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Q1:SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT 2 Unit Name Masters Project Unit Code EBSC7545 Assignment Title Final Project Type of Submission Individual Portfolio: Final project with relevant supporting development material and evidence of engagement (Summative; 70% of unit mark) Word Count 8,500 words (excluding Appendices) with +/- 10% allowance - or equivalent Issue Date June 2023 Assignment Task You are required to prepare and deliver your Final Project using the framework from your Research Project Proposal. Your submitted Final Project will consist of a portfolio of work that must include: 1A) A dissertation-format written work of 8,500 words. or 1B) A practice-based research project. This will consist of two distinct elements: 1) a written work of approx. 5,000 words following the dissertation format, and 2) a practice-based outcome e.g., a website, a business plan, a documentary, a dance, etc. as agreed with your supervisor. and 2) All relevant supporting development material and evidence of engagement with support sessions and supervision (e.g., evidence of primary research, supervision logs signed by the supervisor, etc.). These should be submitted in the appendices of the written work. The purpose of the Masters Project is to develop deep knowledge in relation to a chosen business problem or opportunity. The focus is on the analysis, interpretation and presentation of information, and development and communication of creative ideas related directly to your course. To recognise that written work is not the only way of communicating this knowledge effectively, the format of the final submission is deliberately flexible to allow you to present your individual project in a context appropriate to your topic and findings. Your final project may therefore be a more traditional dissertation or a practice-based research project which allows for a wide range of different practice-based outcomes, including a business plan for a new venture. To form ideas for a practical manifestation of your project, consider the relationship between the theoretical contemporary discourses in your subject area and its application. Whatever you decide to do, you must evidence your decision-making with a documented discussion and written approval from your supervisor. IMPORTANT: (A) Whatever the format of your final submission, you must demonstrate evidence of advanced conceptual, theoretical, and technical capability at Masters level, hence the requirement for a dissertation-format written body of work. The research project will be assessed according to the University's postgraduate assessment regulations and Level 7 - Masters - grade descriptors. (B) A list of references, illustrations, figures, and tables where appropriate must be included in all research projects whatever the format chosen by the student. This is compulsory. It is also compulsory to use UCA Harvard Referencing - see the guide on the UCA website at the following link: https://www.uca.ac.uk/library/academic-support/harvard-referencing/ (C) Evidence of primary research - e.g., interview transcripts - is compulsory and must be included in Appendices of the written body of work. (D) There must be a clear direct link between your Proposal and Final Project. (E) Each student must regularly engage with support sessions and their supervisor and produce evidence of their engagement through supervision logs. Supervision logs must be signed off by your supervisor and included in the Appendices of the Final Project. Any student work submitted without regular and documented engagement with support sessions and supervisors will be subject to a formal viva i.e., a formal oral examination. DISSERTATION FORMAT (INDICATIVE) · 1A) Word count 8,500 word (excluding Bibliography and Appendices) with +/- 10% · 1B) Word count 5,000 word (excluding Bibliography and Appendices) with +/- 10% · Title Page · Acknowledgments · Abstract · Table of Contents, List of Figures and Tables o Introduction, incl. Aim and Objectives 0 [Thematic] Literature Review 0 Methodology o Key Findings and Discussion, incl. Limitations 0 Conclusion, Recommendations, or Implications (as/where appropriate), incl. Further Research · List of References AppendicesSee Answer
Q2:Comparative Studies in Energy-Efficient Air Conditioning Manufacturing Impact of Smart Sensors in Air Conditioning Manufacturing coupled with suitable refringent selection to optimize energy consumption. . Abstract Literature review static data indicates that HVAC accounted for 20% of the country's total energy consumption and nearly half of the energy used in buildings. The aim of this work is to perform study on AC to make energy efficient system. To do so a sensor AC integrated with different types of refrigerant study has been proposed. A comparative study on AC with sensor and without sensor shall be studied in this research. It has been proved that advanced sensors enable precise temperature control, adaptive cooling, and real-time adjustments based on occupancy and external conditions. Various studies have quantified the environmental impact of traditional refrigerants, emphasizing their substantial contribution to global warming and ozone depletion also it highlights the potential of eco-friendly refrigerants to mitigate these environmental concerns. But combine effect of two work has not been research much. Hence in this study combined work shall be studied. Contents 1.Introduction 1.1 Background 4 1.2 Research Objectives 4 2. Literature Review. 5 4 3. Methodology 7 3.1 Research Design .. 7 3.2 Data Collection 3.3 Analysis. 8 4. Discussion 9 5.Conclusion 10 6.Reference 10 9 1.Introduction Seeking a more luxurious and comfortable modern lifestyle, individuals now depend considerably more on-air conditioners (ACs) than they did in the past. The occupancy ratio of building areas is increased by air conditioners in both industrialized and developing nations. Additionally, this causes AC energy usage to increase quickly. Static data indicates that HVAC accounted for 20% of the country's total energy consumption and nearly half of the energy used in buildings. Consequently, it's critical to reduce the energy that air conditioners in homes and businesses use (Cheng C, 2014). The air conditioning industry occupies a crucial position in addressing contemporary concerns related to energy consumption and environmental sustainability. This comprehensive literature review seeks to synthesize prior research on optimizing energy efficiency in air conditioning systems, with a primary focus on the integration of smart sensor technology. This review provides a panoramic view of existing knowledge, highlights pivotal findings, identifies prevailing gaps in research, and culminates with the formulation of pertinent research questions. A significant body of research has explored the integration of smart sensor technology in air conditioning systems. These advanced sensors enable precise temperature control, adaptive cooling, and real-time adjustments based on occupancy and external conditions (Fialho et al., 2018; Hu et al., 2019). Numerous studies consistently affirm a substantial reduction in energy consumption when smart sensors are adeptly incorporated into air conditioning units. Nevertheless, a conspicuous gap pervades the existing literature where limited research explores the potent synergies between smart sensors and refrigerant choices. While the merits of these two facets, considered individually, have been convincingly elucidated, their coalescent optimization remains an under explored frontier. 1.1 Background Energy-efficient air conditioning systems are crucial in addressing environmental concerns and reducing energy consumption. This study examines the role of smart sensors and controls in improving energy efficiency and user satisfaction in air conditioning units. Along with that a review on integration of sensor with refringent selection for energy optimization will also be considered. 1.2 Research Objectives Assess the impact of smart sensors on energy consumption. > Measure user satisfaction with air conditioning units equipped with smart sensors. > Impact of integration of sensors with refrigerants to reduce energy consumption. 2. Literature Review A comprehensive review of existing literature on smart sensors in air conditioning, energy efficiency, and user satisfaction is presented. Ma and Wang provide examples of energy- efficient control techniques for variable speed pump control in a central air conditioning system. The findings indicate that these control solutions can reduce the energy consumption of pumps. An AC's energy efficiency can be increased with the design of a feedback controller (Lin, J 2007). A temperature- and humidity-independent control method was developed by Zhao et al. to lower an AC's energy usage in an office building. The testing findings demonstrate that, even in extremely hot and muggy weather, the technique may deliver a higher AC coefficient of performance and a comfortable indoor atmosphere. Fuzzy logic control is used to regulate the number of compressors and fans that are active in multi-unit air conditioners in order to improve energy-saving measures. The earlier studies on using control techniques on ACs were predicated on the idea that different parameters would result in different reactions. This type of passive response might not be appropriate for the comfort of humans. The coefficient of performance (COP, W/W), which is the ratio of the input power (w) and the removed heat flow (qL), is the measure used to define an air conditioner's efficiency. Equation can be rewritten as follows: W 9L = T 1 Tamb-T Where Tamb is ambient outdoor temperature and T is inside room temperature. Equation (1) states that the better the COP is under the fixed outdoor temperature Tamb, the higher the indoor temperature T. An air conditioner's energy usage may drop by 6% for every degree Celsius that the interior temperature rises (Cheng C, 2014). Searching with various literature following research gap has been found. Another sensor type used in AC is thermofluidic sensors. In these types of sensors thermocouples use a bimetal contact to create a heat-initiated electromotive force in order to measure temperature. It is employed in temperature measurement. Temperature is measured via resistive temperature detectors, or RTDs. Resistive Temperature Detectors (RTDs) test temperature changes via making use of platinum's temperature-dependent resistance feature cables. Sintered metal oxides are used as thermostats. Their resistance is temperature-sensitive; therefore, it can send out signals. Digital temperature sensors based on thermophiles are composed of polycrystalline silicon alloys and aluminium created during the manufacturing of semiconductors, and gauges temperature using an electromotive force caused by heat. Using infrared, infrared thermopile sensors measure temperature of items that release heat. Resistive humidity sensors and ceramic capacitors are available for measuring humidity. The use of thermofluidic sensors in AC is a emerging technology. (Cheng C, 2016). Gap in the literature The synthesis of existing literature underscores a palpable gap in contemporary research-the dearth of exhaustive inquiry into the integration of smart sensor technology and the selection of energy-efficient refrigerants in air conditioning systems. While individual studies have undeniably laid bare the advantages of each element, the potential benefits and trade-offs in judiciously uniting them remain largely untapped. Rationale for further research The rationale for embarking on further research in this domain is grounded in the considerable potential to engineer air conditioning systems that concomitantly attain optimal energy efficiency while curtailing environmental impact. The integration of smart sensor technology augurs precise cooling control, dramatically reducing energy wastage. Simultaneously, judicious selection of suitable refrigerants holds the promise of significantly attenuating the carbon footprint associated with air conditioning systems. An exploration of the intricate interplay between these two variables is imperative to devise sustainable air conditioning solutions. With the above literature review following researchable questions within available constraints emerge: 1. How can smart sensor technology be optimally integrated with varying types of refrigerants to maximize energy efficiency while concurrently minimizing environmental impact in air conditioning systems? 2. What are the predominant trade-offs and challenges intrinsic to the holistic optimization of smart sensor technology and refrigerant choice within the context of air conditioning manufacturing? 3. To what extent do factors such as climate conditions, building types, and user behaviour influence the efficacy of the integration of smart sensor technology and refrigerant choice in air conditioning systems? These research questions represent a strategic attempt to bridge the extant gap in the literature, concentrating on the intersection of smart sensor technology and refrigerant selection. An exploratory expedition in this direction holds immense promise for augmenting our comprehension of sustainable air conditioning solutions. 3. Methodology For different kinds of air conditioners, the human comfort (expressed by temperature change) and energy conservation (measured by internal energy and input power) can be assessed. In this work, the compressor output energy and temperature responses in a closed environment were simulated in relation to fixed frequency, convertible frequency, and smart air conditioners. 3.1 Research Design Experimental approach: To study impact of sensor two groups of air conditioning units-one with smart sensors and one without shall b design. In overview of design looks like Feedback Controller Sensor transfer function Evaporator Convection coefficient Temperature Return air from indoor hconv sensor Sensor mass Sensor area Illsen sen Sensor heat capacity Cooled air Csen to indoor Fig 1: Controller strategy in evaporator section of AC Source (Cheng C, 2014). The relationship between the return air temperature, T, and measured temperature by sensor, Tsen, proposed by Cheng et al could be written as Msn Chen Ten =ho = hconv Asen (T - Tsen) 2 Taking Laplace transform of Equation (2), and the result is (msen Csen . S + hconv Asen) . Tsen(s) = hconv Asen . T(s) Where Ts would be temperature measured by sensor. Hot air to outdoor Condenser heat exchanger On/Off >Compressor - Refrigerant Capillary control flow switched expansion On/ Off valve Evaporator heat exchanger Cooled Non-cooled air flow Feedback Temperature sensor Fig 2: The control scheme of a fixed frequency air conditioner with on/Off control (Cheng C, 2014). 3.2 Data Collection The primary goal with the study is > Energy consumption measurements. > User feedback surveys. > Temperature control performance assessments. To do so following arrangement are made in AC. To implement the smart control strategy, a single convertible frequency air conditioner equipped with a mobile phone communication feature was selected. The selected air conditioner may operate the previously specified regulating strategies-On/Off control of fixed frequency, Inverter (PID) control of convertible frequency, and smart control-after the control board was modified. The power consumption and cooling time of these three controlling strategies will be compared in the following sections. (Cheng C, 2014). Modified control board can performOn-Off control of fixed frequency, PID (inverter) control and smart control at one air conditioner for comparing the air conditioning performances Outdoor unit Modified control board Smart socket for measurig compressor output(Powermate ofln-Snergy, iFamily) Figure 3:Modified controlling circuit plate at the outdoor unit of the air conditioner Source (Cheng C, 2014). The second study of project would be comparing impact of sensor use on different refringent types. For this part of study, it is proposed that above sensor plate changes would be made in one conventional along with one smart ecofriendly refrigerant AC. 3.3 Analysis Based on values obtained from sensor and without sensor AC along with two types of sensor AC with different refringent types following analysis would be conducted ➢ Statistical analysis to compare energy consumption patterns. > Regression analysis to identify factors influencing user satisfaction. Since in smart AC plan the main goal of design is to built a system which can reduce energy consumptions. Thus, the goal follows the SDG 17 sustainability criteria. And with this study there won't be any ethical issue. 4. Discussion To provide further context for the research a synthesis of existing research findings is crucial. Existing studies have highlighted the following key aspects: The air conditioning smart sensors Numerous studies emphasize the role of smart sensors in energy-efficient air conditioning. For example, research by Fialho et al. (2018) demonstrated a 20% reduction in energy consumption when smart sensors were implemented in commercial air conditioning systems. Similarly, the work of Hu et al. (2019) showcased improved user comfort and substantial energy savings through smart sensor-controlled cooling. The impact of Refrigerants and environmental Concurrently, research focusing on refrigerants underscores the environmental consequences of different choices. Studies by Dincer et al. (2017) have quantified the environmental impact of traditional refrigerants, emphasizing their substantial contribution to global warming and ozone depletion. Contrarily, research by Zhou et al. (2020) highlights the potential of eco- friendly refrigerants to mitigate these environmental concerns. Integration challenges However, when it comes to the integration of smart sensors and refrigerants, studies are limited. Few research endeavours have comprehensively addressed the complexities and potential benefits of optimizing both aspects in unison. This gap in the literature is evident, highlighting the need for further research to explore the intricacies of this integration. 5.Conclusion In summation, this comprehensive literature review has underscored the exigent necessity for research that traverses the realm encompassing smart sensor technology and the selection of energy-efficient refrigerants in air conditioning manufacturing. While existing studies have adroitly showcased the individual merits of these elements, the potential synergy of their fusion remains inchoate. The research questions proffered chart an unequivocal path for further inquiry, with the express aim of engineering air conditioning systems that are both supremely energy-efficient and ecologically responsible. Proposed methodology for this work was taken from Chang C et al who concluded in his work that a smart air conditioner's overall compressor output is 48.4% lower than that of a fixed frequency air conditioner. It is possible to precisely regulate the temperature inside with inaccuracies of less than 0.1 ºC. After occupants enter, a rapid cool-down to the optimal indoor capacity can be accomplished in two minutes. 6.Reference 1. Cheng, C.C. and Lee, D., 2014. Smart sensors enable smart air conditioning control. Sensors, 14(6), pp.11179-11203. 2. Ma, Z .; Wang, S. Energy efficient control of variable speed pumps in complex building central air-conditioning systems. Energy Build. 2009, 41, 197-205. 3. Lin, J .; Yeh, T. Modeling, identification and control of air-conditioning systems. Int. J. Refrig. 2007, 30, 209-220. 4. Cheng, C.C. and Lee, D., 2016. Enabling smart air conditioning by sensor development: A review. Sensors, 16(12), p.2028. 5. Zhao, K .; Liu, X .; Zhang, T .; Jiang, Y. Performance of temperature and humidity independent control air-conditioning system in an office building. Energy Build. 2011, 43, 1895-1903. 6. Chiou, C.B .; Chiou, C.H .; Chu, C.M .; Lin, S.L. The application of fuzzy control on energy saving for multi-unit room air-conditioners. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2009, 29, 310- 316. Project Plan: No Task 01/09/23 1 Literature Review 02/10/23 2 Searching of suitable AC type available in market 06/10/23 3 Manufacturing AC 06/10/23 4 Data Collection 08/10/23 5 Analysis 22/10/23 6 Final result declaration 02/11/23 Appendix I: Project Communication Log Project Title: Comparative Studies in Energy-Efficient Air Conditioning Manufacturing Student Name: Hussain Alkhalifah Supervisor Name: Dr Jochen Deuse Event Topic of Communication Outcome Date Sep 2 2023 Online feedback Defining a research question clearly defined research question. -- --- Oct 7 2023 ------ Oct 27 2023 Online feedback Confirmation of Project Plan Literature survey and review Hi Hussain, you have effective formal English expression and correct grammar -- great! However, the LR text was too long and needed simply to be organized around 1) general agreement on your problem/topic as indicated in the literature; 2) areas of disagreement and neglect as indicated; 3) how this disagreement/neglect indicates and supports your research gap. Don't use all those sub-heads -- just write in strong paragraph style.See Answer
Q3:7/9/24, 8:30 AM Quiz: HW3 Fatigue & Deflection HW3 Fatigue & Deflection Instructions: Question 1 30 pts The shaft shown in the figure is driven by a gear at the right keyway, drives a fan at the left keyway, and is supported by two deep-groove ball bearings. The shaft is made from AISI 1020 cold-drawn steel. At steady-state speed, the gear transmits a radial load of 230 lbf and a tangential load of 633 lbf at a pitch diameter of 8 in. https://canvas.tamu.edu/courses/295605/quizzes/499064/take?preview=1 1/5 7/9/24, 8:30 AM Quiz: HW3 Fatigue & Deflection 4 12.87 4 8.50 - 0.20 > - 2.20 2.75 0.485 - 0.75 - +2.0 1.181 1.70 1.750 1.40 > ( 1.181) 1.000 2.0 IS R. 117 4 +X * keyway +R. 1 1 0.1 R. 32 R. 3 × 18 keyway (a) Determine fatigue factors of safety at any potentially critical locations using the DE-Gerber failure criterion. (b) Check that deflections satisfy the suggested minimums for bearings and gears in Table 7-2 (see below). Table 7-2 Typical Maximum Ranges for Slopes and Transverse Deflections Slopes Tapered roller 0.0005-0.0012 rad Cylindrical roller 0.0008-0.0012 rad Deep-groove ball 0.001-0.003 rad Spherical ball 0.026-0.052 rad Self-align ball 0.026-0.052 rad Uncrowned spur gear <0.0005 rad Transverse Deflections Spur gears with P < 10 teeth/in 0.010 in Spur gears with 11 < P < 19 0.005 in Spur gears with 20 < P < 50 0.003 in Upload https://canvas.tamu.edu/courses/295605/quizzes/499064/take?preview=1 2/5 +0.15 1 R. -. R. 7/9/24, 8:30 AM Quiz: HW3 Fatigue & Deflection Choose a File :::: Question 2 30 pts The shaft shown in Figure.a is proposed for the application shown in Figure.b. Figure.a Gear center Gear center 0.5 > 16 14 9 1.00 1.3 1.75 2.5 1.75 1.3 1.00 1 + > e - 1 1 1 1 2 > 15 - 10 > - 17 11 > - 41 - y 16 in O 14 in 100 FR 9 in Figure.b Z 20° 1.25-in dia. ¥ Gear A 20-in dia. A 000 00 Gear B x B 8-in dia. FA= 300 Ibf 20° https://canvas.tamu.edu/courses/295605/quizzes/499064/take?preview=1 3/5 7/9/24, 8:30 AM Quiz: HW3 Fatigue & Deflection The material is AISI 1018 cold-drawn steel. The gears seat against the shoulders, and have hubs with setscrews to lock them in place. The effective centers of the gears for force transmission are shown. The keyseats are cut with standard endmills. The bearings are press-fit against the shoulders. (a) Determine the minimum fatigue factor of safety using the DE-Gerber fatigue criterion. (b) Check that the deflections satisfy the suggested minimums for bearings and gears in Table 7-2 (see below). If any of the deflections exceed the recommended limits, make appropriate changes to bring them all within the limits. Table 7-2 Typical Maximum Ranges for Slopes and Transverse Deflections Slopes Tapered roller 0.0005-0.0012 rad Cylindrical roller 0.0008-0.0012 rad Deep-groove ball 0.001-0.003 rad Spherical ball 0.026-0.052 rad Self-align ball 0.026-0.052 rad Uncrowned spur gear <0.0005 rad Transverse Deflections Spur gears with P < 10 teeth/in 0.010 in Spur gears with 11 < P < 19 0.005 in Spur gears with 20 < P < 50 0.003 in Upload Choose a File Not saved Submit Quiz https://canvas.tamu.edu/courses/295605/quizzes/499064/take?preview=1 4/5 7/9/24, 8:30 AM Quiz: HW3 Fatigue & Deflection https://canvas.tamu.edu/courses/295605/quizzes/499064/take?preview=1 5/5See Answer
Q4:Question 3-Selective Assembly marks] [34 A company intending to produce components for a fit with guaranteed clearance and interference as given in Table Q3 (or S, Smax respectively). It has been experiencing problems when machining both holes and shafts caused by lack of process capability, see the available Manufacturing Methods in Table Q3. Maintaining fit characteristics transform the tolerances to suit the company's capability implementing Selective Assembly method. Table Q3 Third from the last digit of the Manufacturing method Fit requirements, μm Clearance Interference Nominal size, mm System Hole Shaft Smax student number UQXXXXXX Rough 0 026 Drilling (IT13) 70 260 Turning (IT12) Precision 1 015 Reaming (IT8) Hole 37 53 Shaft Turning (IT7) Rough Rough 2 040 Broaching 90 190 Hole (IT10) Turning (IT11) 3 08 Honing (ITS) Grinding (IT6) 3 9 Shaft 4 030 Boring (IT9) Turning (IT8) 30 73 Hole 5 064 Milling (IT9) Turning (IT8) 72 147 Shaft Diamond Precision 6 012 58 72 Hole Boring (IT6) Turning (IT7) Broaching 7 010 Turning (IT9) (IT8) Precision 8 025 Honing (IT8) 35 59 Turning (IT7) Rough 9 020 Drilling (IT11) 17 54 77 Shaft Hole 47 147 Shaft Turning (IT10) 1. Determine tolerances of the mating parts based on the manufacturing methods [4 marks] 2. Select the best (most economical) standard fit to satisfy the clearance/interference requirements and system [10 marks] 3. Calculate the number of groups required for selective assembly [2 marks] 4. Using an appropriate scaling factor, make an annotated tolerance diagram with all required groups and indicate all upper and lower limit deviations [10 marks] 5. Calculate the new (expanded) hole and shaft tolerances and limits [4marks]See Answer
Q5:Question 2 - Tolerance Analysis using dimension chains marks] Consider a dimensional chain given in Figure Q2 with dimensions shown in Table Q2. A3 A4 As A₁ A Figure Q2 Second from the last digit of the student number upxxxxxx [33 Table Q2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 A1 138 136 134 151 152 149 147 143 128 119 Az 2 4 4 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 A3 5.0.12 5.0.12 6.0.12 4.5.0.12 5.0.12 4.0.12 5.0.12 5.0.12 4.0.12 4.0.12 A4 151 As 151 5.0.12 5.0.12 6.0.12 151 164 166 160 161 156 140 130 4.5.0.12 5.0.12 40.12 5.0.12 5.0.12 4.0.12 4.0.12 A 1+0.7 Allocate standard tolerances using the full interchangeability (Worst Case Scenario) method. 1. Identify the dimension chain, the type of the links and check the nominals. [11 marks] 2. Calculate the tolerances for all non-standard links. [11 marks] 3. Calculate and check the tolerance limits [11 marks]See Answer
Q6: Coursework Assignment 1st sit 2CWK20 6E6Z0012/Individual Project This is an assignment for students on Level of the following course(s):- MEng (Hons) Mechanical Engineering MEng (Hons) Electrical and Electronic Engineering We hope that you enjoy doing this assignment. It is an opportunity for you to demonstrate your commitment to your degree programme and your ability to plan and deliver a large project. Links The Moodle Support Page includes the support video, submission details and dropbox, answers to frequently asked questions, and the latest version of this document. Manchester Met | Engineering | 2023-24 Page 1 Manchester Metropolitan University Coursework Assignment 1st sit 2CWK20 6E6Z0012/Individual Project Contents Workflow....... Task One: Background Research. Task Two: Development of methods...... 3 4 4 Task Three: Result collection and analysis... Task Four: Appraise the preliminary findings....... Task Five: Make a poster.... Task Six: Deliver a presentation At Pass threshold Above pass threshold........ Supporting Learning Resources and Activities Deliverables......... Assessment. Formative Feedback... What is being assessed?. Assessment Grading Criteria AHEP learning Outcomes Reference Table. Re-assessment. 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 7 88 9 Manchester Met | Engineering | 2023-24 Page 2 Manchester Metropolitan University Coursework Assignment 1st sit 2CWK20 6E6Z0012 Individual Project Workflow 1. Background research 2. Development of methods 3. Results and Collection 4. Appraise preliminary findings 5. Make a poster 6. Deliver a presentation Throughout the project, you will fill in a logbook every week which records your progress, your reflection, and anticipated obstacles. The logbook will be part of your report submission (as an Appendix) and will be marked by the markers. Plan a realistic schedule of work to complete this assignment on time and to a high standard. This assignment is for 20% of your unit mark, and we expect you to spend up to 15 hours working on it. The Assignment Support video will talk you through the workflow and help guide your plan for success. Manchester Met | Engineering | 2023-24 Page 3 Manchester Metropolitan University Coursework Assignment 1st sit 2CWK20 6E6Z0012/Individual Project Task One: Background Research You should have done some background research for your project proposal. Continue your background research through reviewing available literature. This will enable you to understand the context of your project, why it is important to do the work, methods and analysis techniques that you can develop to reach your objectives and points of discussion as you begin to draw conclusions on your work. Task Two: Development of methods Development of methods based on the background research, the aim, the objectives and in collaboration with your academic supervisor and technical services, you should develop the methodology(ies) required to complete your project. Early planning for this stage will give you the best opportunity to successfully complete your work in time. Task Three: Result collection and analysis Once you have planned your methodology and begun the practical and theoretical elements of your project, you should aim to record and begin analysis of your results in parallel. By doing this you will be able to refine your methods, notice any anomalies and begin discussions with your academic supervisor on improvements. Task Four: Appraise the preliminary findings Review your progress so far and appraise the findings. Make sure you link them to your aim and objectives and make recommendations for the remaining stages of your work. Task Five: Make a poster Make a A2 sized poster to summarise your project and your work so far, including your preliminary findings and recommendation for future works. The poster should have both non-technical and technical audiences in mind. The contents that should be covered by the poster are described in the Deliverables section. Task Six: Deliver a presentation Make a presentation of about 10 minutes to the supervisory teams based on your poster. They will ask you some questions and provide feedback. At Pass threshold You must demonstrate that you have made satisfactory progress that align to the aim and objectives of your project, and you have a clear idea what you need to do for the remaining period of project duration to achieve the aim and objectives. The project must align with your degree. Above pass threshold To gain above a threshold pass, you will demonstrate that you have made good progress that aligns to the aim and objectives of the project, and you have undertaken critical appraisal of the preliminary findings, which guide you to continue to fully achieve you aim and objectives. Manchester Met | Engineering | 2023-24 Manchester Page 4 Metropolitan University Coursework Assignment 1st sit 2CWK20 6E6Z0012/Individual Project Supporting Learning Resources and Activities Interim Presentation Information (section 4) Deliverables For this assessment you are expected to: 1. Submit a poster Requirements of the poster: The poster should be of A2 size. You are recommended to consider the following points in your poster: • Project title • Why do you want to do this project? The aims and objectives • What will the final product look like (if applicable) • . The overall architecture of your system (If applicable) Components in the system you would like to focus on at this stage of project . Your methodology(ies) • What have you achieved so far, and what do the results show? • What do you need to do to complete the project? . What will be the potential future work beyond this project? • Conclusions Note: you don't have to include all the above points in your poster, and you can choose other points to cover if you wish. The target audiences of the poster are both technical and non-technical people. Therefore, you should make sure most contents on the poster should be understandable by ordinary public such as your friends and families. For example, you can imagine you are pitching the project to potential customers or investors and trying to convince them that this will be a good product, because your preliminary findings indicate promising outcomes. 2. Deliver a presentation Based on your poster, you will deliver a presentation of about 10 minutes to your supervisory team. You may wish to convey some more technical content during this presentation. Your supervisory team will ask you questions based on your poster and presentation and provide some feedback regarding your progress and future directions, which will take about 5 minutes. Manchester Met | Engineering | 2023-24 Page 5 Manchester Metropolitan University/nSee Answer
Q7:1. The following are purposes of surface operation processes except: Industrial cleaning O Surface treatments O Coating and thin film deposition Additive manufacturing OSee Answer
Q8:Mastercam Portion [45pts total] Use Solidworks to create the coordinate system on the midterm part. Place the coordinate system on the face that is colored blue while ensuring the face colored red is normal to the positive Z-axis. Note, the center axis of the part should be the positive X, red face should be positive Z and Y axis should be radial. Export the file as the correct file extension and include the solidworks file. [10pts] Use the following tool parameters to make the part [20pts]. In addition make the following features only in Mastercam, create 3 slots, with the first slot being parallel to the red surface, that are equally spaced apart and is the entire length of the shaft, where the hexagon and 5 inch shaft connect. Slot dimensions are .1875 × 7 × .375 [radius × length x depth] [10pts]. Submit the Solidworks file, exported Solidworks file, and finished Mastercam file to canvas along with the PDF of the midterm. Lastly, in your own words, explain a few ways that we can create slots on the cylindrical area of the part. [5pts]/nFlat End Mill Parameters: Surface Feet per Minute (SFM): 400 Feed per Tooth (FPT): .004 in flute min Contour Parameters: - "Depth Cut" Max Rough Step Allowed: 0.185 in - "Multi Passes" Max Spacing Allowed: .2 ⚫ Pocket Parameters:/n"Roughing" Max Stepover percentage Allowed: 30% - "Depth Cut” Max Rough Step Allowed: 0.185 in Flat End Mill Parameters: Surface Feet per Minute (SFM): 400 ain Feed per Tooth (FPT): .001 - .003 in flute Contour Parameters: - "Depth Cut" Max Rough Step Allowed: 0.125 in "Multi Passes" Max Spacing Allowed: .15 Pocket Parameters: - "Roughing" Max Stepover percentage Allowed: 30% "Depth Cut" Max Rough Step Allowed: 0.125 in Flat End Mill Parameters: Surface Feet per Minute (SFM): 400 min ■ Feed per Tooth (FPT): .001.0035 in flute Contour Parameters: "Depth Cut" Max Rough Step Allowed: 0.125 in - "Multi Passes" Max Spacing Allowed: .15/n⚫ Pocket Parameters: - "Roughing" Max Stepover percentage Allowed: 30% - "Depth Cut" Max Rough Step Allowed: 0.125 in Drill Parameters Surface Feet per Minute (SFM): 300 min ⚫ Feed per Tooth (FPT): .0025 in flute ■ Max peck: 0.12 in Drill Parameters 64 MSE509 9 MIDTERM MSEM DEPARTMENT Surface Feet per Minute (SFM): 220 Feed per Tooth (FPT): .004 Max peck 0.3 in in flute min Spring 2024See Answer
Q9:Q2: What are the benefits of inspecting while the part is in the CNC? [3pts] What are the disben- efits? [2pts] [5pt total]See Answer
Q10:Q1: Calculate the feed per tooth [fpt] and spindle speed [rpm] based off the following. [2pts] ⚫ 8-flute end mill, SFM: 360 ft, and Feed rate: 80.56 min' in minSee Answer
Q11: Question 2 - Tolerance Analysis using dimension chains marks] Consider a dimensional chain given in Figure Q2 with dimensions shown in Table Q2. A3 A4 A5 A2 A1 ΑΔ Figure Q2 Second from the last digit of the student number upxxxxxx [33 Table Q2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 A1 138 136 134 151 152 149 147 143 128 119 A2 2 4 4 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 A3 5-0.12 5-0.12 6-0.12 4.5-0.12 5-0.12 4-0.12 5-0.12 5-0.12 4-0.12 4-0.12 A4 151 151 151 164 166 160 161 156 140 130 A5 5-0.12 5-0.12 6-0.12 4.5-0.12 5-0.12 4-0.12 5-0.12 5-0.12 4-0.12 4-0.12 ΑΔ 1+0.7 Allocate standard tolerances using the full interchangeability (Worst Case Scenario) method. 1. Identify the dimension chain, the type of the links and check the nominals. [11 marks] 2. Calculate the tolerances for all non-standard links. [11 marks] 3. Calculate and check the tolerance limits [11 marks] Question 3 - Selective Assembly marks] [34 A company intending to produce components for a fit with guaranteed clearance and interference as given in Table Q3 (Jmin, Jmax or Smin, Smax respectively). It has been experiencing problems when machining both holes and shafts caused by lack of process capability, see the available Manufacturing Methods in Table Q3. Maintaining fit characteristics transform the tolerances to suit the company's capability implementing Selective Assembly method. Table Q3 Third from the last Manufacturing method Fit requirements, µm Clearance Interference digit of the student Nominal size, mm System Hole Shaft Jmin Jmax Smin Smax number upxxxxxx 0 026 Drilling (IT13) Rough Turning (IT12) 70 ☐ 260 Hole Precision 1 015 Reaming (IT8) 37 53 Shaft Turning (IT7) Rough Rough 2 040 Broaching 90 190 Hole Turning (IT11) (IT10) 34 08 Honing (IT5) Grinding (IT6) 3 9 Shaft 4 030 Boring (IT9) Turning (IT8) 30 73 Hole 5 064 Milling (IT9) Turning (IT8) 72 147 Shaft Diamond Precision 6 012 58 72 Hole Boring (IT6) Turning (IT7) Broaching 7 010 Turning (IT9) 54 77 Shaft (IT8) 8 025 Honing (IT8) Precision Turning (IT7) 35 59 9 020 Drilling (IT11) Rough Turning (IT10) Hole 47 147 Shaft 1. Determine tolerances of the mating parts based on the manufacturing methods [4 marks] 2. Select the best (most economical) standard fit to satisfy the clearance/interference requirements and system [10 marks] 3. Calculate the number of groups required for selective assembly [2 marks] 4. Using an appropriate scaling factor, make an annotated tolerance diagram with all required groups and indicate all upper and lower limit deviations [10 marks] 5. Calculate the new (expanded) hole and shaft tolerances and limits [4marks] 6. Calculate the maximum and minimum clearance or interference for each group [4 marks]See Answer
Q12:Question 2 (20 marks) Additive manufacturing (AM) or known as 3D printing alligns well with the rapid growth of technology as stated in Industrial Revolution 4.0 (IR 4.0). AM also coordinates with Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) # 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure) and #12 (Responsible Consumption and Production). Figure 4 shows the recent breakthrough of additive manufacturing that raised a great debate among the experts in the field. a) As an experienced engineer, elaborate your opinion on this latest breakthrough. Your answer may include the benefits and even doubts from this technology. (10 marks) b) In AM, there are four essential technology elements and system integration for viable AM. Identify all FOUR elements. (4 marks)/nc) Suggest TWO of the four elements you answered in 2b) will be the most challenging to control for AM feasibility in years to come and why. Your answer must also include possible solutions for the element you choose. (6 marks) Figure 4: 3D printed houseSee Answer
Q13:Question 1 (20 marks) Figure 3 shows an injection molding machine. Injection molding is an example of a conventional powder metallurgy technologies that is widely known for its capability in producing near-net shapes at high production rates. Feed hopper Heaters Cylinder for screw-ram Motor and gears for screw rotation Injection unit Barrel Stationary platen Reciprocating screw Mold Movable platen Tie rods (4) Clamping Nozzle cylinder Nonreturn valve Hydraulic cylinder Clamping unit Figure 3: Injection molding machine a) Identify the TWO units in the injection molding, as shown in Figure 2. Explain the function and differences of EACH unit. (4 marks) b) As an engineer, identify THREE parts in EACH units you answered in 2a) that have the tendency to initiate any undesirable issues that may interrupt the production cycle. Your answer must state the possible issues arise from each part. (6 marks) c) Apart from injection molding, suggest ONE advanced manufacturing process that uses the technologies of powder metallurgy. Your answer must describe the processing steps, the common materials, advantages and application of that advanced manufacturing process. (10 marks)See Answer
Q14:Question 4 (15 marks) a) Explain 1 disadvantage of machining process. (3 marks) b) Machining process is the removal of material from a starting workpart so that the remaining part has the desired geometry. Give 2 advantages of machining process compared to additive manufacturing technology. (4 marks) Figure 2: Aluminium bracket c) Figure 2 shows an aluminium bracket. The surface circled in the figure requires a smooth surface finish to ensure correct assembly. Your factory needs to manufacture 1000 units of the bracket. i) Explain which manufacturing process would you use to obtain a smooth surface finish as shown in the surface circled in Figure 2. (4 marks) ii) Explain how would you increase the sustainabilty of the manufacturing process chosen in question c (i). Give ideas Page 3 / 6 Q (4 marks) +See Answer
Q15:Question 3 (15 marks) Metal additive manufacturing (AM) is a recent technology in the last 10-15 years, which has enabled more sustainable product designs and manufacturing process. a) Explain design for additive manufacturing and what are the targets in design for additive manufacturing? (4 marks) b) Additive manufacturing can be considered as a good sustainable manufacturing process. Give 2 sustainability benefits of additive manufacturing. (4 marks) c) How can lightweight structures be acheived through the use of additive manufacturing. (4 marks) d) How does 3D printing farms contribute to a more sustainable supply chain? (3 marks)See Answer
Q16:8. A solid model of a gating system is shown in Figure Qn 8. B Casting Figure Qn 8 (i) State names of the components labelled A to E (5 marks) (ii) Elaborate on the function of component E. (3 marks) 9. In casting experiments performed using a certain alloy and type of sand mold, it took 30 sec for a cube-shaped casting to solidify. The cube was 75 mm on a side. Solidification time of casting can be estimated by Chvorinov's Rule shown in Equation 2: Solidification time = C( Volume Surface Area, Equation 2 (i) Determine the value C of the mold constant in Chvorinov's Rule for the alloy and sand mold. Specify the units of C for full marks. (3 marks) (ii) A cylindrical casting with diameter D = 15 mm and L = 75 mm is to be made from the same alloy and mold type. Calculate the solidification time of the cylindrical casting. (7 marks)See Answer
Q17: Recent Trends in Sustainable Manufacturing (Trend Terkini dalam Pembuatan Lestari) Abdullah Almutairi, Mohammad AlMutairi, Bader AlOqab, Mohammad Alghadhori & Ahmad Alotaibi Mechanical Engineering Programme, Centre for Engineering Materials and Smart Manufacturing (MERCU), Centre for Integrated Design of Advanced Mechanical System (PRISMA), Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia ABSTRACT There has been an increasing concern about the environment, scarcity of resources and more consumer pressure for eco-friendly products pressurise manufacturers towards sustainable practices. The main objective of this study was to determine the recent trends in sustainable manufacturing. This study begins by introducing key concepts including Triple Bottom Line which involves Balancing economic sustainability, developing sustainable environment and social responsibility. Secondly, it introduces the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) which deals with the Life cycle assessment of products. Third, it looks at Circular Economy which involves reducing waste and enhancing resource use through recycling and re-use. The work also looks at the recent technological advances that include Industry 4.0 & Smart Manufacturing which revolves around the application of digital technologies and data analytics to improve resource efficiency and avoid waste. The work also looks at Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing), Sustainable Materials & Nanotechnology and Supply chain transparency & sustainability. The review concludes with the statement that Sustainable manufacturing is transforming from a supplemental approach to the fundamental way of operating. Technology, changing tastes and working in unison towards a shared goal is essential for this future where manufacturing will grow with the planet's health. Introduction Key words: Triple Bottom Line: Life Cycle Assessment, Circular Economy, Industry 4.0 & Smart Manufacturing, Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing), Sustainable Materials & Nanotechnology. The environmental and social pressure is responsible for the paradigm shift of global manufacturing. These changes have given a rise to a design of sustainable manufacturing that lays focus on minimizing environmental effects thereby enhancing efficient use of resources as well as enhancing social prosperity throughout a product lifespan. The economic forces behind this sustained growth and increased efficiency are not the only determining factors environmental and societal pressures have been edging global manufacturing practices to adapt to a more sustainable landscape. In the face of climate changes that are inadvertently accelerated by industrialization, coupled with a resource depletion and social inequality challenges manufacturing must innovate its thought patterns. A shift in paradigm towards eco-design has therefore become a necessity as manufacturing organizations begin to adopt environmental friendly designs that not only reduce resource wastage but also the life times of these products over their entire existence. This is a literature review that seeks to explore the recent developments in sustainable manufacturing, covering the changing trends that are leading in redefining practices of industry operations. Environmental friendly manufacturing refers to the use of green technologies and clean sources of energy as an essential aspect sustainable manufacturing. Manufacturers are presented with sustainable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydropower technologies that allow for great potential to result in subsequent minimizing of GHG emissions. The manufacturing of processes is becoming more efficient with the adoption of new Industry 4.0 technologies that introduce IoT 1 sensors and intelligent energy-managing systems. These technological integrations are not only helpful for environment sustainability but accompany a saving benefit during all the courses of manufacture around economy. One of the key areas that have become very debatable in recent years is a more and more attention to eco-design, as well as sustainable materials. They are rigorously looking for substitutes to traditional materials, preferring biomaterials or maxi-life cycle recycled or upcycled materials with a lower environmental impact. The Eco-design principles are now encompassed into the implementation process or in other words, considerations for responsible use of environmental resources get integrated built from the beginning. This strategy not only matches the demands of environmentally-friendly products by customers but also has to take into consideration regulatory pressure that promotes guileless sourcing and production done. As sustainable manufacturing extends beyond the confines of single production processes, it is instead taking a complete look at the supply chain. Manufacturers are also beginning to appreciate the need to embark upon sustaining principles of production and administration. The digital wave is a key player in sustained production. Tools of Industry 4.0 like data study, AI, and the Internet of Things give companies brand new understanding. Maintenance that predicts issues, monitoring in real-time, and clever transport help use resources well, cut down waste, and boost performance. Applying decisions based on data lets companies spot chances to improve and put eco-friendly steps in place across operations. All around the world, tighter environmental laws are being enforced. This forces factories to meet tough eco-friendly rules. They don't just have to follow the law but also have to keep their image good. So, factories are putting money into clear systems. These show how they're helping the environment. They also show they're honest and responsible to their customers and the law. Working together has become key for environmentally friendly manufacturing. Companies are teaming up more and more with groups outside of the government, governments themselves, and other people in the industry. They're doing this to take on sustainability issues that everyone shares. The purpose of these team efforts is to create rules, share successful methods, and reach common goals for sustainability. These team efforts encourage new ideas. Plus they also make it easier for the industry to adopt sustainable practices on a large scale. Not just the environment, but businesses also see it's important to care about people's welfare. Employing people legally, giving everyone a chance, and paying rightly are becoming parts of smart manufacture. Folks are more aware of how their buying matters to society and firms are reacting by being good across their actions. Minding both green and social needs shows an all-round way of lasting in production. Environmental Imperatives: importance to succeed in sustainable manufacturing also reveals as progressive motivation that drives environmental challenges, providing the priority process of creation. Push to climate change, pollution, and their ecological crypto is forcing manufacturers into such practices that enable them not only to mitigate or reduce on the negative impact but also quicken sustainability. The idea of a circular economy has been popularly discussed as an approach which even in principle deviates from the model of linear production but advocates for economies which are effective and profit value retention, reduce or eliminate wastes and consequently extends longevity while enjoying continued product quality. The moves towards the circular economy are redefining the production mechanism to return and convert materials into products resubmitted for use rather than directly disposing them producing minimal environmental impact. Environmental Impact Personnel Health Operational Safety Sustainable Manufacturing Processes Manufacturing Cost The Energy Consumption Waste Management Figl: The elements of sustainable manufacturing processes Sustainable manufacturing represents a vital reaction to rising global awareness of environmental issues, resource depletion and social consequences for industrial activity (Grzegorz, Królczyk & Małgorzata, 2020). Sustainable manufacturing is an attempt to achieve the harmonization of economic, environmental and social aspects leading up to a balanced sustainable industrial ecosystem. Environmental stewardship, economic viability and social responsibility are diverse but interrelated values that must be linked to sustainable manufacturing. In an ecological point of view, old manufacturing methods have been known to exhaust resources, pollute the environment and 2 result in large amounts of carbon emissions (Gupta & Konstantinos, 2021). Thus, sustainable manufacturing is aimed at addressing these negative effects through cleaner production alternatives, promoting waste reduction and supporting eco-friendly technologies (Grzegorz, Królczyk &Wzorek, 2020). Sustainable manufacturing reduces the environmental footprint and thus helps in protecting ecosystems, biodiversity, and also enhances overall health of our planet. From an economic standpoint, sustainable manufacturing has become one of the strategic approaches to guarantee long term business success (Lin L. & MengChu, 2023). Companies that emulate the sustainability culture often achieve improved efficiencies, cost savings through optimization of resources and better risk management. Additionally, increasing environmental awareness among consumers translates into a competitive advantage in the sustainable manufacturing through promoting demand for eco-friendly products and brand loyalty. Another important aspect of sustainable manufacturing is social responsibility. Apart from environmental concerns, sustainability goes beyond the treatment of workers and includes issues on local communities as well society in general (Jayakrishna et al., 2023). This includes fair labor practices, inclusivity and the promotion of diversity workforce. Companies that practice eco-conscious manufacturing place the interests of their employees above all else resulting in better social development. Economic 5% TBL 21% Environmental 25% Environmental & Social 1% Environmental & Economic 48% Fig 2: The impact to various industries as a result of Recent Trends in Sustainable Manufacturing Growing global awareness of environmental issues and the need for sustainable practices in manufacturing. Environmental issues have created a mind shift of manufacturing industry and therefore the need for comprehensive integration sustainable practices is essential. Surging climate change, resource depletion and ecological destruction have increased consumer awareness of policymakers and business owners (Pardeep & Anamika, 2023). The awareness to that is based on the understanding of old manufacturing approaches, which cannot be characterized as energy efficient and are major threats for Earth's health. The necessity of eco-friendly practices in manufacturing stems from the fact that such industrial activities contribute substantially to environmental degradation. Such consequences as pollution, deforestation and the depletion of nonrenewable natural resources require immediate action. States and multinational agencies are reacting to these challenges by developing tight environmental laws and criteria that require industries to move in the environment-friendly solutions direction while minimizing their ecological imprint (Pardeep & Anamika, 2023). In addition, consumers are becoming more inclined towards environmentally benevolent options that demand honesty and responsibility from manufacturers. This change in consumer behavior has pushed companies to reconsider their production strategies focusing on waste minimization and sustainable supply chain management, energy efficiency as well as ecological sourcing. Companies have become aware of the fact that adopting sustainability does not only respond to ethical values but it also proves a competitive advantage when environmental responsibility is viewed as one of consumer loyalty criteria. On a global level, this awareness has also led to creative collaborations among industry leaders, environmentalists and policy makers engaged in finding innovative solutions. Considering that green manufacturing is necessary to preserve the environment, it also becomes stimulating for economic growth. Principles of sustainability as part of manufacturing are considered a fundamental approach towards strengthening resilience, long-term viability and promoting balance between human development goals and environmental preservation (Sunil, Dixit & Ashish, 2021). The increase in the awareness of sustainability issues on a global scale has created impetus for sustainable practices in manufacturing which is represented through conscious and responsible industrial operations. an 3 Key Concepts and Frameworks of Sustainable Manufacturing Triple Bottom Line Approach This central principle of sustainable manufacturing illustrates how economic, social and environmentally aspects are interrelated. Historically, business success could be measured only by a bottom line result. The TBL builds on this view by claiming that profitable enterprises should be concerned with people (social), the environment (planet), and profits(economic). This all-inclusive approach understands that sustainability is realized through the delicate balance of these three dimensions. Sustainable manufacturing requires a careful balance between the economic viability, social responsibility and environmental stewardship. Economic success guarantees the survival of an enterprise but not at any social costs or on the detriment of nature (Ding & Runeson, 2020). Firms adopting the TBL approach are aware that sustainable profitability is underpinned on ethical and green practices. The integration of social and environmental concerns into decision- making processes can help manufacturers improve its reputation, encourage employee satisfaction, as well as contribute to broader goals for sustainability (Gary, 2018). Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a comprehensive study on the environmental impact of products during their entire life cycle, including raw material extraction, manufacturing process, distribution phase and disposal. The advantage of LCA is that it gives a complete picture about the environmental foot print linked with a product which in turn allows manufacturers to detect opportunities for improvement and make relevant decisions (Walter & Grahl, 2014). LCA allows quantifying the environmental impacts of manufacturing leading to strategies and processes aimed at minimizing resource consumption, energy use, gas emissions and so on favouring more sustainable practices. Goal and Scope Definition Inventory Analysis Impact Assessment Interpretation Fig 3: Life cycle assessment Cases of LCA in Sustainable Manufacturing Studies It has been widely used in numerous sustainable manufacturing studies for assessment and improvement of the environmental performance. For example, LCA has been used to assess the ecological impact of diverse packaging materials that manufacturers can select alternative ones with a low environmental footprint. In the automotive industry, LCA has led to designs of cars that emit little carbon footprints and increased energy performance (Walter & Grahl, 2014). These cases demonstrate the usefulness of LCA in supporting decision-making for organizations that wish their manufacturing practices to conform with sustainability objectives Circular Economy The Circular Economy is an economic model that focuses on the reduction of waste and maximum usage of resources by encouraging ongoing use, recycling, repurposing products (Kyle & Eric, 2021). Under the framework of manufacturing, circular economy aims at shifting from 'take-make dispose' to more sustainable closed loop system. This includes developing long- lasting products, reusing and recycling materials, or nurturing a regenerative system of production Re-mine Recover Recycle Repurpose Refuse Circular economy model Remanufacture Reduce Resell/Reuse Repair Refurbish Fig 4. The circular economy model. Circular Economy Practices in Manufacturing Both the private and public sectors are implementing circular economy practices in their value chains (Kyle & Eric, 2021). For example, many fashion brands recycle materials in clothing lines to prolong textile lifespan. The take-back programs undertaken by electronics manufacturers allow the recovery and reuse of valuable components from discarded products Davide A, Claudia G, Stefano P, Marco. (2022).. These examples show that adopting the principles of circular economy can not only eliminate unnecessary waste, but also provide new opportunities for innovation in manufacturing. In essence, the Triple Bottom Line approach, Life Cycle Assessment and Circular Economy are key guiding frameworks of sustainable manufacturing practices. By understanding the integration of economic, social and environmental aspects as well as using LCA and circular economy principles manufacturers can make a more sustainable industrial model. Recent Technological Advances in Sustainable Manufacturing Industry 4.0 and Smart Manufacturing Industry 4.0 also referred to as the fourth industrial revolution, signals a change in manufacturing that is marked by the integration of digital technologies, automation and data exchange. This vital approach has considerably affected sustainable manufacturing through resource efficiency improvement and waste reduction. The industry 4.0 seeks smart manufacturing systems that are driven by internet of things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI) and analytics based on big data that can improve operational efficiency while minimizing environmental impacts (Machado & Paulo, 2020). Integration of Digital Technologies, IoT, and Data Analytics in optimizing resource use and reducing waste Smart Manufacturing is considered one of the important elements of Industry 4.0 which uses digital technologies for creating adaptable production processes. The IoT devices are incorporated in order to enable manufacturers to receive real time information relating to equipment performance, energy consumption and material flows. In addition, advanced analytic systems help in predictive maintenance, optimized production scheduling as well as waste reduction. Eventually this results in more environmentally sustainable resource efficient manufacturing process Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing) Additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing is transforming traditional manufacturing processes. In contrast to subtractive methods that create significant material waste, 3D printing constructs products layer-by-layer thereby reducing material consumption (Andreas, Julia &, Laura, 2019). Some sustainable advantages of different 3D printing technologies such as Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) or Stereolithography (SLA) include on-demand precise production. Sustainability case studies indicate how 3D printing supports green manufacturing processes. Companies use additive manufacturing to produce complex lightweight structures, which optimize material utilization and minimize waste. For industries like aerospace and healthcare where accuracy and customization are crucial, this technology has significantly helped reduce energy requirements while decreasing the carbon emissions related to conventional modes of production. Sustainable Nanotechnology Exploring Materials: Focus on Sustainable Materials The search for sustainable materials in the world of manufacturing entails finding alternatives which have the least impact on the environment. Biodegradable polymers, recycled metals and bio- composites have risen as they provide environmentally-friendly substitutes. Sustainable Materials and Nanotechnology have a key role in enhancing green manufacturing practices that encourage resource efficiency resulting in reduced environmental impacts of industrial processes (Laxman, Ajayan & Nirmal, 2024). 5See Answer
Q18:20.17 (USCS units) A rough turning operation is performed on a 20 hp lathe that has a 92% efficiency. The cut is made on alloy steel whose hardness is 325 HB. Cutting speed = 375 ft/min, feed 0.030 in/rev, and depth of cut = 0.150 in. Based on these values, can the job be performed on the 20 hp lathe? Use Table 20.2 to obtain the unit horsepower value. =See Answer
Q19:Problem 2 (10 points): The figure shows a pressure vessel for which D = 4 in, t = 3/8 in, L = 12 in, and w = 3/4 in. Both brackets as well as the cylinder are of steel. Six 3/8-in SAE grade 5 coarse-thread bolts are used, tightened to 75 percent of proof load. The bolt and member stiffness values are 0.245 and 2.148 M lbf/in per bolt respectively. Assume the bolts are unthreaded within the grip. (a) (b) What pressure would be required to cause total joint separation? Using the Goodman fatigue criterion, determine fatigue safety factor if the working pressure cycles between 1200 psi and 2000 psi. W UT D ĦSee Answer
Q20:Problem 1 (10 points): The stiffness values for the bolt and members shown in Figure are 13.32 M lbf/in and 8.09 M lbf/in respectively. The bolted tension joint is loaded by a force cycling between 4 and 6 kips. All bolts have been carefully preloaded to Fi = 25 kip each. 1. Determine the yielding factor of safety. 2. Determine the overload factor of safety. 3. Determine the factor of safety based on joint separation. 4. Determine the fatigue factor of safety using the Goodman criterion in-16 UNF x 2-in SAE grade 5 No. 40 CISee Answer

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