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Q1:The next paper is an old but important publication in the history of operating systems. The paper is A. Bensoussan and R. Daley, "The Multics Virtual Memory: Concepts and Design", Proceedings of the Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, 1969." As usual, I would like a summary, followed by a separate section containing your reaction. As I continue to read your submissions, in many cases the summaries are better than the reaction sections, in the sense that they were given more attention, or they are so commingled that I can't tell the summary and reaction apart. Please physically separate the two sections (using 'Summary' and 'Reaction' headings would be a good way to do that) and give some serious, critical thought to what you have read.See Answer
Q2:Magnetic disks (a.k.a. hard drives, HDD) have long been a standard equipment in every computer for long-term storage. With recent advancements of the flash memory technology, solid state disks (SSD) have gained popularity in their adoption, which is reflected in rapid increase in their market shares in mass storage devices. The development of this technology did not succeed overnight. Many issues have been detected, investigated, and resolved. For this assignment, I would like to refer you to an article entitled “Parameter-Aware I/O Management for Solid State Disks (SSDs)” by Kim, Seo, Jung and Kim, which can be found on IEEE, Trans. on Computers, Vol. 61, No. 5 (May 2012). See Answer
Q3:This assignment includes two closely related (and reasonably short) papers, a landmark paper from Peter Denning describing working set theory and a paper from Carr and Hennessy on virtual memory management. Note that Hennessy is the other co-author of our Computer Architecture text. As usual, provide a summary and your reaction for each paper. Please refer back to the first couple of assignments and announcements for reaction expectations, this is a separate section of your report that is just as important as the summary. Peter Denning, "The Working Set Model for Program Behavior", Communications of the ACM, 1968. Richard Carr and John Hennessy, "WSClock -- A Simple and Effective Algorithm for Virtual Memory Management", Proceedings of the Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, 1981.See Answer
Q4:PART 1 Your program takes in two command line arguments: number of reader threads, number of writer threads. Your program creates several reader threads and several writer threads based on the arguments. Each thread loops for several iterations for writing or reading.See Answer
Q5:Part 2 is a variant of the classic reader-writer problem. Part 1's specification does not require strict alternating of writers and readers. As a result, some updates of the writers may be missed by readers. And some contents may be read more than once. Part 2's setup, on the other hand, will result in strict alternating between writers and reader. In Part 2, we assume that we will have many writers, and one reader. The one reader reads from the shared string and prints the contents to the standard output. Several writers write to the same shared string. Only one writer can write to the string at any time. And once any writer writes, the reader should display it before other writers change the contents. In some sense, the reader is like a display server that displays the contents of the buffer.See Answer
Q6:English research about the differences between Android and iOS.See Answer
Q7:Problem 1.2 Answer the below survey questions about your experience and computer for this class. A. What kind of computer will you be using primarily for this class? (laptop, desktop, computer lab) B. What is the operating system on your computer? C. Will you be able to bring your laptop to class on Mondays/Wednesdays? D. Do you have experience using Excel? E. Do you have experience using Python? F. If so, briefly describe the scope of your experience with Python. G. Do you have experience using VBA? H. If so, briefly describe the scope of your experience with VBA.See Answer
Q8:Q1. Given six memory partitions of 300 KB, 600 KB, 350 KB, 200 KB, 750 KB, and 125KB (in order), how would the first-fit, best-fit, and worst-fit algorithms place processes of size 115 KB, 500 KB, 358 KB, 200 KB, and 375 KB (in order)?See Answer
Q9:Q2. Consider a logical address space of 256 pages with a 4-KB page size, mapped onto a physical memory of 64 frames. a) How many bits are required in the logical address? b) How many bits are required in the physical address?See Answer
Q10:Q3. Assume an operating system has a 21-bit virtual address and has only a 16-bit physical address. It also has a 2-KB page size. How many entries are there in each of the following? a) A conventional, single-level page table b) An inverted page table c) What is the maximum amount of physical memory?See Answer
Q11:  Does the multithreaded web server described in Section 4.1 exhibit task or data parallelism? Explain your answer. See Answer
Q12: What resources are used when a thread is created? How do they differ from those used when a process is created?See Answer
Q13: Explain the difference between fork() and pthread_create().  What happens if you fork a process with multiple threads? See Answer
Q14:What does pthread_join(pthread_t thread, void **value_ptr) do? What could happen in a multithreaded application if the main thread exits using exit(0) without running pthread_join for each thread, assuming the OS is Linux? See Answer
Q15:Which of the following components of a program state are shared across threads in a multithreaded process? Elaborate a bit. • Register values • Heap memory • Global variables • Stack memory • Text memory See Answer
Q16:  Can a multithreaded solution using multiple user-level threads with one kernel thread achieve better performance on a multiprocessor system than on a single processor system? Explain. Assume this process is the only one running on the system.See Answer
Q17:  Describe how the factorial of 16 (16!) can be accomplished by using multithreading. See Answer
Q18:Consider the following code segment:     pid_t pid;     pid = fork();     if (pid == 0) { /* child process */         fork();         thread create( . . .);     }     fork();   a. How many unique processes are created? Explain.  b. How many unique threads are created? Explain. See Answer
Q19:The program shown in the figure below uses the Pthreads API. What would be the output from the program at LINE C and LINE P? See Answer
Q20:Multiple Choice questions: 10)   _____ is not considered a challenge when designing applications for multicore systems.     A)  Deciding which activities can be run in parallel     B)  Ensuring there is a sufficient number of cores     C)  Determining if data can be separated so that it is accessed on separate cores     D)  Identifying data dependencies between tasks.   11) ____ is a thread library for Solaris that maps many user-level threads to one kernel thread.     A)  Pthreads     B)  Green threads     C)  Sthreads     D)  Java threads   12) Which of the following is a function that can be provided by Pthreads API for constructing a multithreaded program?     A) pthread_attr_init     B) pthread_create     C) pthread_join     D) all of the above   14) Which of the following options exist to deliver signals in multithreaded program?     A) deliver the signal to the thread to which the signal applies     B) deliver the signal to every thread in the process     C) deliver the signal to certain threads in the process     D) assign a specific thread to receive all signals for the process     E) all of the above   15)  In multithreaded programs, the kernel informs an application about certain events using a procedure known as a(n) ____.     A)  signal     B)  upcall     C)  event handler     D)  pool See Answer

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