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Q1: The eruption of Mt. Tambora, Indonesia, in 1815 A. produced such dreary weather that it inspired the writing of Frankenstein. B. is the only documented example of possible eruption-triggered coolness. C. produced "the year without a winter." D. resulted in extremely high temperatures in the northern hemisphere during 1816.See Answer
Q2: Calculate the noon sun angle for Moose Jaw, SK (50.40°N) on the following dates -) June 21: O December 22: O September 22:See Answer
Q3: 7. Aside from sun angle identify two factors (conditions) that might reduce the intensity of incoming solar radiation at any given location and explain how they do this (4 marks).See Answer
Q4: 2. (50 pts) A Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) wall is to be constructed as shown in the figure below. Answer the following questions regarding this wall. a) (5 pts) What is the Rankine active earth pressure coefficient that should be used? b) (15 pts) What is the magnitude, direction, and height of the lateral pressure resultant(Fa)? What are the magnitudes of the horizontal and vertical components of the lateral pressure resultant? c) (10 pts) What is the total overturning moment if the reference point is placed at thetoe of the wall? d) (10 pts) What is the total resisting moment if the reference point is placed at the toeof the wall? (5 pts) Does the wall meet the minimum factor of safety for overturning (2.0)? f) (5 pts) Does the wall meet the minimum factor of safety for sliding (1.5)?See Answer
Q5: Go back to your CPT HW analysis plots. Look particularly at the plots of u2 and un, FR, and o'. Notice how these parameters behave at z = approximately 20m, z = approximately 21.5m, and z = approximately 23.5m. The u2 spikes above un, the FR spikes up, and the o' spikes down. These are very thin layers of fine soil that found themselves layered in a large coarse grained soil deposit over the history of the site. Such thin layers or "seams" were probably deposited during draughts. Classify the soil that composes each of these seams using the classification chart (no need for a graph-chart combo;simply select a representative FR and a representative qi for each seam (do this by eye, looking at the plots; do not pick exact values from the data).a. See Answer
Q6: Using Bishop's simplified method of slices determine the factor of safety in terms of effective stress for the trial circle in the slope as shown in Figure 4 (Q5). The properties of the sandy soil are as follows: ys = 20 kN/m³ and o = 30°. Divide the slope cut into at least four slices. Show your values for the heights of the slices andfor a, the inclination of the base to the horizontal both graphically and in a table with the additional information that you need to make the calculation for the factor o fsafety. Full calculation is required for two slices ONLY. F_{s}=\frac{1}{\sum \sin \alpha w} \sum\left[\frac{\left[(w-u b) \tan \varphi_{c n i}^{\prime}\right]}{\left(\cos \alpha+\left(\tan \varphi_{c r i i}^{r} \sin \alpha / F s\right)\right.}\right] (b) If the slope of interest is associated with cohesive soil explain the effect of tension crack likely to have on the slope slip.See Answer
Q7: Consider the seepage beneath a retaining wall shown in Figure 1 below. The foundation rock around the wall is homogeneous and isotropic with a hydraulic conductivity of 1 x10 m/s. It extends to an impermeable rock, DEF. The surface of the foundation rock is shown with dashed lines (AD and CF). On the right of CF is crushed gravel which,because of its high permeability, can be treated like a layer of water;, there is no need to consider seepage through it. Above surface AD is a 0.5m deep layer of surface water. The water level in the gravel is at the surface of the gravel layer. For simplicity, take gravitational acceleration to be 10m/s and water density to be 1000kg/m'. a) A larger version of Fig. 1 is provided on supplementary sheet #1 at the end of this examquestion. Construct a quantitatively accurate flow net, with nmsure to attach the sheet to your exam script prior to submission. Indicate numerical valuesfor each equipotential line and the direction of flow.3.5 flow tubes, on it. Be b) Calculate the exit velocity along the exit face (CF). c) Do you anticipate piping? Justify your answer in one or two sentences.[2 d) Calculate the force along AB đue to seepage through the soil. See Answer
Q8: The section of a cutting, 14m deep, slope 1% horizontal to 1 vertical is as shown in Figure Q5.For a depth of 5m below the surface, the soil has the following properties: unit weight = 17kNm, øtrit = 32°. Below this, the soil properties are unit weight = 18 kNm3 øcrit = 34°. For the given trial slip surface, find the factor of safety of the slope under conditions of steady seepage using Fellenius method. See Answer
Q9: E. Is the issue you chose closely related to any other earth science issues? How so?See Answer
Q10:June 21 Location Iqaluit, Nunavut Guelph, Ontario Quito, Ecuador São Paulo, Brazil December 22 Iqaluit, Nunavut Guelph, Ontario Quito, Ecuador São Paulo, Brazil Latitude 63°N 43°N 0° 23.5°S 63°N 43°N 0° 23.5°S Sun Angle 50.5° Sine 0.77 Intensity of Solar Radiation (%) 77%See Answer
Q11:11. Write and post a paragraph below describing: a). the debris flow and landslide conditions in the area you have chosen and how that corresponds to what you see--in other words, is the area you chose very hilly and steep (making landslides likely)? Do you find any signs on the ground, such as bent trees or leaning fences? Feel free to include screen captures. b). zoom out to look at Marin as a whole. About how much of the county falls under "Mostly Landslide"? How much under "Few Landslides," and what populated areas of Marin are examples of the "Few Landslides?"See Answer
Q12:11. Write and post a paragraph below describing: a). the debris flow and landslide conditions in the area you have chosen and how that corresponds to what you see--in other words, is the area you chose very hilly and steep (making landslides likely)? Do you find any signs on the ground, such as bent trees or leaning fences? Feel free to include screen captures. b). zoom out to look at Marin as a whole. About how much of the county falls under "Mostly Landslide"? How much under "Few Landslides," and what populated areas of Marin are examples of the "Few Landslides?"See Answer
Q13:1. On Page29, the photo depicting glacial ice. Is glacial ice part of the geosphere or does it belong to the hydrosphere. Explain your answer.See Answer
Q14:3. On Page 5, Figure 1.2 A and B. For each photo, describe what the geologist is conducting as an objective observation and a subjective observation for each one?See Answer
Q15:4. On Page 7, the Grand Canyon provides a good example of the Uniformitarianism Principle. Explain your reason.See Answer
Q16:6. Name and briefly outline the theory that describes the formation of our solar system.See Answer
Q17:8. List two characteristics that are used to determine the processes that created a rock.See Answer
Q18:9. On Page 29, name the processes that are represented by each of the letters in this simplified rock cycle diagram.See Answer
Q19:10. Earth formed 4.6 billion years ago; If all the planets in our solar system formed at about the same time, How old would you expect Mars to be? Jupiter? The sun?See Answer
Q20:Part 2: Fronts When two unlike air masses meet, a low pressure cell forms due to the mixing. In the northern hemisphere, the wind will circulate in a counterclockwise direction around the low pressure cell. As a result, cold air moves into an area containing warm air and warm air will move into an area containing cold air. This results in the development of a cold and warm front. Exercise 9.2: 1. Draw the symbols for the following fronts using conventional colors (blue, red and purple) Cold Front Exercise 9.3: Stationary Front Part 3: Weather Station Model Weather information is collected at many stations around the world. That data is then plotted on weather maps in a standard format and code. This format is called a station model. Attachment A at the end of this lab contains an example station model. When using the station model, it is important to understand data is placed in a specific location relative to the circle at the center. You need to understand where this data is in relation to the model in order to properly read the model. Temperature 1. Looking at the station model for San Francisco, complete the table: Dew Point Temperature Pressure* You must include the initial 9 or 10 in your answer Pressure Change Wind Speed Wind Direction Total Amount of Clouds °F °F mb Warm Front mb Occluded Front knots 1028 39 San Francisco 500 33, 278 +2/ 2/n3. Identify the source regions for the air masses that affect North America on the map below. a. Outline the air mass based on temperature (warm = red and cool=blue) -40°N 30° N 50° N 120% W Air Masses of North America North America Albers Equal Area Projection 110⁰ W- -100-W- 90°- W 80° W/nName Lab Nine: Weather Maps and Midlatitude Cyclones This lab is designed to help you identify the air masses that affect North America and to recognize the fronts associated with the interaction among these air masses. In addition, you will learn how to read station model information and to apply this knowledge to hypothetical and real weather maps. While using the weather maps you will be describing the atmospheric changes that occur within a midlatitude cyclone. Materials: Weather map (provided) Objectives: Identify air masses that affect North America Identify low pressure and high pressure on a weather map • Identify cold fronts and warm fronts on a weather map Part 1: Air Masses Midlatitude cyclones are the result of unlike air masses meeting. There a several air masses that affect North America, each with different temperature and moisture characteristics. Air masses get their temperature and moisture characteristics based on their source regions. For example, air masses that originate over water are characterized as moist. 2. Fill in the chart with air mass characteristics. Air Mass Exercise 9.1: 1. Classify the moisture characteristics (dry or moist) for the following locations: a. Continental (c) b. Maritime (m) Classify the temperature characteristics (cool or warm) for the following locations: c. Polar (P) d. Tropical (T) CP mP Red, blue and purple pencils CT . Read a weather station model to determine the weather at a given location. • Read a weather map to determine how the weather is changing at various points in a midlatitude cyclone. mT Characteristics 1See Answer

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