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Expert help when you need it- Q1:Which of the following is NOT TRUE in regards to immune memory? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a The second time the immune system is exposed to an antigen, the response is weaker b Allows the immune system to "remember" antigens that have previously activated it U Important feature of how vaccines protect us from infectious diseases Allows the immune system to respond stronger on subsequent exposures to an infectious agentSee Answer
- Q2:How is measles spread? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a b с d Direct contact Airborne route Consumption of contaminated food/water None of the above SitSee Answer
- Q3:Which of the following communicable diseases requires the greatest percentage of individuals to be vaccinated in order to attain herd immunity? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a Influenza b Mumps с Rubella Measles Unanswered SubmitSee Answer
- Q4:Every state must have which type of vaccine exemption? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a b C d Medical Religious Philosophical/personal belief There is no vaccine exemption that every state has Unanswered OMSee Answer
- Q5:Before the licensure and use of the childhood Hib vaccine, Hib was the main cause of what condition in American children? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a Bacterial Meningitis b с Postnatal Mental Retardation d e Death A, B, and C A and C Unanswered SubrSee Answer
- Q6:The anti-vaccination movement is a fairly new phenomenon; it began in the 21st century and is centered around the measles vaccine. Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a True b False SmSee Answer
- Q7:Modern drops in immunization rates have led to an increase in several vaccine preventable diseases, such as measles and whooping cough. Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. True b False UnansweredSee Answer
- Q8:The immunity provided by a natural infection with COVID-19 is preferred to the immunity provided by a COVID-19 vaccine. Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a True b False Unanswered WA RA SubSee Answer
- Q9:Imagine you have a family member who is expecting a baby in 3 months. This family member is undecided about whether she will get her baby vaccinated. She has heard conflicting messages, especially in her social media feeds. What information might you share with this family member about vaccines in an effort to dispel myths and provide her with factual information that she can use to make an informed decision. Your answer should be about 300 words in length.See Answer
- Q10:Following an infection with an extracellular bacteria (for this example, the made up bacterium Streptocillia outsidica), we would predict that most optimal immune response would involve activation of humoral immunity. For this example, let's assume that when wild type (WT) mice that have no known genetic mutations and a completely functional immune system are infected with S. outsidica, the infection establishes in the lungs and bacteria are able to overwhelm the standard innate immune response of rapid phagocytosis. Not to worry though-the adaptive immune response is initiated, producing antibodies specific to S. outsidica antigens that migrate to the site of infection. After 8-10 days, the infection is cleared and infected WT mice recover. In an experiment, you infect groups of the following genetically modified mice: 1. Mice that are deficient in (ie do not express) C3. 2. Mice that do not produce CD8 T cells. 3. Mice that are deficient in the Fc gamma receptor (FcR) (ie the protein on phagocytes that recognizes the constant region of IgG antibodies). Based on what you know about coordinated immune responses to infection, predict the outcomes of each mutant mouse line with the infection outcome. C3-deficient mice Fcgamma receptor-deficient mice CD8 T cell-deficient mice Previous Mice die by day 5 of the infection Mice survive, but take longer to clear the infection Mice clear the infection faster than WT Mice clear the infection just like WT Mice develop an overwhelming immune response that causes collateral damage to the lung that kills the mice 17 1 point Strep throat is commonly caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria. A common symptom of strep throat is the presence of swollen lymph nodes in the neck. This symptom usually peaks 2-4 days after the onset of the infection, and is due to: Damage to epithelial tissue in the throat Release of bacterial PAMPs leading to inflammatory cytokine production Activation of antigen-specific lymphocytes in the lymph nodes of the neck Recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes to the lymph nodes of the neck Recruitment of additional lymph nodes to the neckSee Answer
- Q11:Please follow the instructions below: 1. Locate a current (medical or scientific) news or journal article based on one of the topics listed below: o Inflammatory Response (ch 6) o Antibodies/Antigens (ch 7) o Type II Hypersensitivity (ch 8) Type IV Hypersensitivity (ch 8) o Note: As you read through the article, think about how it connects to Pathophysiology and why is it relevant. 2. Provide a write-up summarizing the article. Within your document, include how the information connects to Pathophysiology, and why it is relevant. 3. Aim to include 150 - 200 words in the summary. 4. Remember to cite your source(s) in APA Format!See Answer
- Q12:Jayne was an eighteen year old freshman in college. On her second day at the college, she and her new roommate went to a "meet and greet" get together in their dorm. There were a lot of snacks and drinks there. After eating a cookie Jayne started developing nausea, itchy skin with large welts, a tingling sensation and tightness in her throat, dizziness and difficulty breathing, and a feeling of doom. She tried to speak to her roommate but her voice was very hoarse. She became unconscious and was rushed to the ER. When the medical personnel examined her she was hypotensive, with tachycardia; her skin was clammy. When the nurse looked in her purse she saw and Epipen injector. On questioning the RA from the residence hall, the ER staff found out that the cookies had peanuts in them. On administering epinephrine, Jayne quickly regained consciousness, her blood pressure rebounded to normal, and the heart rate slowed down. She was discharged the next day. Prompts: 1) What is your diagnosis about Jayne's condition? 2) What is an "antigen-presenting cell" and what role does this type of cell play in an immune response? 3) Explain the interaction that occurs between a T-helper lymphocyte and a B cell when the B cell is being induced to produce peanut-specific IgE. In your explanation, explain the role that the peanut allergen plays in this interaction. 4) In immediate hypersensitivity, the initial exposure to an allergen usually does not produce any symptoms. The symptoms, such as those involved in anaphylaxis, usually appear in the second exposure. What events are occurring during this initial exposure that sensitizes a person to an allergen? In your description include the role of B cells, T cells, IgE, mast cells, basophils and the allergen. 5) Describe how IgE binds and reacts with basophils and mast cells.See Answer
- Q13:Instructions Create a flow diagram or chart first, that describes in detail the fate of an antigen that has penetrated the body. Describe the fate of the antigen as it enters via each of the following routes, and the ensuing immune response : a) Dermis b) Blood stream c) Gastrointestinal tract d) Respiratory tract Describe the pivotal role of dendritic cells in the immune response. Additionally, explain how the following components: PRM's, macrophages, Natural killer cells, T cells, B cells, antibodies, and cytokines contribute to the immune response. Be sure to explain the relationships of each component and how they work with one another. By use PowerPointSee Answer
- Q14:Description This assignment aligns with Module 1 course objectives: define the components of the adaptive immune system. Doing this assignment enables the student to comprehend how the adaptive immune response works and the different cells and their subtypes that partake in this activity. The immune system is the body's defense system that has two main arms -Innate and Adaptive. The Adaptive Immune system is primed to provide a specific immune response and also has two main branches. The adaptive immune response is very potent and has the advantage of immunological memory, providing a powerful and rapid reaction on subsequent exposures to a specific pathogen. It also plays a role in the body's ability to discriminate between foreign molecules and the body's own cells and proteins (recognition of self vs nonself). Immunological memory is the reason that vaccinations are successful. Instructions Swap! You're the instructor. Teach the components of AIS by creating a PowerPoint identifying each component. Describe the two main cell types, their progenitors, and how effector cells become memory cells. This is a narrated assignment. To aid your presentation you can use images. Your presentation should be between 5-7 slides. You can record this either as a narrated PowerPoint or use screencast-o- matic Links to an external site.. Maximum duration 3 minutes. Minimum duration 2 minutes. Please practice this and create an outline before you record and submit so that the presentation will be your best work.See Answer
- Q15:Description In biology, the structure of different molecules correlates with its function. All antibodies share some common structural features, that correlate with the function of an antibody. Instructions Create a 3-4 minute (minimum) video using screencast-o-matic Links to an external site. of a model you have made from play dough, or clay, or any kitchen items really, and describe the following structural features, and the role the structures play in the basic functioning of the antibody. Please do not submit a diagram in lieu of a model; creating a model will enable you to actually study the details of the structural features of an antibody. The structure of immunoglobulins incorporates several features essential for their participation in the immune response and these structural features will need to correlate with the function of the the antibody. Before you describe the actual structure of your model, begin your presentation by explaining what the immunoglobulin superfamily is, which biological molecules belong to this, and the structural similarities that classify the members to this family. In your antibody model, please point out and describe ALL of the fundamental features (listed below), and the significance of this particular component to the specific function of the antibody. o The heavy chain (include how many domains there are in a heavy chain, number of amino acids etc) o The light chain (include how many domains there are in the light chain, number of amino acids etc) o o The paratope The hinge: what is this region of the antibody? Why is this region essential to the function of the antibody? The disulfide bonds o o The complementarity-determining region O Does the Fab fragment consist only of the variable region of the antibody? What about the Fc fragment? O/n*How do the secreted antibodies differ from the B-cell antigen receptor found on the surface of a B cell? Why is this difference essential to forming a receptor as opposed to a secreted antibody? ** Finish your presentation by listing the functions/actions of antibodies. These are different ways you can submit your video. A. submitted as mp4 files directly in Canvas or link to screencast-o-matic. B. an embedded video or C. an accessible link in YouTube or D. a shareable Google Drive folder. Please do not submit.Mov or .webm video files, as I cannot open them.See Answer
- Q16: Superhero Profile of Key Immune Cells Description Cells of the Immune System play a vital role in protecting our bodies from evil foreign invaders, much like superheroes in movies and comics. Instructions Create a superhero profile of Natural Killer Cells, Macrophages, Eosinophils and Dendritic Cells. One way is to think along the lines of what features of the cell reminds you of a particular superhero and start creating the profile. Include details of their locations, describe their overall appearance, what unique features do they have that enable them to execute their roles, who do they attack, who do they need to associate with to effectively neutralize their enemies. *Note: If you copy a classmate's profile, you will receive a zero. Be original and think through your superhero! Expectations Exceptional - Superhero profiles of the cell types- describing a clear and unambiguous analogy between the superhero and the cell Average - Superhero profile of the cell types with weak association Below average - no connection between the cells described or the the superheroSee Answer
- Q17:Developmental Pathways Description In an extraordinary process, all cells of the immune system (and red blood cells) follow a stepwise progression from haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to develop into diverse and highly specialized cells of the immune system. Instructions Write an essay, describing the basic structure and function of each cell type that arises from HSCs.The essay should also describe the stages of B and T cell development once they are stimulated by antigens to become effector cells themselves (as in B cells) or release effector molecules (such as cytokines). The mini essay is expected to be concise, and the topic covered in a focused, thorough and accurate manner. It should be at least 600 words in length. Your essay must be formatted with 1" margins, 1 1/2 line spacing, 12 point easy-to-read font;include a proper heading at the top. Your essay should begin with a clear introduction and must also have a concluding paragraph. Please submit as a Word doc (attach the file).See Answer
- Q18:Display peptides derived from proteins synthesized in the cytosol, such as fragments of viral proteins on the cell surface MHC Class 1 moleculesSee Answer
- Q19:Terminal differentiation of B cells into plasma cells occurs in Secondary lymphoid organ:See Answer
- Q20:Membrane-bound form of immunoglobulin, associated with Iga/lgß B-cell receptorSee Answer
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