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Q1:INSTRUCTIONS Need to Make 30 PPT Slides Link For the Book: https://ebin.pub/cambridge-igcse-and-o-level-economics-coursebook-no-watermark-2nbsped- 9781108440387-110844038x.html Project Chap 24, 25, 26, 27 and 28 need to make it a power point slides, 30 slide (IMPORTANT CANNOT USE INFORMATION FORM GOOGLE ONLY USE WAHT IN THE BOOK)/nSee Answer
Q2: UNIVERSITY OF ESSEX EC963 PUBLIC POLICY EVALUATION SPRING ASSIGNMENT NOTE: The deadline for handing in this assignment is April 24th 2024, 12:00 noon (online via FASer). It is acceptable to copy/paste output from R. However, clarity of presentation will be taken into account and to get full marks you are required to comment appropriately on your output. You MUST provide an R script that executes all relevant analyses. This script must be clear. You may include comments within your script if relevant. Please submit your answers in .pdf format including an appendix with your script. The R script is worth 15 marks. ALL QUESTIONS MUST BE ADDRESSED Disclaimer: The dataset provided comes from the official website of the French Ministry of Health. 1 On December 15th 2021, the French government decided to lift the lockdown that was introduced on October 30th to reduce the prevalence of the covid-19 and replaced it with a curfew. Starting on December 15th 2021, it was decided that a curfew would be imposed, prohibiting individuals to go out without ’reasonable excuses' from 8 pm to 6 am. Despite this curfew, the incidence rates of the covid-19 continued to rise and became exceed- ingly high in some regions of France. The government decided to introduce a "reinforced curfew" that would last from 6 pm to 6 am in the following manner: • On January 2nd, the "reinforced curfew" was introduced in some regions while the "standard curfew" kept being applied in other regions. On January 10th and January 12th, the "reinforced curfew" was extended to another set of regions of France. On January 16th, the "reinforced curfew" was extended to the entire territory. Your task: Your task is to evaluate the impact of the "reinforced curfew", relatively to the "standard curfew", on the incidence rates of covid-19. Two data sets are provided for this assignment. data_covid_daily.dta provides information at the daily level. data_covid_weekly.dta provides information at the weekly level. Information on the variables contained in the two data sets is provided at the end of the assignment (p.6). Important: when assessing the impact of the curfew, remember that there is a lag between the date of contamination and the date of a positive test. You can consider that this lag is on average 5 days. Terminology and variables of interest: • The "standard curfew" designates the curfew that lasts from 8 pm to 6 am and the "reinforced curfew" designates the curfew that lasts from 6 pm to 6 am. You need to construct the related variables based on the identifiers of the Départements (regional subdivision of France) contained in the data set. To do that, use the information provided on page 5. • The incidence rate designates the number of positive covid cases divided by the pop- ulation size. You need to compute it based on the information contained in the data set. IMPORTANT: you need to use R for questions 1, 2 and 5. Provide the R script at the end of the document containing your answers. You can copy and paste, or use screen shots as long as it is readable. This R script is worth [15 MARKS] 1. [5 MARKS] You hear in the news that some individuals are assessing the impact of the "reinforced curfew" by comparing the incidence rates between places with the standard curfew and places with the reinforced curfew on January 15th. 2 Implement this approach using the data data_covid_daily.dta by comparing the average incidence rates between places with the "standard curfew" and places with the "reinforced curfew" on January 15th. You can use a linear regression or a t-test to compute the difference in means between the 4 groups (standard curfew, reinforced curfew on January 2nd, reinforced curfew on January 10th and reinforced curfew on January 12th). What is the conclusion of this approach regarding the impact of the reinforced curfew? Do you think that this approach is right? Why? 2. [10 MARKS] You hear in the news that some individuals are assessing the impact of the "reinforced curfew" by comparing the evolution of the incidence rates after the curfew to those before the curfew in places where the "reinforced curfew" was introduced. Implement this approach using data_covid_daily.dta by comparing the av- erage incidence rate between January 15th and December 15th among the group of Départements where the "reinforced curfew" was introduced on January 2nd. You can use a linear regression or a t-test to compute the difference in means. What is the conclusion of this approach regarding the impact of the reinforced curfew? Do you think that this approach is right? Why? 3. [5 MARKS] Since you have taken a public policy evaluation course, you think that the setting would be appropriate for a difference-in-differences. Recall what this method is and what the identifying assumption is. 4. [10 MARKS] You decide to use a difference-in-differences strategy. You want to compare the evolution of the incidence rate between two groups: Départements where the reinforced curfew was introduced on January 2nd and Départements where the reinforced curfew was introduced on January 16th. What are the treatment and control groups? Is the treatment binary? Write down the econometric specification you will estimate and the main hypotheses on the coefficients of interest. 5. Perform the following tasks: • [5 MARKS] Using the data data_covid_daily.dta, plot the evolution of the incidence rate by day from December 1st to February 12th for the two groups of interest (as described in question 4). • [5 MARKS] Using the data data_covid_weekly.dta, plot the evolution of the incidence rate by week for the two groups of interest (as described in question 4). ⚫ [20 MARKS] Using the data data_covid_weekly.dta, estimate the difference- in-differences model at the weekly level comparing the two groups of interest (as described in question 4). Does the identifying assumption hold? What is the conclusion of this approach regarding the impact of the reinforced curfew? Compare your findings with the results of questions 1 and 2. 3 6. [10 MARKS] Given that the "reinforced curfew" is applied at the Département level (a regional subdivision of France), one of your classmates tells you that it could be possible to evaluate the impact of the policy with a regression discontinuity design. The idea would be to use the distance to the border between two Départements as running variable, then compare the contamination rates of two villages close to the border. Recall what a regression discontinuity design is and its two identifying assumptions. Do you think that these two assumptions are likely to hold in this case? Why? 7. [5 marks] Using the insight from the answer to question 6, what elements could threat the internal validity of the difference-in-differences strategy? Provide an an- swer to this question using the notion of selection bias. 8. [10 MARKS] After answering all the previous questions, you realize that it is difficult to precisely estimate the impact of the "reinforced curfew". You decide to write to the French government describing the ideal setting in which you could test the impact of the "reinforced curfew". Describe this ideal setting, name the method you would use, the identifying assump- tion and how you would estimate the impact of the "reinforced curfew". REMINDER: do not forget to include the R script at the end of the document con- taining your answers. This script is worth [15 MARKS]. + Details on the Curfew The "standard curfew" lasted from 8pm to 6 am. The "standard curfew" was introduced on December 15th. The "reinforced curfew" lasted from 6pm to 6 am. The introduction of the reinforced curfew was staggered. It started on January 2nd in some regions, was expanded on January 10th and January 12th to another set of regions and finally applied to entire territory starting on January 16th. The "reinforced curfew" was introduced at the level of Départements. It corresponds to a regional subdivision of France. France is divided in 101 Départements.. In the data sets, the information is provided for 96 Départements. The number in parentheses below designate the identifier of the Département targeted by the reinforced curfew. You need to use these numbers to construct the variables of interest. • Départements where the reinforced curfew was introduced on January 2nd: Hautes- Alpes (05), Alpes-Maritimes (06), Ardennes (08), Doubs (25), Jura, (39), Marne (51), Haute-Marne (52), Meurthe-et-Moselle (54), Meuse (55), Moselle (57), Nièvre (58), Haute-Saône (70), Saône-et-Loire (71), Vosges (88) and Territoire de Belfort (90). • Départements where the reinforced curfew was introduced on January 10th: Allier (03), Alpes de Haute-Provence (04), Bouches-du-Rhône (13), Cher (18), Côte d'Or (21), Bas-Rhin (67), Haut-Rhin (68), Vaucluse (84). • Départements where the reinforced curfew was introduced on January 12th: Drôme (26) and Var (83). ● On January 16th, the reinforced curfew was applied to the rest of the Départements. 5See Answer
Q3: EC322 Assignment 2 Deadline: Monday 15th April 2024 12 noon The aim of this assignment is to write two pieces (1,000 words each so 2,000 words in total) aimed at a non-technical audience. You will be writing as an economics expert so should demonstrate your knowledge on the topics and undertake an economic analysis of the topic, based on what you have learnt in the module (economic theory, empirical evidence) plus, importantly, wider reading/research on the topic, and consideration of policy implications. However, you need to write in a way that is understandable to a non-economist non-academic audience (i.e. including no technical language or economics jargon). For the first piece you will choose from one of the following broad topics: 1) Technological progress: What impact has technological progress had on the labour market? What future impact might technological progress have on the labour market? What are the policy implications of technological progress? OR 2) Unions: In a lot of countries, union membership has fallen over time but in some countries, such as the UK, there has been a recent increase in union activity. How important are unions in today's workplace? How successful are unions at bargaining? What impact do unions have on outcomes such as wages, employment, working conditions, productivity, and wage inequality? For the second piece you will examine either: 3) Labour market mismatches: Discuss why labour market mismatches may arise (e.g. skill shortages, vertical and horizonal mismatches) and why might they be a problem? What policies would you recommend to address labour market mismatches? OR 4) High pay: It was reported by the high pay centre¹ that in the UK the median pay ratio between a firm's chief executive officer (CEO) and their median worker was 80:1 among FTSE 100 firms. Are executives overpaid? Does this pay difference represent productivity differences between executives and the median worker? What policies would you recommend to address within firm wage inequality? As an example of how to write for non-technical audiences see some examples from the conversation (see here for advice the Conversation provide to those pitching to them) https://theconversation.com/higher-education-funding-shake-up-what-it-means-for-students- and-universities-177778 https://theconversation.com/maternal-death-rates-in-the-uk-have-increased-to-levels-not- seen-for-almost-20-years-experts-explain-why-221351 https://theconversation.com/is-valentines-day-worth-the-romantic-investment-heres-what-we- can-learn-from-economics-223128 1 See https://highpaycentre.org/high-pay-centre-analysis-of-ftse-350-pay-ratios-2/ 1 https://theconversation.com/labour-scaling-back-its-28-billion-green-pledge-will-impact-uk- housing-and-public-health-223283 Conversation pieces are often focused on one policy or one piece of research, and your pieces will likely be broader (and not all of the above examples are written by economists), but these examples should give you an idea of how academics write for non-technical audiences (the intellectually curious general public). Further guidance: • • • You can decide what to write about under the broad theme. You do not have to cover all questions under a theme, these are there to introduce the topic. • Each piece should draw on economic theory and empirical evidence and discuss policy implications and/or analyse existing policy. However, these components do not need to have an equal part in your piece. • You should avoid overlap between your two pieces, although it is permitted to make reference to the other piece with a piece, if it adds value. • • You should provide a headline which attracts the attention of the reader and is reflective of your discussion and the arguments you are making in your piece. • We have often focused on the UK due to data availability and knowledge of the context, but you are welcome to draw on any relevant country/countries of your choice. - • Although the examples provided do not include references, rather they provide hyperlinks to sources, you are required to include references – it is important that you show you have read widely on the topic and gone beyond the lecture material. Most of your references should be academic references. Since the word count is important the recommendation is to use footnotes/endnotes for your references. I will provide an example in the general assignment 2 screencast. • To demonstrate you have read widely I would expect reference to at least 8-10 (mostly academic) references per piece. • Please only use footnotes/endnotes for references and citing sources. Anything else in the footnotes/references will be ignored. You may include statistics, tables and figures should you wish to, and please cite the source. The use of Stata and data analysis is not expected for this assignment. The word count is 1,000 per piece excluding references and any tables/figures, this is strict; only -/+10% will be permitted, it is important to be concise. Please state the word count for each piece (excluding references and any tables/figures) on your document. There will be a small penalty of 5 marks (out of 100) for not providing the (correct) word count, this will be applied to each piece you do not provide the word count for. The standard department of economics rubric will be applied (it is not possible to have a rubric per question so the mark range that best represents your work across the two pieces will be selected). You will be given a mark out of 100 for each piece and an average taken across the two pieces (rounded up). Further advice on the assignment and questions will be provided throughout the module and in the assignment 2 screencasts. 2 Deadline: The project is to be submitted electronically through Turnitin (details provided under assignment submission) by Monday 15th April 2024 12 noon. You can only submit a single document so your two pieces should be in the same document, and you can add your references for both pieces at the end. You should provide the word count for each piece, there will be a small penalty of 5 marks for not providing (the correct) word count for a piece. Students are reminded of the University's penalty for late submission of work: The Support Centres will apply the following penalties for work submitted late: • • where the piece of work is submitted after the original deadline (or any formally agreed extension to the deadline): 10% of the total marks available for that piece of work will be deducted from the mark for each working day (or part thereof) following the deadline up to a total of five working days; where the piece of work is submitted more than five working days after the original deadline (or any formally agreed extension to the deadline): a mark of zero will be recorded. The University policy statement on penalties for late submission can be found at: http://www.reading.ac.uk/web/FILES/qualitysupport/penaltiesforlatesubmission.pdf You are strongly advised to ensure that coursework is submitted by the relevant deadline. You should note that it is advisable to submit work in an unfinished state rather than to fail to submit any work. 3See Answer
Q4:EX1: Write about a husband-and-wife comparative advantage, where the husband go to to provide for the family and he does not know how to do the house chores, and the wife stay at the house take care of the son and house chores as she will not earn as much as what the husband is earning if she does to work. EX2 & EX3: write about Saipem company : Homepage (saipem.com) EX4: use the "Bitcoin 2024" slide in the reference. Need 400-500 words for each exercise/nExercise 3 (30 points) Read the slides and extra literature in your content folder on the issue of limited liability. Then please think of the organization you work for or one that you know well (like a previous job or the job of your partner, or some other organization you know a lot about). (15 points) Who or which unit in this organization do you think has the greatest degree of limited liability (ie is held least responsible when they make mistakes)? Argue why you think this and whether you think this is optimal for the organization or not. (15 points) Who or which unit in this organization do you think has the least degree of limited liability (ie is held most responsible when they make mistakes)? Argue why you think this and whether you think this is optimal for the organization or not.See Answer
Q5:Why do people expect inflation to heat up when the unemployment rate approaches 3.5 percent? (unemployment rate going down from a higher percentage)See Answer
Q6:● What jobs are likely part of the underground economy? What motivates people to work "off the books"?See Answer
Q7:Question 4 What is the slope term, m, equal to in your solution to the previous question? Question 5 What is the intercept term, b, in your solution to the question above? Question 6 12pt Paragraph BIU A 0.27 pts In the demand for funds substitute the interest rate, r, with the expression you have obtained from the money market. As before, simplify it so that the investment is a function of output of the form 1 = mY + b. Note that the values of m and b will be different from the money market. Type or insert your solution here. T² ✓ 0.27 pts 0.27 ptsSee Answer
Q8:A country's economy is growing at 1.5% a year. The real cost of overnight liquidity is 2%. The Fed is growing the money supply by 4% a year. What nominal federal funds rate (FFR) is the Fed targeting? Use the quantity theory of money and the Fisher equation.See Answer
Q9:Discussion Questions: Rate: Refer to the above information and the links (Unemployment https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/?g=17fgG and Labor-Force Participation Rate: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/?g=17fgl) and document employment situation.pdf to answer the following questions: 1. Explain which type of unemployment (cyclical or natural unemployment) was occurring then (in 2020)? https://www.stlouisfed.org/education/economic-lowdown-video- series/episode-10-unemployment 2. Discuss which type of unemployment (cyclical or natural unemployment) is occurring presently around June and August 2023? https://www.stlouisfed.org/education/economic-lowdown-video-series/episode-10- unemploymentSee Answer
Q10:(e) Illustrate using a diagram of the impact on the market for steel in the USA of the government's proposed decision to impose a 256 per cent tax on one Chinese steel good to protect domestic producers. [4 marks]See Answer
Q11:(d) Illustrate using a diagram why the alleged subsidising of Chinese industries provides their producers with an advantage on world markets? [4 marks]See Answer
Q12:9. Factors that influence standard of living Which of the following government policies is least likely to increase the standard of living in the United States? O Raising the minimum wage paid to workers O Investment in education and skills training for workers O Investment in tools and capital for workers O Investment in technologySee Answer
Q13:Attempts 8. Property rights and market failures Loggers are much In the presence of Keep the Highest/2 likely to supply wood to the market if property rights are not enforced. more less failures, public policy can improve economic efficiency. Classify the source of market failure in each case listed. Market Failure A house party plays music at a very high volume, disturbing other residents in the neighborhood. There is only one car dealership in a small town, giving the dealership the ability to influence the price of cars. Market Power ExternalitySee Answer
Q14:Attempts Keep the Highest/1 7. The interaction of individual choices Immediately after an ice storm brought down power lines throughout the region, hardware stores were sold out of batteries and flashlights. However, within a couple of days, special deliveries brought in extra batteries and flashlights, and everyone who wanted to buy a flashlight or batteries was able to do so. Which of the following principles of economic interaction best describes this scenario? O There are gains from trade. O All costs are opportunity costs. O Markets allocate goods effectively. O When markets do not achieve efficiency, government intervention can improve overall welfare.See Answer
Q15:6. Scarcity, opportunity cost, and marginal analysis Beth is training for a triathlon, a timed race that combines swimming, biking, and running. Consider the following sentence: Because her pool sessions are helping her swim more quickly, Beth plans to reduce by 1 hour per week the time she spends training on the bike and increase by 1 hour the time she spends in the swimming pool; however, her husband says that she should stop doing any biking and running and spend all 20 hours per week in the pool. Which basic principle of individual choice does Beth's plan illustrate that her husband's advice does not? O Resources are scarce. O All costs are opportunity costs. O Many decisions are made on the margin. O People usually exploi-pportunities to make themselves better off. Grade It Now Save & ContinueSee Answer
Q16:Attempts Keep the Highest / 1 5. Changes in incentives Because of the violent nature of the sport, professional American football players are at risk of suffering concussions (or brain injuries) during the violent collisions that occur between players during the game. Violent collisions involving hits to the head are particularly risky. Suppose the commissioner of the National Football League (NFL) institutes a rule requiring players to wear a new, lighter helmet that is designed to reduce head trauma during collisions between players on the field. While the new helmets the probability of a concussion resulting from each individual collision, at the same time the new helmets could also give football players an incentive to play more. , which could potentially the amount of violent collisions and thus the number of concussions suffered by NFL players, all else equal. Grade t Now Save & Continue Continue without savingSee Answer
Q17:4. A decision at the margin Carlos is a hard-working college senior. One Saturday, he decides to work nonstop until he has answered 100 practice problems for his physics course. He starts work at 8:00 AM and uses a table to keep track of his progress throughout the day. He notices that as he gets tired, it takes him longer to solve each problem. Time 8:00 AM 9:00 AM 10:00 AM 11:00 AM Noon Total Problems Answered 0 40 70 90 100 Use the table to answer the following questions. The marginal, or additional, gain from Carlos's second hour of work, from 9:00 AM to 10:00 AM, is The marginal gain from Carlos's fourth hour of work, from 11:00 AM to noon, is Later, the teaching assistant in Carlos's physics course gives him some advice. "Based on past experience," the teaching assistant says, "working on 25 problems raises a student's exam score by about the same amount as reading the textbook for 1 hour" For simplicity, assume students always cover the same number of pages during each hour they spend reading. problems. O 1 hour working on problems, 3 hours reading O 2 hours working on problems, 2 hours reading O 3 hours working on problems, 1 hour reading O4 hours working on problems, 0 hours reading problems. Given this information, in order to use his 4 hours of study time to get the best exam score possible, how many hours should he have spent working on problems, and how many should he have spent reading?See Answer
Q18:Apla questions (Chapter wther to buy a dress that she w well as where to be Three des cany the sam but it is more conent for at g Pusat For example, the can go to hel od 15 marked-p price of $104 for the dress Store Larel Departe Arress Te Stare Neighboring City es away fr where y Lo departme Across Ten Neighing City Travel Ties Each Way (M) 15 30 the buys it from the Juan 136 an hour at work. She has to take off work to use her dress, so each hour away from werk costs her $36 in loc Assume that reg te work as and the area getting to store and that it takes her 36 rates to shop. As you a of the in questions, ignore the cost of gasase and preciation of her car when ng that Just takes opportaily cos and the Price of a Bress (Dar perdr 104 HET Com the file by computing the oportunity cost of it's and the total cost of shoe teach Opportunity Cet of Time (Daders) Haka Price of a Gress (d) 104 XT 99 and Total Cast a (y) of the dress into consideration when she shape wat will the cast of the dress Grade It Now Save & ContinueSee Answer
Q19:3. Discuss price elasticity as it relates to the price of beef. How high can beef prices go before consumers change their buying behavior?See Answer
Q20:1. Using the concept of supply and demand, discuss the price of beef and where it is likely to go moving forward. What does your response suggest for the price of substitute products?See Answer

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