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Topics	Benefits
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Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials

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The Tsai-Wu Criterion

Fabrication of Laminated Composite Plates

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Fiber-reinforced Composite Materials

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Recently Asked Composite Material Questions

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Q1:Q1 Section A Complete both questions in this section in the BLUE answer booklet You are using an AISI 4340 (Fe-0.4wt% C+ alloying additions) steel to produce forged/machined ground anchors for a large mobile phone mast. (a) The steel is supplied in the normalised condition. What fraction of the steel do you expect to be austenite, martensite and pearlite? Justify each answer. (5 marks) (b) Upon examination you find the steel is mostly bainite and martensite with a small amount of proeutectoid ferrite. Determine the range of possible cooling rates this material might have experienced? Would the presence of these microconstituents cause you any concern considering the steel will be hot-forged? (5 marks) (c) The steel needs to be processed in the following manner: (i) Hot forge to the basic shape. (ii) Substantial machining to create threads. (iii) Heat treatment and cooling to create a 100% martensite microstructure. (iv) Tempering to modify the toughness. Sketch a time-temperature history that you would use for this process. Focus on specify- ing the temperatures and the required cooling rates for each stage. Clearly indicate where you have had to use your judgement to estimate a value. (5 marks) (d) You decide that the forging should be a dual-phase steel consisting of 50% ferrite and 50% martensite in order to improve the damage resistance of the anchor. What single change could be made to the above process to produce this desired microstructure? Fully explain your reasoning. (5 marks)/n8-iron (BCC) Temperature, T (°C) Ferrite a (BCC) 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Melting point /of pure Fe 1534°C L+8 Peritectic point 0 Fe Austenite Y (FCC) 910°C 0.8 α+Y 0.035 1 L+Y Liquid, L 2.1 Eutectoid point 2 Eutectic point 3 Ferrite, & + Fe,C Austenite. Y + Fe₂C 723°C 4.3 wt% C 4 1147°C Compound, Cementite Fe₂C 5 6 7/nTemperature (C) 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 10⁰ M₂ M₁ B. Rate (C/s) 20 8 10¹ 10² 10³ time (s) Figure Q1 4 AISI 4340 0.33 0.08 0.023 0.006 104 105/nFORMULAS Emax = VjEj + (1 - V₁) Em 1 [r+rs(f − 2)]¹/2 - agelSee Answer
Q2:FORMULAS Emax = VjEj + (1 - V₁) Em 1 [r+rs(f − 2)]¹/2 Olgel/nQ2 You are a composites engineer in a company that is currently producing carbon fibre reinforced composites using a blend of a tetrafunctional epoxy and an aromatic diamine with the following characteristics: functionality of the crosslinking groups, f = 4, molar ratio of the epoxy groups to amine hydrogen atoms, r= 1, and the fraction of the amine hydrogen atoms in the reactants, s = 1. The matrix is predicted to undergo gelation at agel of 0.577 (around 58%). (a) Unfortunately, there has been an error in procurement and your materials supplier has provided a trifunctional epoxy for use with the same diamine. You can assume that the fraction of amine hydrogen atoms in the reactant formulation remains the same. Show, using Flory-Stockmayer theory, the polymer conversion at which your new matrix for- mulation reaches gelation. The polymer undergoes a change from a rubbery material to a cross-linked polymer, what do we call this? If you keep the other processing conditions the same, what effect will this have on the manufacturing time for the composite? (5 marks) (b) Fortunately, you realise the mistake before processing the composite, but you have to proceed using the same trifunctional epoxy and diamine. What two steps could you take to shorten the time to reach gelation? Justify your answer by showing the effect on Orgel- (5 marks) (c) A Time-Temperature-Transformation (TTT) diagram for your trifunctional epoxy and diamine blend is shown in Figure Q2. Sketch the TTT diagram and annotate on the dia- gram the isothermal processing temperature that you would propose to get the best ma- terial properties from your resin. Justify your reasoning by describing how your choice influences the manufacturing process. (5 marks) (d) Your cured epoxy resin develops a Young's modulus of 3.4 GPa and is combined with intermediate modulus carbon fibres (250 GPa). If the target fibre volume fraction for your composite is 55%, what is the maximum stiffness (Emaz) that you would expect along the fibre direction in each ply? Sketch a diagram to represent relative stiffness of the laminate against ply angle to show what Emax becomes in: (i) a unidirectional laminate, (ii) a cross-ply laminate, (iii) a quasi-isotropic laminate./nCure temperature (°C) Tg gel To Tso Gelled rubber gelation Liquid Oxidation Log time (min) Figure Q2 Tg Gelled glass Ungelled glassSee Answer
Q3:FORMULAS Emax = VƒEƒ + (1 - V₁) Em 1 = CX gel [r+rs(f-2)]¹/2/nQ3 A mass of 10 kg is suspended from the ceiling on a steel wire of 1 mm diameter and 2 m length. The mass is now rotated through an angle causing the wire to twist. (a) Determine the shear stress Try in the wire as a function of the angle of twist 0. You may assume that the steel has a shear modulus G = 80 GPa. (6 marks) (b) Estimate the maximum value of 0 if there is to be no plastic deformation. The steel has a yield stress of 300 MPa and you may assume von Mises theory of yielding. (14 marks)See Answer
Q4:FORMULAS Emax = VƒEƒ + (1 - V₁) Em gel 1 [r+rs(f-2)]¹/2/nQ4 The L-shaped beam of Figure Q5 is subjected to an out-of-plane load F. (a) Show the free-body diagrams for the two segments AB and BC. Comment on the mo- ments and forces transmitted in each segment. (5 marks) (b) Provide expressions for the moments and torques transmitted in segments AB and BC. (3 marks) (c) Determine the strain energy U stored in the L-shaped beam. (3 marks) (d) Use Castigliano's second theorem to find the displacement uc of the end in the direction of the force. (9 marks) Y Fixed end Ac FL C Figure Q5 L BSee Answer
Q5:FORMULAS Emax = V₁E+ (1-V₁) Em Ogel 1 [r+rs(f-2)]¹/2/nQ5 The fuel rods of a nuclear reactor consist of solid uranium cylinders of diameter 70 mm. During operation, a typical rod experiences a temperature distribution approximated by the equation T(r) = 600 -0.1² °C, where r is the radius in mm. The properties of uranium are E = 172 GPa, v = 0.28, and a = 11 x 10-6 per °C. (a) Find the maximum tensile, compressive and shear stresses in the fuel rod if the outer surface is traction-free and plane strain conditions can be assumed. (14 marks) (b) If the fuel rod is now permitted to expand axially, determine the maximum tensile, com- pressive and shear stresses. (6 marks) [You may assume that the radial and hoop stresses in an axi-symmetric disk in a state of plane strain are Orr 000 = (3-2v)p²r² 8(1-v) (1+2v)p²,² 8(1-v) with the corresponding radial displacement + Ea (1-0)² /rTdr +/ Ea (1-v)r² afr rTdr _ ( 1-20)/(1+1) ²²³³ + 0(1+1) [T rTdr + 8E(1-v) (1-v)r where the symbols have their usual meanings] A+ EaT (1-v) B + A A(12v)(1+ v)r E B (1 + v) B ErSee Answer
Q6:FORMULAS Emax = VƒEƒ + (1 - Vj) Em 1 = gel [r+rs(f-2)]¹/2/nQ6 A cylindrical pressure vessel with closed ends has a radius R = 1 m and thickness t = 40 mm and is subjected to internal pressure p. The vessel must be designed safely against failure by yielding (according to the von Mises yield criterion) and fracture. Three steels with the following values of yield stress oy and fracture toughness Kic are available for constructing the vessel. Steel Kic(MPa √/m A: 4340 100 B: 4335 70 C: 350 Maraging 55 Fracture of the vessel is caused by a long axial surface crack of depth a. The vessel should be designed with a factor of safety S = 2 against yielding and fracture. (a) By considering equilibrium along the longitudinal (axial) and circumferential (hoop) di- rections determine expressions for the hoop stress and axial stress in terms of the internal pressure, p, the radius, R and the thickness, t. dy (MPa) 860 1300 1550 (4 marks) (b) For the three steels, find the maximum pressure the vessel can withstand without failure by yielding. Note, your calculation should include the factor of safety, S. (4 marks) (c) The fracture toughness for a long axial surface crack of depth a is given by Kic 1.12000 √na. Hence determine an expression for the maximum pressure as a function of crack length a and fracture toughness. Note, your calculation should again include the factor of safety, S. (3 marks) (d) Plot the maximum permissable pressure pe versus crack depth a, for the three steels. (3 marks) (e) Calculate the maximum permissable crack depth a for an operating pressure p = 12 MPa. (3 marks) (f) Calculate the failure pressure p, for a maximum detectable crack depth a = 1 mm. (3 marks)See Answer
Q7:A [0/+60/-60]s laminate with the ply properties listed in the table below is to be subjected to a temperature change from its initial temperature of 75°F. This temperature change can be expressed as a linear temperature change through the thickness of the laminate, with the temperature at the top of the six-ply laminate set at 225°F and the temperature at the bottom of the six-ply laminate set to -75°F. Therefore, for the temperature distribution defined by the equation AT(2) = AT+T'z, with ATh2=225°F - 75°F = 150°F and AT-2=-75°F-75°F=-150°F, AT. =(AT1/2+AT-1/2)/2= [150+(-150)]/2=0°F and T'=(AT12-AT-1/2)/h=(150-(-150))/6(0.0052) = 9,615.4°F/inch we obtain the distribution expression a) Determine the stresses in the lamina coordinate system at both the top and bottom in each of the 0°, +60° and -60° plies. b) Given the lamina strengths in the table below, determine if the laminate subjected to this temperature change distribution could be expected to survive with no excessive lamina stresses and therefore with no damage to the laminate. c) Assuming the same initial stress-free temperature of 75°F and by subjecting this same [0/+60/-60]s laminate separately to (i) a uniform temperature of 225°F and (ii) a uniform temperature of -75°F, answer the question "Is the through thickness temperature gradient more stressing on the laminate than either the uniform through thickness temperature of 225°F or the uniform through thickness temperature of -75°F?" Property E₁ E₂ G12 V12 α₁ (-200°F to 200°F) α₂ (-200°F to 200°F) 01 0 AT(2) AT+T'z = 9,615.4°F/inch*z TL cu OL σχετι Ply thickness Lamina Value 25 x 10º psi 1.7 x 106 psi 1.3 x 10º psi 0.3 -0.3 x 10 in/in/°F 19.5 x 10 in/in/°F 110 x 10³ psi 4.0 x 10³ psi 9.0 x 10³ psi 110 x 10³ psi 20 x 10³ psi 0.0052 inchSee Answer
Q8:Problem 1 (20 pts): If you are given the fiber and matrix properties below and are asked to estimate the composite elastic constants (Moduli E₁, E2, G₁2 and Poisson's ratio V12) and directional strength (X₁, Xe, Yı, Ye and S). Continuous long fiber reinforcement: Er = 400 GPa; v=0.4; or=3 GPa; Epoxy matrix: Em=3 GPa; vm -0.3; Gm= 80 MPa ; Tm = 60 MPa; Fiber volume fraction: V₁ = 60% Please give your estimate and specify the micromechanics equations you use for the estimate (if you use computer programs your solution must include code and outputs).See Answer
Q9:Problem 2 (20 pts): A thin-walled tube (closed-cap) is made of a unidirectional composite with fiber oriented at 45⁰ to its axis as shown below. The tube has a radius of r= 50.0 mm and a thickness t = 1.0 mm. The tube is to be loaded under combined internal pressure P = 1.0 MPa and a torque of T = 780,000 N-mm. The strength data for the lamina are: X=2800 MPa; X = 1600 MPa; Y₁ = 80 MPa; Ye280 MPa; S = 90 MPa. Please evaluate whether failure would occur using 1) maximum stress criterion; 2) Tsai-Hill criterion; 3) Tsai-Wu criterion; and 4) Hashin's criterion. (if you use computer programs your solution must include code and outputs) WIESee Answer
Q10:Problem 3 (20 pts): A unidirectional lamina is subject to a bi-axial stress state as shown in the following figure. The fiber directional is oriented 0-30° to the loading direction x. The stress ay is proportional to ox by a factor of B (B is a positive number). Assuming ox is always positive (meaning tensile stress). Using maximum stress criterion, please discuss the possible change of failure mode by varying the proportional factor B. Determine the range of ß for each possible failure modes. The strength data are X₁ Xc, Y₁ = Y, and S (all are in absolute values). V !!!!! a, Ba,See Answer
Q11:Problem 4 (20 pts): The two plies as shown in the left figure has the same lamina elastic constants of E₁ = 160 Gpa; E2 10 Gpa; G12= 6 Gpa; V12 = 0.3. The fibers in the top ply (ply 1) is oriented at 600 and the bottom ply (ply 2) is oriented at 120° with respect to the global coordinate x. Both plies are subjected to an in-plane tensile stress ox = 50 MPa. (1) Please calculate the strains (¹), Ey(¹), Yxy (1); Ex (2), Ey (2), Yxy (2)) (2) Please illustrate (hand draw ok) the deformation of the two plies (3) Imagine now the two plies are bonded by an interface and subjected to the same stress ox as shown in the right figure, please comments what the interface needs to provide (i.e., what stress will develop at the interface) to ensure an iso-strain condition at cross-sections. 2 60⁰ 120° Ply 1 Ply 2 ab in -50 MPa - 50 MPa -50 MPa y iso-strain Cross-section deformation -50 MPaSee Answer
Q12:Problem 5 (20 pts): Using the theories we learned from micromechanics of lamina to estimate the following mechanical properties of a glass-fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) lamina with fiber volume fraction of Vr= 50%. The elastic and failure properties of glass fiber and epoxy matrix are given below: Glass fiber (isotropic elastic): Ef=70 GPa; vf=0.3; of 1.4 GPa; Epoxy (isotropic elastic): Em = 2 GPa; Vm = 0.3; om = 60 MPa (tensile strength); tm = 35 MPa (shear strength) 1) The elastic/stiffness properties need to be determined are: E1; E2; V12; G12 2) The strength properties need to be estimated are: Xt; Xc; Y₁; Ye; S 3) estimate the critical fiber volume fraction that has fiber strengthening effect. 4) Estimate the minimum fiber volume fraction that matrix can bridge a localized broken fiberSee Answer
Q13: SID: (Enter your Student ID here - DON'T FORGET!) MECH1280: Engineering Materials MECH1280: Semester 2 Composites Material Testing and Selection: Laboratory Assignment 1) Design Brief What are the considerations for materials selection? List the company's specifications. 2) Consideration of Methods [3 marks] [5 marks] In this laboratory you will carry out a three-point bend test, justify why this is an appropriate test to use to gain the data required. Semester 2 Laboratory Report Template [3 marks] Page 1 of 6 SID: (Enter your Student ID here - DON'T FORGET!) MECH1280: Engineering Materials 3) Experimental Results From the data you collect in the laboratory, plot load/displacement graphs and show them below (copy and paste from Excel - or MatLab). [3 marks] Use the table below to summarise the load and displacement data (i.e. at yield point and at fracture or failure point). Table 1: Data from load/displacement graph Dimensions/physical description Thickness (d) [mm] Breadth (b) [mm] Length between 2 lower supports (L) [mm] Maximum failure load (F) [assign appropriate unit] Displacement at max. failure load (8) [assign appropriate unit] Fracture description (Look at how the materials are structured in the lab information pictures and how they behave in the load/displacement graphs - now describe how you think they fractured in the laboratory) Semester 2 Laboratory Report Template Specimen 1: Specimen 2: Specimen 3: [12 marks] Page 2 of 6 SID: (Enter your Student ID here - DON'T FORGET!) MECH1280: Engineering Materials 4) Calculated Material Properties Complete the table below with the calculated material properties for each material. Show your working solutions in the appendix section. Table 2: Material properties derived from the test Material Plywood Carbon fibre/foam panel MDF 2nd moment of area (I) or Material property: Flexural strength Material Material property: property: moment of (Ofs) [assign inertia [assign appropriate unit] Flexural strain at flexural strength Flexural modulus (E) appropriate unit] (εfs) [assign appropriate unit] [assign appropriate unit] 5) Calculate Total Load [16 marks] Considering the dimensions of the go-kart barrier, what is the failure load for your materials? Show the equations used and working solution below. (You can either use pen & paper and take a picture and insert it in the space provided, OR you can type it in using the equation function. The main thing is that it is clear and readable) Calculations: Material: Failure load: Material: Failure load: Material: Failure load: Semester 2 Laboratory Report Template Page 3 of 6 SID: (Enter your Student ID here - DON'T FORGET!) MECH1280: Engineering Materials 6) Material Selection Which material that you tested would be most suitable and why? 7) Discussion Do your own independent research to help answer the questions below. a) What other materials would you consider for this application and why? [6 marks] [3 marks] [5 marks] b) What other test could have been carried out to help you decide the most suitable material? In your answer specifically state what information could be gained from the test. Semester 2 Laboratory Report Template [4 marks] Page 4 of 6 SID: (Enter your Student ID here - DON'T FORGET!) MECH1280: Engineering Materials Appendix: Show your calculations for section 4 below (use additional sheets if necessary). (You can either use pen & paper and take a picture and insert it in the space provided, OR you can type it in using the equation function. The main thing is that it is clear and readable) Semester 2 Laboratory Report Template Page 5 of 6/n MECH1280: Engineering Materials MECH1280: Semester 2 Composites Material Testing and Selection Laboratory Brief Design Brief A new local mini go-karting company are building a make-shift outdoor track for kids (aged between 7-10 years). They need a safety barrier around the track perimeter that is 10 metres away from the track. The barrier would need to be able to absorb energy from an impacting kart, must withstand loads of up to 1 kN before failure and impact speeds of up to 10 km/h. Each barrier must be no higher than 0.5 m and 1 m in length. The company would like to know what the most suitable material is for their application. Note that this is a commercial company that wants to appeal to as many customers as possible. Learning outcomes Following completing the laboratory session and associated assignment you should be able to: • Carry out a three-point bend test using an Instron machine • Use the data obtained in testing to derive mechanical properties. • Justify use of a three-point bend test to derive the required properties and demonstrate an understanding of other test methods that might provide useful information Select a material that meets a specification, and provide a rationale for the choice. Deliverables Each student should individually complete the laboratory assignment. This includes: Evaluating the requirements from the design brief (section 1). • Justifying the test method used (section 2). • • • Plotting the load/displacement curves and tables. These copied and pasted into the word file (section 3). Use the load/displacement data and the relevant equations to define mechanical properties of the three different materials. The working solutions should be written in the appendix (sections 4 & 5). Answer the remaining questions on the sheet, relating to the design brief, choice of material and other possible tests that could be carried out (sections 6, 7 & 8). The lab will be carried out in groups; however, the laboratory assignment must be completed individually. The deadline is as specified on the VLE (and will vary depending on the week you complete the lab). The laboratory report accounts for 10% of the overall module mark. NOTE: Attendance is compulsory. If you do not attend the lab, you will automatically have 25% deducted from your mark (the laboratory assignment is dependent on attending the practical session). If this is due to illness or another valid reason you need to submit mitigating circumstances (see the SSO). Semester 2 Laboratory [TOTAL 60 marks] Laboratory Brief and Outline Report Page 1 of 6 MECH1280: Engineering Materials MECH1280: Semester 2 Composites Material Testing and Selection: Laboratory Assignment Outline You need to download the word version of this report outline from MINERVA and complete the information requested. 1) Design Brief What are the considerations for materials selection? List the company's specifications. 2) Consideration of Methods [3 marks] [5 marks] In this laboratory you will carry out a three-point bend test, justify why this is an appropriate test to use to gain the data required. Semester 2 Laboratory Laboratory Brief and Outline Report [3 marks] Page 2 of 6 MECH1280: Engineering Materials 3) Experimental Results From the data you collect in the laboratory, plot load/displacement graphs and show them below (copy and paste from Excel) [3 marks] Use the table below to summarise the load and displacement data (i.e. at yield point and at fracture or failure point). Table 1: Data from load/displacement graph Dimensions/physical description Thickness (d) mm Breadth (b) mm Length between 2 lower supports (L) mm Maximum failure load (F) Displacement at max. failure load (8) Fracture description (using appropriate language, describe your observations on how the material failed) Specimen 1: Semester 2 Laboratory Laboratory Brief and Outline Report Specimen 2: Specimen 3: [12 marks] Page 3 of 6 MECH1280: Engineering Materials 4) Calculated Material Properties Complete the table below with the calculated material properties for each material. Show your working solutions in the appendix section. Table 3: Material properties derived from the test Material Plywood Carbon fibre/foam panel MDF 2nd moment of Material property: inertia (I) Material Material Flexural strength (Ofs) property: property: Flexural strain at flexural strength Tensile modulus (E) (Ets) 5) Calculate Total Load [16 marks] Considering the dimensions of the go-kart barrier, what is the failure load for your materials? Show the equations used and working solution below. Calculations: Material: Failure load: Material: Failure load: Material: Failure load: Semester 2 Laboratory Laboratory Brief and Outline Report [6 marks] Page 4 of 6 MECH1280: Engineering Materials 6) Material Selection Which material that you tested would be most suitable and why? 7) Discussion a) What other materials would you consider for this application and why? [3 marks] [5 marks] b) What other test could have been carried out to help you decide the most suitable material? In your answer specifically state what information could be gained from the test. [4 marks] Semester 2 Laboratory Laboratory Brief and Outline Report Page 5 of 6See Answer
Q14: Flow Chapter 1: Introduction ü Overview of the growing problem of plastic waste and the need for sustainable waste management strategies. ü Importance of recycling and reusing plastics to mitigate environmental impact. ü Introduction to the concept of composite materials and their significance in waste valorization. Global plastic waste generation and its environmental impact. ü Challenges of managing non-recyclable municipal solid waste (MSW). ü Importance of waste valorization and circular economy principles. ü Potential of using recovered plastics and natural fibers from MSW for composites production. ü Benefits of using recycled materials: economic, environmental, and societal. ü Alignment with sustainable development goals. Research Problem and Motivation ü Statement of the research problem: the challenge of recycling non-recyclable municipal solid waste (MSW) into valuable composite materials. ü Motivation behind the study: addressing environmental concerns and developing sustainable solutions for waste management. Objectives of the Study ü Investigate the feasibility of using non-recyclable plastics and waste fibers in composite production. ü Evaluate the mechanical, thermal, and environmental properties of the resulting composites. ü Optimize composite formulations to enhance performance and sustainability. Scope and Significance ü Define the scope of the study in terms of materials (polyolefins, waste fibers) and processing techniques (compounding, molding). ü Highlight the potential impact of the research on waste management practices, composite materials industry, and environmental sustainability. Overview of Methodology ü Briefly outline the experimental phases and methodologies employed (as described in the experimental design section). Chapter 2: Literature Review ü Introduction to Composite Materials ü Define composite materials and their applications. ü Discuss the importance of composite materials in sustainable development. ü Current methods for plastic waste management (landfilling, incineration, recycling). ü Limitations of existing recycling technologies for mixed plastic waste. ü Challenges and opportunities for MSW plastic recovery. Natural Fibers in Composites: ü Types and properties of natural fibers suitable for composites (waste cellulosic fibers). ü Benefits of using natural fibers in composites (lightweighting, sustainability). ü Challenges of incorporating natural fibers into composites (compatibility, performance). Recycled Plastics in Composites: ü Use of recycled plastics in composites (virgin vs. recycled materials). ü Impact of recycled plastic content on composite properties (mechanical, thermal). ü Strategies for improving compatibility between recycled plastics and natural fibers. Review of Plastic Waste Recycling ü Overview of current plastic waste management practices and challenges. ü Survey of recycling techniques for conventional and non-conventional plastics. Recycled Fibers in Composite Production ü Literature review on the use of waste fibers (particularly cellulosic fibers) in composite materials. ü Review studies focusing on the enhancement of mechanical properties and sustainability of composites using recycled fibers. Compatibilizers and Coupling Agents ü Discussion on the role of compatibilizers (e.g., MAPP, MAPE) in enhancing interfacial adhesion between polymers and fibers. ü Review of studies investigating the effectiveness of various compatibilizers in composite formulations. ü Role of compatibilizers (MAPP and MAPE) in enhancing adhesion between components. ü Mechanisms of action and types of compatibilizers used in composites. ü Selection criteria for compatibilizers based on material properties Processing Techniques/ Processing Techniques for Composites: ü Overview of compounding techniques (e.g., twin screw extrusion) for polymer composites. ü Review of compression molding processes and their influence on composite properties. ü Common processing methods for polymer-based composites (twin-screw extrusion, compression molding) ü Advantages and limitations of different processing techniques. Characterization of Composite Materials ü Literature survey on methods for characterizing mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of polymer composites./n INSTRUCTIONS THESIS WRITING MSC thesis Strong Background for material engineering fiber composites Page Range: Based on standard formatting guidelines (e.g., double-spaced, 12-point font, standard margins), Page Limit 100 Pages The thesis is in composites material (composite material consist of a matrix (plastics) and a reinforcement material(fiber). Literature Cited Warning about PLAGIARISM All ideas and concepts that do not represent your original thoughts must be referenced. Direct use of someone else's words must be set off with quotation marks and properly referenced. Use of another person's ideas, even if paraphrased, or word-for-word copying of all or part of the work of another without due acknowledgment constitutes plagiarism and is strictly prohibited. References The format for references must include: complete authorship (last name and initial of first name), journal abbreviation, full title of the article, beginning and ending page numbers, as well as the volume of the journal and the year when the article was published. References to books must include the author and/or editor, the name of the book, date of publication, publisher, city of publication, and inclusive page numbers. References to unpublished technical reports should explain as fully as possible where the document can be found. In all cases, use appropriate abbreviations for journal names consisting of multiple words. Never abbreviate single title journals such as Science or Nature. It is essential that all text references appear in the section titled "LITERATURE CITED” and that all references listed are cited in the text. The numerical referencing system is recommended for your thesis/dissertation. Cite the first reference [1] or multiple references [1-4] at the end of sentence within parentheses. Abstracts do not contain references. Subsequent references are listed as [2], [3], [4], etc. in numerical order throughout the remainder of the text. Compile your references in numerical order at the end of your thesis/dissertation under the heading “LITERATURE CITED.” Each reference should be single- spaced with a double-space between references. Only materials actually cited in the text are to be listed under the, “Literature Cited." Additional sources used but not cited should be added under the heading "Additional References Used But Not Cited." Examples of acceptable format for journal and book citations listed below. JOURNAL: 1. Devenyi, P., Robinson, G.M. and Roncari, D.A.K. 1980. Alcohol and high-density lipoproteins. J. Can. Med. Assoc. 123:981-984. BOOK 2. Packard, C.J. and Shepard, J. 1983. Low density lipoprotein levels. In: Gotto, A.M. and Paoletti, R., eds., Atherosclerosis reviews. Raven Press, New York, Vol. 11, pp.29-63 3. Jones, Janice. 1987. Thermodynamics. Raven Press, New York, pp.35-48See Answer
Q15:Please analyze a laminated composite plate under tensile loads of equal to Nx=Ny=100N. -Layup: [0 0 0 0 90 90 90 90], (the laminate has 8 layers in total), Material properties: E 1_pr =50.6 GPa; E 2_pr =9.9 GPa; V12_pr =0.33; G12_pr=3.7 GPa; a1_pr=3.9e-6; a2_pr =49.7e-6; (Coefficients of thermal expansions) t pr=0.127mm (thickness of each layer) Q1. Using the analytic MATRIX calculations, please calculate the layers' stresses and strains of the laminate under loading cases A(mechanical) and B (thermal, if it is only under a temperature gradient of AT=-100°C.).See Answer
Q16:Please analyze a laminated composite plate under tensile loads of equal to Nx=Ny=100N. - Layup: [0 0 0 0 90 90 90 90], (the laminate has 8 layers in total), Material properties: E 1_pr =50.6 GPa; E 2_pr =9.9 GPa; V12_pr =0.33; G12_pr =3.7 GPa; a1_pr=3.9e-6; a2_pr =49.7e-6; (Coefficients of thermal expansions) t pr=0.127mm (thickness of each layer) Q1. Using the analytic MATRIX calculations, please calculate the layers' stresses and strains of the laminate under loading cases A(mechanical) and B (thermal, if it is only under a temperature gradient of AT=-100°C.). Q2. For stress limits of the composite under consideration, use the following values for S-glass epoxy unidirectional composites: X (tensile)= 1.7 GPa, X (compressive)=-675 MPa, Y (tensile)= 35 MPa, Y (compressive)= -120 MPa, S (shear) =80 MPa, to consider an appropriate failure criterion.See Answer
Q17:Q2. For stress limits of the composite under consideration, use the following values for S-glass epoxy unidirectional composites: X (tensile)= 1.7 GPa, X (compressive)=-675 MPa, Y (tensile)= 35 MPa, Y (compressive)= -120 MPa, S (shear) 80 MPa, to consider an appropriate failure criterion.See Answer
Q18: *16-68. Knowing that angular velocity of link AB is WAB = 4 rad/s, determine the velocity of the collar at C and the angular velocity of link CB at the instant shown. Link CB is horizontal at this instant. See Answer
Q19: Suppose you want to connect a remote speaker to your stereo. It needs to be 100 inches away.You are using copper wire. What should be the diameter of the wire if the resistance of each wire must be less than 0.10 Q? (3 marks)See Answer
Q20: 16-57. At the instant shown the boomerang has an angular velocity o = 4 rad/s, and its mass center G has a velocity vG = 6 in./s. Determine the velocity of point B at this instant. See Answer

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