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Q1:Answer the following questions on the same page: 15. Based on the location and magnitude of your earthquake, speculate on the type of damages your earthquake might have caused. 16. Now compare this to the Mercalli Intensity scale. What classification is your earthquake based on this scale? 17. How did the different waves (P, S & Surface Waves) assist you in determining the epicenter and the amount of damage caused? 18. Was your location in an area prone to earthquakes? Speculate on what might have caused this earthquake (be specific). 19. Why is it so difficult for geologists to predict when and where an earthquake will occur? 20. What connections can you make between the behavior of the seismic waves and the Earth's interior? 21. Make sure your name is ON your document before submitting. Tips and hints can be found here (Links to an external site.). This assessment is adapted from "Virtual Earthquake" by Gary Novack, originally found here (Links to an external site.).See Answer
Q2:1.(6 pts). a) Using the travel-times curves (Figure 3.5-4) for earthquakes at the surface and at a depth of 600 km, estimate the ray parameters in s/degree for direct P waves at 60° distance. b) Find angles of incidence at the earthquake source for these two rays by converting ray parameter values to s/radian and using the velocities estimated from Figure 3.5-1 (also attached). c) In words and with a sketch, explain how and why the angle of incidence for rays reaching a given distance varies with the depth of the earthquake.See Answer
Q3:2. (8 pts). The travel-time curve for Pdiff (sometimes labeled just Pa), the P wave that diffracts along the core-mantle boundary, directly tells us the P-wave velocity at the base of the mantle. The Pdiff travel-time curve is linear, with a ray parameter p = dT/dA = Temb/vcmb, where remb is the radius of the core-mantle boundary, and Vemb is the velocity at the base of the mantle. a) Measure the ray parameter (in s/degree) for the Pdiff phases shown in the record section of Figure P3.4 (attached). Pdiff is the one prominent phase seen on each seismogram. How does this value compare to the slope of the Pdiff travel-time curve in Figure 3.5-4? (Incidentally, I published a paper in 2004 using seismograms from these stations, which were part of MOMA, a PASSCAL experiment spanning the eastern US that predated EarthScope. Station CCM is in Missouri, and station HRV is in Massachusetts. My paper focused on surface waves, not core diffractions.) b) Convert the Pdiff ray parameter to s/radian, and find the velocity at the base of the mantle. c) Using values of dT/dA from Figure 3.5-4 for Pdiff and Sdiff, find the average ratio of P to S velocity (Vp/Vs) in the mantle. d) Compare the travel-times of PcP and ScS at zero epicentral distance for an earthquake at the surface (0 km depth). What is the average ratio of P to S velocity in the mantle (Vp/Vs)?See Answer
Q4:3.(4 pts) The travel-times for PcP, PKiKP, and PKIKP are shown in Figures 3.5-4 and 3.5-7 which are attached. You can use an outer core radius of 3482 km, and an inner core radius of 1217 km. a) Use the travel-times for PCP and PKiKP (Figure 3.5-4) at vertical incidence (incidence angle = 0°) to estimate the average P-wave velocity in the outer core. Include a sketch that explains your reasoning. b) Use the travel-times for PKIKP and PKIKP (Figures 3.5-4 and 3.5-7) at vertical incidence to estimate the average P-wave velocity in the inner core. Include a sketch that explains your reasoning.See Answer
Q5: Earthquake Seismology The goal of these 3 questions is to help you think about raypaths, ray parameters, and some simple and direct ways to infer Earth's velocity structure. 1.(6 pts). a) Using the travel-times curves (Figure 3.5-4) for earthquakes at the surface and at a depth of 600 km, estimate the ray parameters in s/degree for direct P waves at 60° distance. b) Find angles of incidence at the earthquake source for these two rays by converting ray parameter values to s/radian and using the velocities estimated from Figure 3.5-1 (also attached). c) In words and with a sketch, explain how and why the angle of incidence for rays reaching a given distance varies with the depth of the earthquake. == 2. (8 pts). The travel-time curve for Pdiff (sometimes labeled just Pd), the P wave that diffracts along the core-mantle boundary, directly tells us the P-wave velocity at the base of the mantle. The Pdiff travel-time curve is linear, with a ray parameter p dT/dA = rcmb/Vemb, where rcmb is the radius of the core-mantle boundary, and Vcmb is the velocity at the base of the mantle. a) Measure the ray parameter (in s/degree) for the Pdiff phases shown in the record section of Figure P3.4 (attached). Pdiff is the one prominent phase seen on each seismogram. How does this value compare to the slope of the Pdiff travel-time curve in Figure 3.5-4? (Incidentally, I published a paper in 2004 using seismograms from these stations, which were part of MOMA, a PASSCAL experiment spanning the eastern US that predated EarthScope. Station CCM is in Missouri, and station HRV is in Massachusetts. My paper focused on surface waves, not core diffractions.) b) Convert the Pdiff ray parameter to s/radian, and find the velocity at the base of the mantle. c) Using values of dT/dA from Figure 3.5-4 for Pdiff and Sdiff, find the average ratio of P to S velocity (Vp/Vs) in the mantle. d) Compare the travel-times of PcP and ScS at zero epicentral distance for an earthquake at the surface (0 km depth). What is the average ratio of P to S velocity in the mantle (Vp/Vs)? 3.(4 pts) The travel-times for PcP, PKiKP, and PKIKP are shown in Figures 3.5-4 and 3.5-7 which are attached. You can use an outer core radius of 3482 km, and an inner core radius of 1217 km. a) b) Use the travel-times for PcP and PKiKP (Figure 3.5-4) at vertical incidence (incidence angle 0°) to estimate the average P-wave velocity in the outer core. Include a sketch that explains your reasoning. Use the travel-times for PKiKP and PKIKP (Figures 3.5-4 and 3.5-7) at vertical incidence to estimate the average P-wave velocity in the inner core. Include a sketch that explains your reasoning. Time (min) Figure 3.5-4: IASP91 travel time curves for a surface and deep source. 40 IASP91: 0 km source P'P' 40 IASP91: 600 km source SKKP PKKP 30 20 20 10 ScS SCP SKiKP S P PcP S diff SS SP SKS PKiKP PP P diff SKP PKP SKKS Time (min) PKKS SKKP 30 20 20 ScS PCS 10 SCP PcP ds P PKKP SS 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Delta (°) 20 40 60 P'P' Sdiff SKKS SSKS PSKS SKS PKS SS SKP PPKP PP PKP PKiKP ор P diff 80 100 120 140 160 180 Delta (°) Figure 3.5-1: Comparison of the J-B and IASP91 earth models. 14 Velocity (km/s) 12 P 10 8 CMB S 6 + 2 Lower mantle Transition zone Upper mantle JB model IASP91 model ICB S Inner Outer core core 1000 2000 3000 4000 ☐ 5000 6000 Depth (km) Minutes after origin time 13 14 16 Figure 3.prob.4: Seismograms for homework problem #3.17. 17 CCM MM18 MM17 MM16 105 MM14 MM12 MM10 MM09 MM08 MM07 MM06 MM05 MM04 MM03 m MM02 MM01 HRV 110 Distance (°) 115 120 Time (min) Figure 3.5-7: Ray paths and travel times for major core phases. (98°) 22 PKP B(145°) PKP PKIKP D(1229) B(145°) C(153°) A(177°) F(180°) 20 20 PKIKP PKiKP B PKiKP 18 Pd 16 14 100 120 140 160 180 Distance (°) Pd (98°) C(153°)See Answer
Q6: FIAT LUX UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL School of Engineering Department of Civil Engineering and Industrial Design CIVE342: Earthquake Engineering UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL A three-storey residential (ordinary) building is shown in Figure 1, where the value next to each column indicates the corresponding lateral stiffness. The mass of each whole floor is 2000 tonnes. The building is situated in a region with a reference PGA of 25%g (TNCR = 475 years) and where seismic hazard is dominated by events with a surface wave magnitude less than Ms 5.5. The shear wave velocity of the site is estimated to be 510m/s. The sample structure is a shear-type building. Assume a damping ratio of 5% and a behaviour factor of 3.0. Determine: 3m 800kN/mm 600kN/mm 3m 700kN/mm 500kN/mm 4m 600kN/mm 400kN/mm TI Figure 1 - Shear-type multi-storey building (bay width 4.5m). Number and values of frequencies of vibration; - Modes of vibration and their shape; - Participating masses for modes of vibration. Using the equivalent static approach and the seismic input provided above, determine: - Seismic horizontal base shear; Seismic horizontal forces at each storey; Bending moment and shear distributions in beams and columns Inter-storey drifts at each storey. 2 Appendix. Excerpts from EN 1998-1:2004 3.2.2.2 Horizontal elastic response spectrum UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL T 0≤T≤TB: Se(T) = ag · S + (n.2.5-1) (3.2) TB TB≤T≤Tc : Se(T)=αg·S⋅n·2.5 (3.3) Tc≤T≤TD: Se(T) =ag ·S.n.2.5 2.5√ (3.4) Tɲ≤T≤4s: Se(T) = ag · S · n ⋅ 2.5| TCTD (3.5) T2 n=10/(5+)≥0.55 (3.6) (= viscous damping ratio in percent) 3.2.2.5 Design spectrum for elastic analysis (For 5% damping) 0≤T≤TB: Sɖ(T) = ag · S 2 T 2.5 + (3.13) TB q TBST≤TC: Sa(T) = a 2.5 (3.14) q 2.5 TC ·S. Tc≤T≤Tp: Sd(T) = · q T (3.15) ≥ẞ-ag S 2.5 TcTo TD≤T: Sα(T) = 9T2 (3.16) ≥ẞ.ag 3 UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL Table 3.1 Ground types Ground type Description of stratigraphic profile Parameters Vs,30 (m/s) NSPT Cu (kPa) (blows/30cm) A B Rock or other rock-like geological formation, including at most 5 m of weaker material at the surface. Deposits of very dense sand, gravel, or very stiff clay, at least several tens of metres in thickness, > 800 360-800 > 50 > 250 characterised by a gradual increase of mechanical properties with depth. C Deep deposits of dense or medium dense sand, gravel or stiff clay with thickness from several tens to many hundreds of metres. 180-360 15-50 70-250 Ꭰ Deposits of loose-to-medium cohesionless soil (with or without some soft cohesive layers), or of < 180 < 15 < 70 predominantly soft-to-firm cohesive soil. E S₁ A soil profile consisting of a surface alluvium layer with vs values of type C or D and thickness varying between about 5 m and 20 m, underlain by stiffer material with vs > 800 m/s. Deposits consisting, or containing a layer at least 10 m thick, of soft clays/silts with a high plasticity index (PI > 40) and high water content S2 Deposits of liquefiable soils, of sensitive clays, or any other soil profile not included in types A – E or Si < 100 (indicative) 10-20 Table 3.2 Values of the parameters describing the recommended Type 1 elastic response spectra Ground type S TB (S) Tc (s) TD (S) A 1.0 0.15 0.4 2.0 B 1.2 0.15 0.5 2.0 C 1.15 0.20 0.6 2.0 D 1.35 0.20 0.8 2.0 E 1.4 0.15 0.5 2.0 Table 3.3 Values of the parameters describing the recommended Type 2 elastic response spectra Ground type S TB (S) Tc (s) TD (s) A 1.0 0.05 0.25 1.2 B 1.35 0.05 0.25 1.2 C 1.5 0.10 0.25 1.2 D 1.8 0.10 0.30 1.2 E 1.6 0.05 0.25 1.2See Answer
Q7: A, B, and C represent the first arrival of different types of seisimc waves from the same earthquake. What type of wave is arriving at C See Answer
Q8: In your own words, explain why the arrival times of P-waves and S-waves can be used to determine the distance from the earthquake to the instrument. See Answer
Q9: A, B, and C represent the first arrival of different types of seisimc waves from the same earthquake. What type of wave is arriving at A? See Answer
Q10: What is the approximate lag time between the first P and first S-waves for an earthquake that is about 500 km away? See Answer
Q11: What is the minimum number of seismic stations required to identify the location of an earthquake's epicenter? See Answer
Q12: A, B, and C represent the first arrival of different types of seisimc waves from the same earthquake. What type of wave is arriving at B? See Answer
Q13: The P-waves from an earthquake strike our seismic station at 3PM. The S-waves from the same earthquake arrive about 41 seconds later. We conclude that the epicenter of the earthquake is about km away. See Answer
Q14: Which of the following statements is TRUE for the plate boundary mentioned in question 26? a. For this type of plate boundary, volcanism would be expected to be formed from mostly intermediate (andesitic) magmas forming a volcanic arc. b. This type of plate boundary would be characterized by basaltic (mafic) volcanism creating a mid-ocean ridge. c. This area would be dominated by “hot-spot" volcanism yielding either mafic or silicic (rhyolitic) volcanism. d. There would be no volcanism at this type of plate boundary.See Answer
Q15: 1. How does the theory of plate tectonics explain the recycling of old oceanic crust and the formation of new oceanic crust? 2. Describe a complete Wilson Cycle, as presented in Topic in Depth 2.10. 3. Compare and contrast the geologic characteristics of the continental margins of the west and east coasts of North America. 4. Explain the significance of volcanic hot spots. How do they relate to the development of chains of islands and seamounts?(See Topic in Depth 2.6; or access animation at:https://www.iris.edu/hq/inclass/animation/hotspot_volcanic_island_stages_in_the_lifeSee Answer
Q16: For each of the following statements indicate the lineation pattern that best matches. Mid-ocean Ridge A.Mid-ocean Ridge B.Mid-ocean Ridge C. 31.Ridge with slowest rate of seafloor spreading. 32.Ridge with moderate rate of seafloor spreading. 33.Ridge with fastest rate of seafloor spreading. 34) Ridge whose 2 spreading rate (rate of spreading for one side of the plate) for the last 5 Ma(million years) is approximately 28 km/Ma. 35.Ridge with line showing longest length of seafloor.See Answer
Q17: For each of the following statements indicate the volcanic construct that BEST matches. 37.Composite cone (strato volcano). 38.Shield Volcano. 39.Dominated by pyroclastics (tephra). 40 ) Composed of alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic material (tephra). 41. Mostly associated with Subduction Zone settings. 42.Most associated with oceanic Hot Spot settings. 43.Flood Basalt. 44.Explosive eruptions. 45.Dominated by lava flows. See Answer
Q18: Oceanic portions of the North American Plate (NA) have two different plate boundaries with respect to the Caribbean Plate (CB). The plate boundary bounding the northern-most part of the Caribbean Plate (CB) is: a. Subduction Zone with the North American and South American plates subducting to the west underneath the Caribbean Plate (CB). b. Subduction Zone with the Caribbean Plate (CB) subducting to the east under the North American (NA) and South American (SA) Plates. c. Divergent boundary d. Transform Boundary. e. None of the above statements are true.See Answer
Q19: Which of the following statements is TRUE for the plate boundary mentioned in question 26? b. This type of plate boundary is characterized by only moderate earthquakes. a. This type of plate boundary is characterized by the strongest earthquakes. c. This is the same type of plate boundary that we see in the San Francisco Bayregion. d. Both b and c are correct. e. None of the above statements are true.See Answer
Q20: For questions 46 through 50 please refer to Figure X5, the topographic map of the Logan Pass quadrangle, Colorado Questions 46 through 50: More True/False Note: True (a) False (b) For each of the following statements determine whether it is true or false.. 46.This area shows signs of past glaciation. 47 )The shape of the valley that extends from H2 through E4, Preston Park, is V-shaped, typical of stream carved canvons. 48 The slope gradient of the major stream in the valley mentioned in question 47 is gentler than you would expect for a youthful stream in an alpine environment. 49.The Valley mentioned in question 47 is an example of a "hanging valley." 50.This area is typical of a desert landscape.See Answer

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