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Learning Objectives:

• Critically evaluate contemporary issues in (1) classification, assessment, and diagnosis, (2) etiology, theory

and conceptualization, and (3) intervention, treatment, counselling, and therapy

Purpose:

The purpose of this assignment is to explore salient topics in psychopathology and to demonstrate developing

competencies in areas of classification, assessment, and diagnosis, etiology, theory and conceptualization, and

intervention, treatment, counselling, and therapy.

Instructions

1. In this assignment, three topics are addressed:

o Classification, Assessment, and Diagnosis

Etiology: Theory and Conceptualization

o

o Intervention: Treatment, Counselling, and Therapy

2. Within each topic, three prompt-options are offered. Select one prompt-option for each topic

(indicate your selected prompt-option with an "X" mark).

Use this Topics I Worksheet to write your responses to the three prompts you selected.

3.

4. For each prompt, use/cite at least one scholarly or peer-refereed source, from the course

Optional/Supplementary Readings and Resources or other source.

5. Upload this worksheet to the designated Turnitin page.

Structure

Complete this assignment using the Topics I Worksheet. This Worksheet should be considered a fillable

worksheet.

• Each response should be 500 (+/- 50) words in length. Double-space and use 12-point font-type. (Note: 500

words, double-spaced, using 12-point font-size comprises approximately 2 type-written pages.)

Place each reference citation after each response, respectively. Reference citations should be formatted in

accordance with current APA-style.

No additional pages are required. Do not include a title page, abstract page, references page, or appendic

1/nYORKVILLE

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Assignment 1-Topics I: Diagnosis, Etiology, and Intervention

Classification, Assessment, and Diagnosis

Historically, mental illness was defined as qualitatively distinct from mental health. From

this categorical perspective, one either met the diagnostic criteria for a disorder or did

not. In recent times, mental illness has been conceptualized as a quantitative variation

from mental health. From this dimensional perspective, disorders manifest across a

continuum, ranging from psychological health to severe illness. Examine the strengths

and limitations of both classification models. Evaluate the implications for how we

conceptualize mental health and mental illness.

0

Imagine a psychologist has referred a client to you for counselling, following completion

of a formal evaluation. The client is a 71-year-old Indigenous female who attended

residential school, having completed the 3rd grade. The psychologist informs you that a

differential diagnosis is inconclusive. The client scored statistically-significantly low on

the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II); however, the client's scores on two

depression-related scales (Emotional/Internalizing Dysfunction and Demoralization) on

the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 3 (MMPI-3) were statistically-

significantly high. Examine how you might reconcile the apparent incongruence of

scores on these two, highly regarded assessment instruments. Explain how you might

more effectively assess this client through a cultural and ethical lens.

Among the many challenges mental health professionals encounter is discerning a

differential diagnosis, particularly, when clients present with symptoms and problems

that overlap across several diagnoses. Although masters-level counsellors in Canada

do not formally diagnose, knowing the differences between overlapping disorders

portends viable treatment planning. Accordingly, explain how you might endeavour to

distinguish between one or both of the two sets of overlapping disorders: (1) bipolar

disorder, borderline personality disorder, and PTSD, and/or, (2) social anxiety disorder,

avoidant personality disorder, an introverted personality style, and traits of shyness.

Consider any interview questions, assessment instruments, and/or additional

information you would need in order to render an accurate distinction.

N/n(Please review and edit this )

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Write your response here:

Although Social anxiety disorder and avoidant personality disorder are similar, they differ. Social

anxiety disorder is characterized by feeling an intense fear of social situations. Individuals with

this disorder fear being humiliated, embarrassed, or judged by others (British Psychological

Society, 2013). This fear can be so intense that it interferes with their daily life and can lead to

avoidance of social situations altogether. For example, someone with social anxiety disorder

might be afraid to speak in public, eat in front of others, or attend social gatherings. On the other

hand, an avoidant personality would avoid working with others because of fear, criticism,

disapproval, or rejection. Such people with avoidant personalities hold back from some or all

aspects of their lives because they fear being shamed, mocked and unliked. While individuals

with this disorder also fear social situations, their fear is more rooted in the fear of rejection and

criticism, leading to avoidance of interpersonal relationships. For example, someone with

avoidant personality disorder might avoid making new friends due to fear of rejection or

criticism (Lampe & Mathi, 2018).

One's personality style and traits are often mistaken for disorders. Introverted Personality Style:

Introversion is a personality trait, not a disorder. Introverts often prefer solitary activities and get

exhausted by social interaction (Lampe & Malhi, 2018). They usually prefer to spend time alone or

with a small group of close friends. They are more focused on internal thoughts, feelings, and

moods than seeking external stimulation. Introversion is not the same as being shy or having

social anxiety; introverts choose to be alone because they enjoy it, not because they fear social

interaction. Whereas Shyness is more a personality trait, in which individuals may feel

uncomfortable in social situations, this does not prevent them from participating in social

activities. Shyness varies from mild social (awkwardness) to extreme social phobia. It is

important to note that while shy people may feel uncomfortable in social situations, they do not

necessarily fear them as those with social anxiety disorder would.

While both disorders involve fear and avoidance of social situations, the Major difference lies in

the fear itself. The best approach in assessing the client to differenttite of such would be to gather

as much information possible, from present and past childhood events (Treatment Improvement

Protocol, 2014). Over time I would monitor my client using assessment tools to measure my

clients trauma and Stressor Exposure. Assessments such as Brief Trauma Questionnaire (BTQ).

Life Stressor Checklist - Revised (LSC-R)Potential Stressful Events Interview (PSEI) and

Stressful Life Events Screening Questionnaire (SLESQ) can be used alongseide other asssement

toold as per clients diagnosis an condition (APA, 2017). Social anxiety disorder is more about

fear of embarrassment or humiliation in social situations or settings, while avoidant personality

disorder is more about fear of rejection and criticism in interpersonal. In contrast, introversion

and Shyness are personality traits that, while they may make social interaction more challenging./nYORKVILLE

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do not necessarily cause significant distress or impairment. Altogether, all these terms relate to

social interaction; they differ in severity, impact on daily life, and whether they are considered a

psychiatric disorder or a personality trait. However, the best/nYORKVILLE

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Reference/s

American Psychological Association. (2017). PTSD assessment instruments. American

Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/ptsd-guideline/assessment

Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (US). Trauma-Informed Care in Behavioral Health

Services. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US);

2014. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, No. 57.) Chapter 4, Screening and

Assessment. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK207188/

Lampe, L., & Malhi, G. S. (2018, March 8). Avoidant personality disorder: Current insights. Psychology research

and behavior management. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5848673/

National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK). Social Anxiety Disorder: Recognition,

Assessment and Treatment. Leicester (UK): British Psychological Society (UK); 2013. (NICE

Clinical Guidelines, No. 159.) 2. SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER. Available from:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK327674/

Need to proof read the first highlighted question and need to write the second half or whole answer and write third in 500 words. 3 referer