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Q1:4. The figure indicates a two-dimensional diffuser that produces no net turning of the flow. For the geometry shown, calculate the overall stagnation pres- sure ratio for a flight Mach number of 3.0. Neglect all losses except those occurring in the shocks. Would this diffuser be easy to start?See Answer
Q2: Problem 3.21. Microscopic particles that are suspended in gas are driven from high temperature to low temperature regions. This process is called thermophoresis. In the absence of other particle diffusive transport mechanisms, the slip velocity (velocity between gas and particle) caused by thermophoresis can be found from [Talbot et al., 1980; Friedlander, 2000]: UTP = mol k (17+ C,(2) k₁ P -2C,V = V k (1+6C Kn) 1+2 +4C, Kn where d is the particle diameter, kp is the thermal conductivity of the particle, all properties without a subscript represent the gas, and C, 1.17; C = 2.18; C = 1.14. Kn₁ = 2/d πΜ 2R T u VT T +C, (2Kn) C- 1/2 P (Knudsen number) (1.5.10) (Gas molecular mean free path) C=1+2Kn [1.257 +0.4cxp(-0.55/ Kn)] (Cunningham correction factor) Consider a flat and horizontal surface that is at a temperature of 398 K, and is cooled by a parallel air flow. The air has a pressure of 0.1 bar and a temperature of 253 K, and flows with a far-field velocity of 20 m/s with respect to the surface. At a distance of 0.5 m downstream from the leading edge of the surface, calculate the thermophoretic velocity in the vertical (y) direction of a metallic spherical particle that is 0.5 µm in diameter and has the thermophysical properties of cupper, when it is 1 mm away from the surface. How does this velocity compare with the fluid velocity in the y direction?See Answer
Q3: PROBLEM 2 Problem 3.19. Consider the roof of a car that is moving in still, atmospheric air with a speed of 100 km/h. The air temperature is 300 K. a) Assuming that the car's roof is adiabatic, calculate the temperature of the roof's surface temperature at 0.25 m behind the leading edge of the roof. b) Assume that a bug, which can be idealized as a sphere with 0.29 mm diameter, is trapped in the boundary layer at the location described in part a so that its center is 1.13 mm away from the wall. Estimate the drag force experienced by the bug. Also estimate the velocity difference across the bug's body. You can find the drag coefficient for the bug from C₁ = [√25/Re, +0.5407], where d is the diameter of the bug. c) How would you find the air temperature where the bug is located? (Note that you do not need to do calculations. You only need to explain.)See Answer
Q4:Q1 (a) Define, in words, the zeroth law of thermodynamics. (b) Explain, in words, the concept of entropy and its connection to the second law of thermodynamics. (c) Identify and describe briefly four forms of heat transfer [2/10 marks] (e) Define, in words, the third law of thermodynamics. [2/10 marks] [2/10 marks] (d) Give two reasons why the maximum feasible officiency of a cyclic heat power plant cannot be achieved in practice. [2/10 marks] [2/10 marks]See Answer
Q5:Q2 Two 400W fans are switched on in a perfectly-insulated, closed room at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 18°C. If the fans operate continuously and the room is 5m x 6m with 3.5m high ceiling. Assuming that the specific gas constant and specific heat capacity of air at a constant volume are 287 J/kg.K and 717 J/kg.K respectively: (a) Calculate the temperature of the air in the room after 2 hours, stating all of the assumptions made. [15/20 marks] (b) What would be the temperature of the room if there was a heat loss through the walls of 750 W throughout the two hours? [5/20 marks]See Answer
Q6:Q3 For a university building, steam at 150°C for heating is supplied from a remote boiler house through a 35m length of insulated pipe over the road at first floor level. The pipe has an inside diameter of 0.15m with a wall thickness of 10mm and conductivity of 48 W/(m.K). The insulation is 50 mm thick with a conductivity of 0.87 W/(m.K). (a) State Fourier's law of conduction for an infinitely long cylinder and define the terminology used. [5/20 marks] (b) Calculate the heat loss when the atmospheric temperature is -5°C and the heat transfer coefficients between the steam and pipe and from the insulation to the atmosphere are 2.84 and 34.1 kW/(m2.K) respectively [15/20 marks]See Answer
Q7:4.1 A waste stabilization pond is used to treat a dilute municipal wastewater before the liquid is dis- charged into a river. The inflow to the pond has a flow rate of Q = 4,000 m³/day and a BOD concentration of Cin=25 mg/L. The volume of the pond is 20,000 m³. The purpose of the pond is to allow time for the decay of BOD to occur before discharge into the environ- ment. BOD decays in the pond with a first-order rate constant equal to 0.25/day. What is the BOD concen- tration at the outflow of the pond, in units of mg/L?See Answer
Q8:pona, units of mg/L? 4.2 A mixture of two gas flows is used to calibrate an air pollution measurement instrument. The calibra- tion system is shown in Figure 4.23. If the calibration gas concentration Ceal is 4.90 ppm,, the calibration gas flow rate Qcal is 0.010 L/min, and the total gas flow rate Qtotal is 1.000 L/min, what is the concentration of calibration gas after mixing (Ca)? Assume the con- centration upstream of the mixing point is zero.See Answer
Q9:4.12 Calculate the hydraulic residence times (the retention time) for Lake Superior and for Lake Erie using data in Table 4.3.See Answer
Q10:4.13 The total flow at a wastewater treatment plant is 600 m³/day. Two biological aeration basins are used to remove BOD from the wastewater and are operated in parallel. They each have a volume of 25,000 L. In hours, what is the aeration period of each tank?See Answer
Q11:) Prob 1.) Consider a quasi-1-D steady adiabatic flow of 100 kg/s of neon gas (a monatomic gas that is calorically perfect) confined in a converging-diverging nozzle. A normal shock occurs at the nozzle exit plane at (2)→ (3) as shown. Friction is insignificant.See Answer
Q12:Problem 2.) SELECT THE BEST RESPONSE Given: These equations are valid for 1-D SSSF with no external heat transfer and no external work for a calorically perfect gas with constant R, Cv, Cp & y. CIRCLE the best response (A, B, C or D) concerning the validity of each equation for other types of matter.See Answer
Q13:Problem 3) For quasi-1D steady adiabatic flow in a converging-diverging channel with negligible friction, show that the maximum achievable mass flux (m/A) occurs at "critical" or sonic flow with Mach number equal to one, valid for all simple compressible substances. Note: For steady quasi-ID flow the maximum mass flux must occur at the minimum flow area (So dA-0). Clearly show symbolic equations. Starting from fundamental principles, explain the logical and algebraic steps to show the requirement for Mach number equal to one at this critical condition. You may refer to the text but do not use derived expressions from the text to skip over fundamentalSee Answer
Q14: Page 4) Given: Steady-state-steady-flow of a compressible gas. A thin normal shock occurs and is shown for a control volume fixed on the wave. Relative flow at (1) approaches the shock from upstream and uniform relative flow at (2) movies away downstream of the shock. For this flow situation only the pressures and densities are known. The gas is not thermally perfect. Starting from 1st principles develop the following general relationship for the shock speed of a wave moving into a static fluid. This is the shock speed (left-right) viewed from the ground.See Answer
Q15:3. The figure indicates a hypothetical one-dimensional supersonic inlet installed in a wind tunnel and equipped with a throttle valve by which the downstream static pressure p: might be varied. Suppose that the inlet is designed for a Mach number M-3.0 and that with this flight Mach number the shock has been swallowed and an internal shock exists, as at. Neglecting all losses except those occurring in the shock, calculate and plot the shock Mach num- ber M, and the stagnation pressure ratio Puz/pa. as a function of the static pressure ratio p/p. (for y=1.4). Let p/p. range from unity to well beyond that value which disgorges the shock. See Answer
Q16:5. Sketched are three supersonic inlets: an isentropic inlet, the Kantrowitz- Donaldson inlet of Fig. 6.10, and a simple normal shock inlet. For flight Mach numbers M from 1 to 4, calculate the plot poz/Po as a function of M. with each inlet operating with best back pressure.See Answer
Q17:6. It was shown that, during starting, an isentropic diffuser would experience a detached shock and consequent losses. In order to swallow the shock, a fixed- geometry diffuser must be overspeeded. However, as shown in Fig. 6.9, as the design Mach number increases, the required overspeeding increases very rapidly, so that even if the aircraft could be infinitely overspeeded, the design Mach number would be limited to a finite value. Assuming one-dimensional flow and constant y (1.4), determine the absolute maximum design Mach number for which an otherwise isentropic diffuser of fixed geometry may be expected to start, any amount of overspeed being possible.See Answer
Q18: 3. (30 Pts) One kilogram of water is contained in a piston-cylinder device at atmospheric pressure and a room temperature of 30°C. The piston rests on lower stops such that the volume occupied by the space underneath the stops that contains the water is 0.835 m³. Heat is added while keeping the pressure in the lower chamber constant at atmospheric pressure till the water occupies the entire volume of the lower chamber. The cylinder is fitted with an upper set of stops. When the piston rests against the upper stops,the volume enclosed by the piston-cylinder device is 0.841 m³. A pressure of 200 kPa is required to support the piston. Heat is continued to be added to the water till the final pressure inside the chamber reaches300 kPa. A) Draw all the processes on the P-v diagram B) How much work does the water do? How much effective piston work do we get? C) What is the final thermodynamic state of water in the chamber? D) Find the required heat transfer to the water.See Answer
Q19: 5. (15 pts) During actual expansion and compression processes of gases, pressure and volume are often related by PV" = C (where n and C are constants. Such processes are called Polytropic Processes.) In a certain system under study, air goes through such a polytropic process where the temperatures and pressures change from 325 K and 125 kPa to 500 K and 300 kPa respectively. Find the polytropic exponent n and the mass specific work in the process.See Answer
Q20: 4. (15 pts) Initially, 1.361 kg of steam is contained in a piston-cylinder device at 260°C with a quality of0.7. Heat is added at constant pressure to allow for expansion while all of the liquid is vaporized. The steam then expands adiabatically at constant temperature to a pressure of 2758 kPa, behaving essentially as an ideal gas. Determine the work done BY the steam ON the piston. Determine the work done BY the piston ON the atmosphere. What is the useful amount of mechanical work produced in this process?See Answer

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