "recitations." Muhammad claimed that Gabriel also commanded him to declare himself the "Seal of the Prophets," that is, the messenger of the one and only Allah (the Arab word for God) and the final prophet in a series of prophets extending from Abraham and Moses to Jesus. At the core of Muhammad's revelations is the concept of submission to God-the word Islam, in fact, means "sub- mission" or "surrender." God, or Allah, is all-all-powerful, all-seeing, all-merciful. Because the universe is his creation, it is necessarily good and beautiful, and the natural world reflects Allah's own goodness and beauty. To immerse one- self in nature is thus to be at one with God. But the most beautiful creation of Allah is humankind, which God made in his own image. Like Christians, Muslims believe that human beings possess immortal souls and that they can live eternally in heaven if they surrender to Allah and accept him as the one and only God. Muslims, or practitioners of Islam, dedicate themselves to the "five pillars" of the religion: VC Subtitles are ...Subtitles.com Q Tres Sam. 10 févr. à 12:15 AM - IE >>> P P In PM n AM In PM n PM n PM n AM *** VC Safari Fichier Édition Présentation Historique Signets Fenêtre Aide Your Loan Servicing Center TJX - Rewards G O iiii A₁ M FEVR 10 G Rate My Professors MyLab & Mast...ng | Pearson Google VC ~ A A tv VC plus.pearson.com Dashboard A Dashboard Degree Pathw...ncia College My Atlas - val...iacollege.edu M VC Page 53 1. Witness (Shahadah): The repetition of the shahadah, or "witness," which consists of a single sentence, "There is no God but Allah; Muhammad is the messenger of Allah." 2. Prayer (Salat): The practice of daily prayer, recited facing Mecca, five times each day, at dawn, midday, mid-afternoon, sunset, and nightfall, and the additional requirement for all men to gather for a noon prayer and sermon on Fridays. 3. Alms (Zakat): The habit of giving alms to the poor and needy, consisting of at least one-fortieth of a Muslim's assets and income. W 4. Fasting (Sawm): During the lunar month of Ramadan (which, over a 33-year period, will occur in every season of the year), the ritual obligation to fast by abstaining from food, drink, medicine, tobacco, and sexual inter- course from sunrise to sundown each day. 5. Pilgrimage (Hajj): At least once in every Muslim's life, in the twelfth month of the Muslim calendar, the undertaking of a pilgrimage to Mecca. The five pillars are supported by the teachings of the Qur'an, which, slightly shorter than the New Testament, consists of 114 surahs, or chapters, each numbered but more commonly referred to by their titles. Each begins, as do most Muslim texts, with the bismillah, the first word of the sacred invocation bismillah al-rahman al-rahim, which can be translated "In the name of Allah, the Benefi- cent, Ever-Merciful" (see Closer Look, later in this chapter). When, after Muhammad's death in 632, the Qur'an's text was established in its definitive form, the 114 surahs were arranged from the longest to the shortest. Thus, the first surah contains 287 ayas, or verses, while the last consists of only 3. The mandatory ritual prayer (salat) that is per- formed five times a day consists of verses from Surahs 2, 4, and 17. The Qur'an As the direct word of God, the beauty of the Qur'an's poetry rises above what any worldly poet might create, even though in pre-Islamic Arabia, poetry was considered the highest form of art. The beauty of the poetry inspired the creation of many beautiful editions of the work (Fig. 4) and, as we shall see, the art of calligraphy, which, in turn, continues to inspire Muslim artists to the present day (see The Continuing Presence of the Past later in this chapter). But unfortunately, the beautiful, melodic qualities of the Arabic language are completely lost in translation, a fact that has halnad to incnira nanamtione of non. Arahie.enanbina Mue. 9 > VC VC VC Fig. 4 Left page of double frontispiece to volume VII of the Qur'an of Baybars al-Jashnagir, from Egypt, 1304-06. Illuminated manuscript, 18½ x 12½". British Library, London. The most elaborate Qur'ans, such as this one, were financed by endowments created by wealthy individuals in support of a mosque and attendant buildings. a passage describing paradise from Surah 76, known as "Man" (Reading la): READING 1a from the Qur'an, Surah 76 76.11 So God will save them from the woes of that Day, give them radiance and gladness, 76.12 and reward them, for their steadfastness, with a Garden and silken robes. 76.13 They will sit on couches, feeling neither scorching heat nor biting cold, 76.14 with shady [branches] spread above them and P Page 53 Subtitles are ...Subtitles.com Q Tres Sam. 10 févr. à 12:15 AM - IE >>> P n PM n AM In PM n PM n PM

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