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  • Q1: Problem 1: A 100 ft long pipe transporting steam through the PSU campus is made of AISI 316 stainless steel. The pipe is an 8"Schedule 40 pipe (note that 8" is the nominal dimension but you need to look up the actual dimensions of an 8" Schedule 40pipe!). The pipe transports steam through an open space of air at T,=20°C and a heat transfer coefficient of 10 W/m²K. The steady-state inside wall temperature of the steam pipe is at 140°C. Note that you can look up thermal conductivity and other thermophysical properties in Appendix A of the course textbook,or through other reputable sources. (a) Determine the rate of heat loss from the steam pipe if it DOES NOT have insulation. Ans: 25 kW (b) If we want to reduce the heat loss to 10% of its value from part (a), what thickness of calcium silicate pipe insulation should be added to the outside of the pipe? You can assume that the inside surface temperature of the steam pipe remains at 140°C, as well as the outside air conditions. You may need to use an iterative solver (such as Exceľ's Goal Seek, in Data->What If Analysis->Goal Seek; or perhaps Matlab,or even a guess-and-check method).See Answer
  • Q2: A plane wall (1m x 1m) has 100 infinitely long fins (k = 200 W/m-K) of rectangular profile. The fins are 0.5 mm thick and equally spaced at a distance of 1 cm (100 fins/m). The fins are exposed to cold air (h= 30 W/m²K) and the temperature difference between the wall and the cold air is 100°C. 1. Determine the heat transfer rate of 100 fins. 2. Determine the total heat transfer rate of the entire system including 100 fins and base walls between the fins.See Answer
  • Q3: Consider a solid cylinder spinning inside a cylindrical cavity The gap between the cylinder and the wall of the cavity is constant in thickness and it is filed with ol with the to lowing constant properties density p800 kgm', kinematic viscosity ve10m'/s, and thermal conductivity k0.13 Wi(mk). The diameter of the cylinder is D-75mm and the thickness of he gap between the cylinder and the cavity wall is L0.25 mm The cylinder spins at 3600 revolutions per minute and the ol flow is assumed to be laminar, steady and two dimensional The system in shown schematically in Figure Q9. See Answer
  • Q4: Consider the fow of a fluid through a long circular tube. a) In the case of spatially-uniform and constant heat fux from the tube wall to the fluid, on the same graph sketch the evolution of the inner-surface temperature of the tube and of the mean temperature of the fluid as functions of the stream wise coordinate in fully developed conditions.Explain how the slopes of the two temperature curves are related to the wall heat flux per unit area.[3 marks) b) In the case of spatially-uniform and constant inner-surface temperature of the tube, on the same graph sketch the evolution of the inner-surface temperature of the tube and of the mean temperature of the fluid as functions of the stream wise coordinate. Explain the concept of log-mean temperature difference and how this difference is related to the heat transfer cate from the inner surface to the fluid. c) In the case of constant surface temperature, what is the mean temperature of the fluid at a very large downstream distance? Explain Your answer.12 marks)See Answer
  • Q5: a) Discuss the differences between direct and iterative solution methodsin numenical heat-transfer computations. b) Discretise equation (12) in the formula sheet using the finite-difference method to find equation (44) in the formula sheet for constant thermal conductivity k.See Answer
  • Q6: a) For natural laminar convection along a vertical plate, sketch the temperature and the velocity profiles for the case where the temperature of the wall is larger than the temperature of the surrounding b) In boundary-layer theory of natural convection along a vertical plate.discuss the key assumption on the pressure that allows simplifying the differential equations describing the velocity and the temperature profiles near the vertical plateSee Answer
  • Q7: 3. For internal heat transfer under laminar fully developed conditions and consistent hydraulicdiameter, which of the following shapes will yield the highest Nusselt number (2 Points) A)Triangular Duct B)Cylindrical Duct C)Square DuctSee Answer
  • Q8: Use the Insulation Materials handout available on Canvas to answer the following wall section questions, as best as you can. If a material is ambiguous or missing from the table, find a source for an appropriate R-value to complete the calculation (make sure you quote your source!). Be sure to include a legible sketch/drawing of the wall section with each problem! 3. Calculate the R-value for a simple residential framed home (cavity portion only), using vinyl siding, Tyvek Homewrap, 2" OSB sheathing, 2x6 walls filled with fiberglass batts, and 2"drywall. 4. Calculate the R-value for a residential framed home (cavity portion only), using cedar bevel siding, a vented rain screen (strapping with air gap), 2" of XPS foam continuous insulation,7/16" Zip^TM sheathing, 2x4 walls with mineral wool (Roxul™M) cavity insulation, and 1/2" GWB drywall. 5. Now calculate the R-value through the framing of the above wall, then determine the effective R-value, using a solid wood coverage ratio of 22%. Calculate the percent loss in R-value from the cavity portion to the overall effective value (see Video #2 on Canvas for an example).See Answer
  • Q9: 4) Air modeled as an ideal gas enters a well-insulated diffuser operating at steady state at 270 K with a velocity of 180 m/s and exits with a velocity of 48.4 m/s. For negligible potential energy effects, determine the exit temperature, in K.See Answer
  • Q10: You are home for Thanksgiving and are roasting a 20-lb m turkey in a forced convection oven for your family. You are interested in deriving a TIME DEPENDENT TEMPERATURE PROFILE OF TURKEY ASSUME THE FOLLOWING . The turkey can be modeled as a sphere There is no viscous dissipation Air is an ideal gas The airflow is laminar, constant, and fully developed Physical properties are constant The hot air in the oven chamber is held steady at 325 Neglect effects from radiation The airflow is only in the radial direction such that the dominant energy terms are radial convectionand radial conduction.See Answer
  • Q11: 1) A well-insulated turbine operating at steady state develops 28.75 MW of power for a steam flow rate of 50 kg/s. The steam enters at 25 bar with a velocity of 61 m/s and exits as saturated vapor at 0.06 bar with a velocity of 130 m/s. Neglecting potential energy effects,determine the inlet temperature, in °C.See Answer
  • Q12: 3-(40 points) Water is discharged from a water reservoir through a circular hole of diameter D=0.05 m at the side wall at a vertical distance H from the free surface. If the exit velocity is 3 m/s andfind the heighT of the tank, H. [The pipe has major loss only]. See Answer
  • Q13: 3) Air enters a turbine operating at steady state at 440 K, 20 bar, with a mass flow rate of 6 kg/s, and exits at 290 K, 5 bar. The velocities at the inlet and exit are 18 m/s and 30 m/s,respectively. The air is modeled as an ideal gas, and potential energy effects can be neglected. If the power developed is 815 kW, determine the rate of heat transfer, in kW, for a control volume enclosing the turbine.See Answer
  • Q14: 2) Water vapor enters a turbine operating at steady state at 500°C, 40 bar, with a velocity of 200 m/s, and expands adiabatically to the exit, where it is saturated vapor at 0.8 bar, with a velocity of 150 m/s and a volumetric flow rate of 9.48 m³/s. Find the power developed by the turbine, in kW.See Answer
  • Q15: Large, cylindrical bales of hay used to feed livestock in the winter months are D = 2 m in diameter and are stored end-to end in long rows. Microblal energy generation occurs in the hay and can be excessive if the farmer bales the hay in a too-wet condition. Assuming the thermal conductivity of baled hay to be k= 0.04 W/m K,determine the maximum steady-state hay temperature for wet hay in "C (4 = 100 W/m3). Ambient conditions are To - 0°C and h 25 W/m2 K. (Note: Farmers are concerned with baling hay if too wet as the bales will catch on fire due to the heat generation.)See Answer
  • Q16: The cross-section of a long cylindrical fuel element in a nuclear reactor is shown. Energy generation occurs uniformly in the thorium fuel rod which is of diameter D = 25 mm and is wrapped in a thin aluminum cladding. It is proposed that, under steady-state, conditions the system operates with a generation rate of 4-7x 108 W/m3 and cooling system characteristics of Too = 95°C and h= 7000 w/m2 K. Is this proposal satisfactory? (Hint: Think about material melting) * True * FalseSee Answer
  • Q17: 3. Given a composite material made of (A) pure aluminum, Al (B) beryllium, Be and (C) pure copper, Cu, and knowing four temperatures surrounding a central node at the intersection of these three materials (e.g., T1, T2, T3 and T4 surrounding Tm,n). A. For steady state 2-dimensional heat transfer with constant k values for each material (kAi, kBe and kcu) and that the grid surrounding these nodes is not square with Ax # Ay, write an equation to find Tm.n as a function of the four known temperatures, three known thermal conductivities, and grid spacings, Ax and Ay. Start by writing heat transfer rate equations from each direction, then use Eq = 0.You may stop there instead of solving for Tm,n- B. Given T1 = 580 K, T2 = 568 K, T3 = 620 K, and T4 = 590 K, and using Appendix Table A.1, find Tm,n. See Answer
  • Q18: 4. A 3.0-inch diameter titanium sphere at 0 °F is placed into a hot oil bath at 250 °F. (A) Can lumped capacitance be used to evaluate T(t)? (B) Regardless of your answer to (A), assume that lumped capacitance is valid and determine the temperature of the sphere 5 and 15 minutes after it is placed in the bath. (C) What is the maximum diameter titanium sphere where lumped capacitance can be used (i.e., Bi < 0.1)?See Answer
  • Q19: 7. Temperature vs. time data were taken for a small aluminum sphere (diameter of 0.80 cm; heat capacity of 902 J/kg-K,density of 2830 kg/m³). It was initially at T; = 185 °C when it was placed in a wind tunnel at T, = 27 °C. Given the Temperature (T) and time (t) data below, use a spreadsheet and plot a graph of appropriate variables so that you can insert a trendline and fit the data to a linear curve. Use the equation from the curve fit to determine the convective heat transfer coefficient for the air in the wind tunnel, h. See Answer
  • Q20: Water flows through the pipe contraction shown in Fig. P 3.52. For the given 0.33-m difference in the manometer level, determine the flowrate Q. Q=______m^3/s the tolerance is +/-3%See Answer

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