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Q1:GEO 109L - Earth, Environment, & Society Lab SCI 210L - The Dynamic Earth Lab Lab Exercise 7 - Earthquakes Introduction In this week's lab we will continue to investigate the behavior of Earth's tectonic plates. Specifically, we will be focusing on how we observe earthquakes at the surface of the Earth and the effects of significant quakes on the infrastructure and population. Earthquakes occur as a result of sudden movement (release of stored energy) along a fault. Therefore, as long as plates continue to move into, away from, and alongside each other, earthquakes will keep happening and continue to pose a risk to the human populations who live near plate boundaries and other fault systems. NAME: Table # Wwwxxhams Part 1 - Determining the Epicenter of an earthquake In order to find the surface location, or epicenter, of an earthquake, scientists need to know how long it took for the seismic waves (P and S waves) took to arrive at least three different seismic stations. Once the travel time is known for at least three different stations, they then use the technique known as triangulation to determine the earthquake epicenter. Be sure to review the explanations and videos in the Lab Manual related to Earthquake Triangulation before working on this exercise. Step 1-Seismographs and Earthquake Distance You will use 3 seismographs (from 3 stations across a large area) to determine the epicenter of a major earthquake that occurred on January 12th, 2010./nStep 2 - Plot Earthquake Distances and Triangulate https://www.iris.edu/app/triangulation/ Use the Earthquake Triangulation App to plot the circles of Earthquake Distances for each Station. Use the User Event Marker to mark the location where the epicenter of the earthquake occurred. Note: Due to estimations used when reading the seismographs, you will likely not have all 3 circles meet at the exact same point. Place your marker in a zone close to where the three circles meet. Earthquake Triangulation ACHING Where is this location? (give the country name) - you have most likely heard of this earthquake before. Unite cho OTEER You can add in layers for Plate Tectonic boundary, change the background, etc to modify your image. Insert a screenshot of your triangulation location in this box - zoom in enough to show the country where this earthquake occurred. In this part of the exercise you will examine this earthquake in more detail and compare it to another recent earthquake of the same magnitude but with very different results. Part 2 Comparing Two Earthquakes - Same Size, Different Impacts So by now you should know that the earthquake you used in the triangulation exercise occurred in Haiti and is in fact the January 12th, 2010 event that resulted in catastrophic loss of life and destruction of the capital city.See Answer
Q2:8. What was the average speed (in meters per year) of the Pacific Plate over the last 28 million years? Explain how you found your answer. Hint: Use the "Ruler" tool at the top of your screen.See Answer
Q3:Part 1 - General Contour Map Questions use Figure 1 (see last page - instructor will provide printed copy to draw on) 1. Index contour lines are printed as a bold brown line on topographic maps. List the three values given for the index contour lines shown on this map. Remember that these values are in feet. 2. Based on the index contour lines, what is the contour interval for this map? 3. What is the relief (the difference in elevation) between points A and B? Show the elevation for A and B in your answer. 4. Which of the four slopes shown with red arrows and labeled 1-4 is the steepest? Explain your selection. 5. Hills are represented as a series of roughly circular closed contour lines. Which of the landforms labeled A - F are hills? a. b. C./n6. Depressions of the land surface are basins without outlets. Which of the landforms labeled A -F represent a depression? Note that when contours go back down inside a hill, they are marked with small hatchures (cross lines). You can also review the USGS Topographic Map Symbols guide for to see an example of this symbol. 7. When contour lines cross a stream, they form a V, which points upstream. Draw arrows on the three streams on this map pointing in the direction of stream flow. (Think about elevation clues too - where are higher areas versus lower.) 8. Estimating the elevation of a place that does not fall on a contour line is done by estimation between the two contour lines. What is the approximate elevation for point N?See Answer
Q4:Part 2: Fronts When two unlike air masses meet, a low pressure cell forms due to the mixing. In the northern hemisphere, the wind will circulate in a counterclockwise direction around the low pressure cell. As a result, cold air moves into an area containing warm air and warm air will move into an area containing cold air. This results in the development of a cold and warm front. Exercise 9.2: 1. Draw the symbols for the following fronts using conventional colors (blue, red and purple) Cold Front Exercise 9.3: Stationary Front Part 3: Weather Station Model Weather information is collected at many stations around the world. That data is then plotted on weather maps in a standard format and code. This format is called a station model. Attachment A at the end of this lab contains an example station model. When using the station model, it is important to understand data is placed in a specific location relative to the circle at the center. You need to understand where this data is in relation to the model in order to properly read the model. Temperature 1. Looking at the station model for San Francisco, complete the table: Dew Point Temperature Pressure* You must include the initial 9 or 10 in your answer Pressure Change Wind Speed Wind Direction Total Amount of Clouds °F °F mb Warm Front mb Occluded Front knots 1028 39 San Francisco 500 33, 278 +2/ 2/n3. Identify the source regions for the air masses that affect North America on the map below. a. Outline the air mass based on temperature (warm = red and cool=blue) -40°N 30° N 50° N 120% W Air Masses of North America North America Albers Equal Area Projection 110⁰ W- -100-W- 90°- W 80° W/nName Lab Nine: Weather Maps and Midlatitude Cyclones This lab is designed to help you identify the air masses that affect North America and to recognize the fronts associated with the interaction among these air masses. In addition, you will learn how to read station model information and to apply this knowledge to hypothetical and real weather maps. While using the weather maps you will be describing the atmospheric changes that occur within a midlatitude cyclone. Materials: Weather map (provided) Objectives: Identify air masses that affect North America Identify low pressure and high pressure on a weather map • Identify cold fronts and warm fronts on a weather map Part 1: Air Masses Midlatitude cyclones are the result of unlike air masses meeting. There a several air masses that affect North America, each with different temperature and moisture characteristics. Air masses get their temperature and moisture characteristics based on their source regions. For example, air masses that originate over water are characterized as moist. 2. Fill in the chart with air mass characteristics. Air Mass Exercise 9.1: 1. Classify the moisture characteristics (dry or moist) for the following locations: a. Continental (c) b. Maritime (m) Classify the temperature characteristics (cool or warm) for the following locations: c. Polar (P) d. Tropical (T) CP mP Red, blue and purple pencils CT . Read a weather station model to determine the weather at a given location. • Read a weather map to determine how the weather is changing at various points in a midlatitude cyclone. mT Characteristics 1See Answer
Q5:10. Earth formed 4.6 billion years ago; If all the planets in our solar system formed at about the same time, How old would you expect Mars to be? Jupiter? The sun?See Answer
Q6:8. List two characteristics that are used to determine the processes that created a rock.See Answer
Q7:6. Name and briefly outline the theory that describes the formation of our solar system.See Answer
Q8:4. On Page 7, the Grand Canyon provides a good example of the Uniformitarianism Principle. Explain your reason.See Answer
Q9:1. On Page29, the photo depicting glacial ice. Is glacial ice part of the geosphere or does it belong to the hydrosphere. Explain your answer.See Answer
Q10:11. Write and post a paragraph below describing: a). the debris flow and landslide conditions in the area you have chosen and how that corresponds to what you see--in other words, is the area you chose very hilly and steep (making landslides likely)? Do you find any signs on the ground, such as bent trees or leaning fences? Feel free to include screen captures. b). zoom out to look at Marin as a whole. About how much of the county falls under "Mostly Landslide"? How much under "Few Landslides," and what populated areas of Marin are examples of the "Few Landslides?"See Answer
Q11:11. Write and post a paragraph below describing: a). the debris flow and landslide conditions in the area you have chosen and how that corresponds to what you see--in other words, is the area you chose very hilly and steep (making landslides likely)? Do you find any signs on the ground, such as bent trees or leaning fences? Feel free to include screen captures. b). zoom out to look at Marin as a whole. About how much of the county falls under "Mostly Landslide"? How much under "Few Landslides," and what populated areas of Marin are examples of the "Few Landslides?"See Answer
Q12:11. Write and post a paragraph below describing: a). the debris flow and landslide conditions in the area you have chosen and how that corresponds to what you see--in other words, is the area you chose very hilly and steep (making landslides likely)? Do you find any signs on the ground, such as bent trees or leaning fences? Feel free to include screen captures. b). zoom out to look at Marin as a whole. About how much of the county falls under "Mostly Landslide"? How much under "Few Landslides," and what populated areas of Marin are examples of the "Few Landslides?"See Answer
Q13:8. Is the area you chose part of a debris flow? Is any area near you? (After you've done this uncheck the "Debris Flow" box)See Answer
Q14: A seismic refraction study made for an area pro-vides the following field data: (a) Graph the travel-time data and determine the seismic velocity for the surface layer andthe underlying layer. ) Determine the thickness of the upper layer. O Using the seismic velocity information, give the probable earth materials in the two layers.See Answer
Q15: 7. (5 marks). An ant is sitting on the rim of a bike wheel suspended 0.5ft in the air (thecircle shown below is meant to symbolize the bike wheel). The ant is initially at the point P on the wheel, but the wheel is spun at a constant speed so that it moves around in circles counterclockwise, making 1 full revolution each minute. As a result, the ant's height as a function of time t (measured in minutes) can be modelled using an equation of the form h(t)=A+B \sin (2 \pi t)+C \cos (2 \pi t) (1 mark). Identify the times during the first minute of spinning at which the antis at the points P, Q, R and S. ) (1 mark). Given that the bike wheel has a radius of 1ft, identify the heights of the points Q, R and S. Then use this and your answer to (a) to find the values of A, B and C so that h(t) models the ant's height for all t. . Find the rate of change of the ant's height (i.e. the ant's vertical velocity ) (1 mark). At what time(s) (in the first minute) is the ant's vertical velocity 0?Does your answer make sense based on the picture?See Answer
Q16: (5 marks). A map projection is a set of equations used to visualize the surface ofthe earth on a two-dimensional map. The act of displaying a curved surface on a flatsurface will always result in some sort of stretching, splitting or distortion. Thinkabout the challenges of flattening an orange peel! The Mercator projection, proposed in 1569, is a very famous map projection. It was very popular because of how useful it is as a navigational chart. Any straight line ona Mercator map corresponds to a straight-line course - it makes it easy to cross an-ocean. The big problem with the Mercator projection is that scale is highly distorted. Ona Mercator map, areas far from the equator appear far larger than they actually are.Have a look at the map below. It looks like Greenland is larger than Africa, but Africais actually 14 times larger. In this question, we'll look at the math behind the Mercator projection. In this projection, A, ☀ will represent the longitude and latitude, respectively, of a point on the Earth's surface and (x, y) will represent the location of that same point on the map, where we will place the x-axis along the Equator and the y-axis along the Prime Meridian. If R is a positive scaling constant, then the y-coordinate on the map of a location with latitude o is given by y=R \ln \left(\tan \left(\frac{\pi}{4}+\frac{\phi}{2}\right)\right) . Evaluate \lim _{\phi \rightarrow \frac{\pi}{2}} y to explain what happens as you try to map a point near the North Pole. \text { Evaluate } \frac{d y}{d \phi} \text {. Express your answer entirely in terms of the secant and } cosecant functions. ) (1 mark). Solve the above equation for o to give a formula that you could use to find the latitude of a location if you knew it's location on a map, that is, if you knew it's y-coordinate on the map.See Answer
Q17: A. Drainage Basins 1. Using the Scrabble creek map provided in the assignment below to draw in and label the drainage boundary and stream order of the basin. 2. What drainage pattern is present within the scrabble creek basin? 3. What is the arrow indicating on the scrabble creek map? 4. D. Drainage Density and Texture 1. Examine the topographic map of Ben Nevis, Scotland as well as the Google Earth images above,or you can visit on google earth (56° 47'48" N, 5° 00'12" W; be sure to zoom out and look at patterns across the whole area). a) How would you describe the density and texture of the drainage channels in this area? ___________________________________________________ b) What might this tell you about the bedrock? ___________________________________________________ c) What might it indicate about the annual precipitation? 2. Compare the density of drainage of Ben Nevis, Scotland (56° 51'19"N, 5° 06'27"W) with that of Hay River, Alberta (60° 40'30"N, 115° 55'58" W). a) Which is higher? b) Give two explanations for the density in the Hay River area? i.___________________________________________________ ii.___________________________________________________ b) What does this drainage pattern indicate about the probable source of the river? ___________________________________________________ D. Drainage Density and Texture 1. Examine the topographic map of Ben Nevis, Scotland as well as the Google Earth images above or you can visit on google earth (56° 47'48" N, 5° 00'12" W; be sure to zoom out and look a patterns across the whole area). a) How would you describe the density and texture of the drainage channels in this area? ___________________________________________________ 1. Using the method outlined in the reading, complete the following bifurcation tables for the Geo River and Scrabble Creek basins. 2. What order of Basin is this? C. Drainage Patterns 1. Using google Earth (https://earth.google.com/web/) and the coordinates provided make your way to these locations and identify the prominent drainage pattern in these regions b) Donalda, Alberta (52° 34'49"N, 112° 37'15"W), ___________________________________________________ What is the best term you could use to describe the drainage pattern South Westof the town on Donalda? ___________________________________________________ c) Hawaii (20° 44'15" N, 156° 12'30"W),What pattern best describes the streams around the volcanic peaks? ___________________________________________________ d) Ben Nevis (56° 51'19"N, 5° 06'27"W),What is the overall drainage pattern in this area? ___________________________________________________ e) Hay River, Alberta (60° 40'30"N, 115° 55'58"W),This river is a classic example of what pattern of drainage? ___________________________________________________ 2. Using google Earth and the coordinates provided make your way to Ramparts River, NWT (65°43' 55" N 130° 15'10" W) to answer the following questions: a) What pattern of drainage dominates the river ___________________________________________________ b) What does this drainage pattern indicate about the probable source of the river? ___________________________________________________ 3. Using the Google Earth image provided of Antelope Peak, Arizona above. a) Examine the area around Antelope Peak. How would you describe the density and texture of the drainage pattern here? _____________________________________________________ b) This area is semi-desert. Can you explain why the texture is of the type you stated in the previous question? _____________________________________________________ See Answer
Q18: The sandstone cliff at a coastal location (top part of Figure 4) is well known for its instability and cliff erosion. What type of mass movement may be expected here?Give reasons for your answer.(6 marks) See Answer
Q19: The geological map in Figure 6 shows an outcrop pattern of five strata on a flatlandscape. a) Sketch a cross section from A to B. Indicate with question marks where thee xtent of a layer is not known. Use the box below the map for your sketch, take a photo and insert it into the answer document of the exam. If you have no printer, use a 10 cm x 4 cm rectangle.(8 marks) b) List the sequence of rock types found in boreholes at points X and Y from the ground surface until no further information can be deducted from the map. See Answer
Q20: In the virtual field trip "The mystery of Black Canyon", the mystery centers around an unconformity. Explain two lines of evidence that support the existence of the unconformity. For the toolbar, press ALT+F10 (PC) or ALT+FN+F10 (Mac).2 nointSee Answer

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