Flow Chapter 1: Introduction ü Overview of the growing problem of plastic waste and the need for sustainable waste management strategies. ü Importance of recycling and reusing plastics to mitigate environmental impact. ü Introduction to the concept of composite materials and their significance in waste valorization. Global plastic waste generation and its environmental impact. ü Challenges of managing non-recyclable municipal solid waste (MSW). ü Importance of waste valorization and circular economy principles. ü Potential of using recovered plastics and natural fibers from MSW for composites production. ü Benefits of using recycled materials: economic, environmental, and societal. ü Alignment with sustainable development goals. Research Problem and Motivation ü Statement of the research problem: the challenge of recycling non-recyclable municipal solid waste (MSW) into valuable composite materials. ü Motivation behind the study: addressing environmental concerns and developing sustainable solutions for waste management. Objectives of the Study ü Investigate the feasibility of using non-recyclable plastics and waste fibers in composite production. ü Evaluate the mechanical, thermal, and environmental properties of the resulting composites. ü Optimize composite formulations to enhance performance and sustainability. Scope and Significance ü Define the scope of the study in terms of materials (polyolefins, waste fibers) and processing techniques (compounding, molding). ü Highlight the potential impact of the research on waste management practices, composite materials industry, and environmental sustainability. Overview of Methodology ü Briefly outline the experimental phases and methodologies employed (as described in the experimental design section). Chapter 2: Literature Review ü Introduction to Composite Materials ü Define composite materials and their applications. ü Discuss the importance of composite materials in sustainable development. ü Current methods for plastic waste management (landfilling, incineration, recycling). ü Limitations of existing recycling technologies for mixed plastic waste. ü Challenges and opportunities for MSW plastic recovery. Natural Fibers in Composites: ü Types and properties of natural fibers suitable for composites (waste cellulosic fibers). ü Benefits of using natural fibers in composites (lightweighting, sustainability). ü Challenges of incorporating natural fibers into composites (compatibility, performance). Recycled Plastics in Composites: ü Use of recycled plastics in composites (virgin vs. recycled materials). ü Impact of recycled plastic content on composite properties (mechanical, thermal). ü Strategies for improving compatibility between recycled plastics and natural fibers. Review of Plastic Waste Recycling ü Overview of current plastic waste management practices and challenges. ü Survey of recycling techniques for conventional and non-conventional plastics. Recycled Fibers in Composite Production ü Literature review on the use of waste fibers (particularly cellulosic fibers) in composite materials. ü Review studies focusing on the enhancement of mechanical properties and sustainability of composites using recycled fibers. Compatibilizers and Coupling Agents ü Discussion on the role of compatibilizers (e.g., MAPP, MAPE) in enhancing interfacial adhesion between polymers and fibers. ü Review of studies investigating the effectiveness of various compatibilizers in composite formulations. ü Role of compatibilizers (MAPP and MAPE) in enhancing adhesion between components. ü Mechanisms of action and types of compatibilizers used in composites. ü Selection criteria for compatibilizers based on material properties Processing Techniques/ Processing Techniques for Composites: ü Overview of compounding techniques (e.g., twin screw extrusion) for polymer composites. ü Review of compression molding processes and their influence on composite properties. ü Common processing methods for polymer-based composites (twin-screw extrusion, compression molding) ü Advantages and limitations of different processing techniques. Characterization of Composite Materials ü Literature survey on methods for characterizing mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of polymer composites./n INSTRUCTIONS THESIS WRITING MSC thesis Strong Background for material engineering fiber composites Page Range: Based on standard formatting guidelines (e.g., double-spaced, 12-point font, standard margins), Page Limit 100 Pages The thesis is in composites material (composite material consist of a matrix (plastics) and a reinforcement material(fiber). Literature Cited Warning about PLAGIARISM All ideas and concepts that do not represent your original thoughts must be referenced. Direct use of someone else's words must be set off with quotation marks and properly referenced. Use of another person's ideas, even if paraphrased, or word-for-word copying of all or part of the work of another without due acknowledgment constitutes plagiarism and is strictly prohibited. References The format for references must include: complete authorship (last name and initial of first name), journal abbreviation, full title of the article, beginning and ending page numbers, as well as the volume of the journal and the year when the article was published. References to books must include the author and/or editor, the name of the book, date of publication, publisher, city of publication, and inclusive page numbers. References to unpublished technical reports should explain as fully as possible where the document can be found. In all cases, use appropriate abbreviations for journal names consisting of multiple words. Never abbreviate single title journals such as Science or Nature. It is essential that all text references appear in the section titled "LITERATURE CITED” and that all references listed are cited in the text. The numerical referencing system is recommended for your thesis/dissertation. Cite the first reference [1] or multiple references [1-4] at the end of sentence within parentheses. Abstracts do not contain references. Subsequent references are listed as [2], [3], [4], etc. in numerical order throughout the remainder of the text. Compile your references in numerical order at the end of your thesis/dissertation under the heading “LITERATURE CITED.” Each reference should be single- spaced with a double-space between references. Only materials actually cited in the text are to be listed under the, “Literature Cited." Additional sources used but not cited should be added under the heading "Additional References Used But Not Cited." Examples of acceptable format for journal and book citations listed below. JOURNAL: 1. Devenyi, P., Robinson, G.M. and Roncari, D.A.K. 1980. Alcohol and high-density lipoproteins. J. Can. Med. Assoc. 123:981-984. BOOK 2. Packard, C.J. and Shepard, J. 1983. Low density lipoprotein levels. In: Gotto, A.M. and Paoletti, R., eds., Atherosclerosis reviews. Raven Press, New York, Vol. 11, pp.29-63 3. Jones, Janice. 1987. Thermodynamics. Raven Press, New York, pp.35-48

Questión 4:For a bronze alloy, the stress at which plastic deformation begins is 275 MPa and the modulus of elasticity is 115 GPa. (6 marks – 3 marks each part) (a) What is the maximum load that may be applied to a specimen with a cross-sectional area of 325 mm without plastic deformation? (b) If the original specimen length is 115 mm, what is the maximum length to which it may be stretched without causing plastic deformation?

*16-68. Knowing that angular velocity of link AB is WAB = 4 rad/s, determine the velocity of the collar at C and the angular velocity of link CB at the instant shown. Link CB is horizontal at this instant.

16-107. At a given instant the roller A on the bar has the velocity and acceleration shown. Determine the velocity and acceleration of the roller B, and the bar's angular velocity and angular acceleration at this instant.

FORMULAS Emax = VƒEƒ + (1 - Vj) Em 1 = gel [r+rs(f-2)]¹/2/nQ6 A cylindrical pressure vessel with closed ends has a radius R = 1 m and thickness t = 40 mm and is subjected to internal pressure p. The vessel must be designed safely against failure by yielding (according to the von Mises yield criterion) and fracture. Three steels with the following values of yield stress oy and fracture toughness Kic are available for constructing the vessel. Steel Kic(MPa √/m A: 4340 100 B: 4335 70 C: 350 Maraging 55 Fracture of the vessel is caused by a long axial surface crack of depth a. The vessel should be designed with a factor of safety S = 2 against yielding and fracture. (a) By considering equilibrium along the longitudinal (axial) and circumferential (hoop) di- rections determine expressions for the hoop stress and axial stress in terms of the internal pressure, p, the radius, R and the thickness, t. dy (MPa) 860 1300 1550 (4 marks) (b) For the three steels, find the maximum pressure the vessel can withstand without failure by yielding. Note, your calculation should include the factor of safety, S. (4 marks) (c) The fracture toughness for a long axial surface crack of depth a is given by Kic 1.12000 √na. Hence determine an expression for the maximum pressure as a function of crack length a and fracture toughness. Note, your calculation should again include the factor of safety, S. (3 marks) (d) Plot the maximum permissable pressure pe versus crack depth a, for the three steels. (3 marks) (e) Calculate the maximum permissable crack depth a for an operating pressure p = 12 MPa. (3 marks) (f) Calculate the failure pressure p, for a maximum detectable crack depth a = 1 mm. (3 marks)

16-57. At the instant shown the boomerang has an angular velocity o = 4 rad/s, and its mass center G has a velocity vG = 6 in./s. Determine the velocity of point B at this instant.

A [0/+60/-60]s laminate with the ply properties listed in the table below is to be subjected to a temperature change from its initial temperature of 75°F. This temperature change can be expressed as a linear temperature change through the thickness of the laminate, with the temperature at the top of the six-ply laminate set at 225°F and the temperature at the bottom of the six-ply laminate set to -75°F. Therefore, for the temperature distribution defined by the equation AT(2) = AT+T'z, with ATh2=225°F - 75°F = 150°F and AT-2=-75°F-75°F=-150°F, AT. =(AT1/2+AT-1/2)/2= [150+(-150)]/2=0°F and T'=(AT12-AT-1/2)/h=(150-(-150))/6(0.0052) = 9,615.4°F/inch we obtain the distribution expression a) Determine the stresses in the lamina coordinate system at both the top and bottom in each of the 0°, +60° and -60° plies. b) Given the lamina strengths in the table below, determine if the laminate subjected to this temperature change distribution could be expected to survive with no excessive lamina stresses and therefore with no damage to the laminate. c) Assuming the same initial stress-free temperature of 75°F and by subjecting this same [0/+60/-60]s laminate separately to (i) a uniform temperature of 225°F and (ii) a uniform temperature of -75°F, answer the question "Is the through thickness temperature gradient more stressing on the laminate than either the uniform through thickness temperature of 225°F or the uniform through thickness temperature of -75°F?" Property E₁ E₂ G12 V12 α₁ (-200°F to 200°F) α₂ (-200°F to 200°F) 01 0 AT(2) AT+T'z = 9,615.4°F/inch*z TL cu OL σχετι Ply thickness Lamina Value 25 x 10º psi 1.7 x 106 psi 1.3 x 10º psi 0.3 -0.3 x 10 in/in/°F 19.5 x 10 in/in/°F 110 x 10³ psi 4.0 x 10³ psi 9.0 x 10³ psi 110 x 10³ psi 20 x 10³ psi 0.0052 inch

Today most turbo charged car engines have their rotors made of silicon nitride (Si3N4)rather than the traditional nickel alloy (Figure 1). i)Justify this material switch from metals to ceramics by comparing FOUR relevant material properties of silicon nitride with that of the previously used nickel alloy. ii)Draw a flow chart to outline the main process steps of the Si3N4 ceramic turbocharger rotor manufacture and assembly, and discuss two micro structural features that must be controlled to within strict limits during manufacture.

FORMULAS Emax = V₁E+ (1-V₁) Em Ogel 1 [r+rs(f-2)]¹/2/nQ5 The fuel rods of a nuclear reactor consist of solid uranium cylinders of diameter 70 mm. During operation, a typical rod experiences a temperature distribution approximated by the equation T(r) = 600 -0.1² °C, where r is the radius in mm. The properties of uranium are E = 172 GPa, v = 0.28, and a = 11 x 10-6 per °C. (a) Find the maximum tensile, compressive and shear stresses in the fuel rod if the outer surface is traction-free and plane strain conditions can be assumed. (14 marks) (b) If the fuel rod is now permitted to expand axially, determine the maximum tensile, com- pressive and shear stresses. (6 marks) [You may assume that the radial and hoop stresses in an axi-symmetric disk in a state of plane strain are Orr 000 = (3-2v)p²r² 8(1-v) (1+2v)p²,² 8(1-v) with the corresponding radial displacement + Ea (1-0)² /rTdr +/ Ea (1-v)r² afr rTdr _ ( 1-20)/(1+1) ²²³³ + 0(1+1) [T rTdr + 8E(1-v) (1-v)r where the symbols have their usual meanings] A+ EaT (1-v) B + A A(12v)(1+ v)r E B (1 + v) B Er

Q1 Section A Complete both questions in this section in the BLUE answer booklet You are using an AISI 4340 (Fe-0.4wt% C+ alloying additions) steel to produce forged/machined ground anchors for a large mobile phone mast. (a) The steel is supplied in the normalised condition. What fraction of the steel do you expect to be austenite, martensite and pearlite? Justify each answer. (5 marks) (b) Upon examination you find the steel is mostly bainite and martensite with a small amount of proeutectoid ferrite. Determine the range of possible cooling rates this material might have experienced? Would the presence of these microconstituents cause you any concern considering the steel will be hot-forged? (5 marks) (c) The steel needs to be processed in the following manner: (i) Hot forge to the basic shape. (ii) Substantial machining to create threads. (iii) Heat treatment and cooling to create a 100% martensite microstructure. (iv) Tempering to modify the toughness. Sketch a time-temperature history that you would use for this process. Focus on specify- ing the temperatures and the required cooling rates for each stage. Clearly indicate where you have had to use your judgement to estimate a value. (5 marks) (d) You decide that the forging should be a dual-phase steel consisting of 50% ferrite and 50% martensite in order to improve the damage resistance of the anchor. What single change could be made to the above process to produce this desired microstructure? Fully explain your reasoning. (5 marks)/n8-iron (BCC) Temperature, T (°C) Ferrite a (BCC) 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Melting point /of pure Fe 1534°C L+8 Peritectic point 0 Fe Austenite Y (FCC) 910°C 0.8 α+Y 0.035 1 L+Y Liquid, L 2.1 Eutectoid point 2 Eutectic point 3 Ferrite, & + Fe,C Austenite. Y + Fe₂C 723°C 4.3 wt% C 4 1147°C Compound, Cementite Fe₂C 5 6 7/nTemperature (C) 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 10⁰ M₂ M₁ B. Rate (C/s) 20 8 10¹ 10² 10³ time (s) Figure Q1 4 AISI 4340 0.33 0.08 0.023 0.006 104 105/nFORMULAS Emax = VjEj + (1 - V₁) Em 1 [r+rs(f − 2)]¹/2 - agel

Suppose you want to connect a remote speaker to your stereo. It needs to be 100 inches away.You are using copper wire. What should be the diameter of the wire if the resistance of each wire must be less than 0.10 Q? (3 marks)