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Expert help when you need it- Q1:1. The conducting structures are protected from collapsing during inhalation, but the alveoli are at risk of collapsing at the end of exhalation, even in the dry desert. Explain the force that could cause the wet surfaces of the alveoli to stick together, especially at the end of a long vocal outburst, like yelling or crying.See Answer
- Q2:1. Despicable as his character was, it was hard not to applaud as Deakins (played by John Travolta) shut Pritchett up. Specifically, which part of Pritchett's respiratory tract did he crush?See Answer
- Q3:1. What function do alveolar macrophages serve? What would happen to the respiration of an individualwho has a decreased number of alveolar macrophages due to an immune disorder?See Answer
- Q4:1. Explain which measurements can be taken to assess the lung capacity of an individual. Which conclusions can be drawn from knowing the inspiratory reserve volume and the expiratory reservevolume?See Answer
- Q5:1. What function do alveolar macrophages serve? What would happen to the respiration of an individualwho has a decreased number of alveolar macrophages due to an immune disorder?See Answer
- Q6:The dual role of cytokines and chemokines at the cancer- immune cell synapse (Introduction) Please provide some references around 100-150 words Antitumor role of chemokines and cytokines Current challenges (Discussing complexity of crosstalk between chemokines and host immune system and inflammatory cell, side effects due to affecting both tumor and immune cells, exacerbation of graft vs host disease in bone marrow transplant patient, difficulty in developing therapy due to lack of animal models) Future perspectives See Answer
- Q7:A new drug is being tested on rats to treat a type of digestive disorder. After multiple tests, scientists noticed that this drug is changing the stomach pH of rats from acidic to basic. Explain the consequences of having a basic pH in regards to the digestive system. Should this drug be released into the market? Be as detailed as possible in your answers (Hint: discuss stomach enzymes).See Answer
- Q8:A new drug is being tested on rats to treat a type of digestive disorder. After multiple tests, scientists noticed that this drug is changing the stomach pH of rats from acidic to basic. Explain the consequences of having a basic pH in regards to the digestive system. Should this drug be released into the market? Be as detailed as possible in your answers (Hint: discuss stomach enzymes).See Answer
- Q9:In what ways do the plant cells in your sample differ from one another? Describe some features that vary among the cells that you're looking at. b).See Answer
- Q10:B. Animal Cells: You will be looking at a prepared slide of epithelial cells and microorganisms from the cheek tissue inside the mouth. Under the microscope, these cells look a bit like fried eggs. The cells on this slide have been stained, and you will see that some parts of the cells stain more strongly than other parts. Examine this sample with your microscope, starting at the lowest magnification and working up to the highest. i. Create a detailed, neatly drawn sketch of 2 to 3 cells, labelling key features of these cells. Be sure to include a figure caption (see Appendix C). Use the ocular micrometer on your microscope to measure the length of two of the cheek cells that you chose to draw and record those two length values in your figure caption and on the class spreadsheet. ii. Now, describe those features that make it clear what type of cell you are looking at. That is, how doSee Answer
- Q11:C. Prokaryotic Cells: Use a toothpick to drop some yogurt onto a microscope slide. Cover the sample with a coverslip and observe right away before the yogurt dries out. Two of the main bacterial types used in making yogurt are Streptococcus thermophilus (chains of spheres) and Lactobacillus bulgaricus (rod- shaped). The bacteria are barely visible using the 40X objective, and most of what you will see on the slide are clumps of casein (milk protein). Starting with the lowest power objective, focus on the casein clumps, then switch to the next highest power objective, and refocus. When you get to 400X total magnification, look for an open space between two thick areas of casein, and look for the tiny bacteria streaming through this space. You might notice the bacteria vibrating a bit as well. It may help to decrease your microscope illumination slightly to see these cells.See Answer
- Q12:Assignment: Darwin's Finches Video 1. Give 2 examples of different finch beach shapes and explain how that shape fulfills the function:See Answer
- Q13:2. How does the genetic evidence back up the story of the evolution of the finches?See Answer
- Q14:3. Why was studying finches on the small island of Daphne Major a great advantage for the researchers?See Answer
- Q15:4. How did the habitat on Daphne Major change with the drought conditions? What about when there was a strong El Niño and then another drought?See Answer
- Q16:Question 1 (5 points) Enzymes can be inhibited in different ways. Describe two methods of enzyme inhibition by describing similarities and differences. [T/I] BI UV A Paragraph 1.See Answer
- Q17:How does cancer develop? For normal cells, the rate of cell division is carefully regulated so just enough cells are produced to replace damaged cells and to provide cells needed for normal growth. Cancer begins when some cells escape from the normal controls on cell division, so too many cells are produced. To learn more about how cancers develop, read "Understanding Cancer", available at https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/what-is-cancer or the associated student handout available on Canvas (recommended). 1. In situ or benign tumors can usually be treated successfully by surgical removal. In contrast, cancers (i.e., tumors which have become malignant) are much more dangerous and harder to treat. Explain why. (5 pts)See Answer
- Q18:2. Give an example of how exposure to carcinogenic chemicals cause mutations increase the risk of developing cancer? (5 pts)See Answer
- Q19:Genes and Mutations that Contribute to the Development of Cancer Proto-oncogenes code for proteins that contribute to normal stimulation of cell division needed for growth and repair. The different types of proteins are underlined in the flow chart below. Growth factors bind to growth factor receptors → activate series of signaling enzymes → activate protein transcription factors → increased transcription of genes that code for proteins that stimulate cell division → increased cell division = cell proliferation Growth factor Receptor- Cell nucleus Normal Growth-Control Pathway Signaling enzymes Transcription factors DNA Cell proliferation (Figure from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20362) An oncogene is a mutated proto-oncogene which codes for an abnormal protein that stimulates excessive cell division and thus can contribute to the formation of a tumor. One type of tumor suppressor gene codes for proteins that inhibit cell division, e.g., by interfering with one of the proteins that stimulate cell division. If both copies of a tumor suppressor gene are mutated and code for inactive proteins, this eliminates one of the inhibitory controls on cell division, which can result in excessive cell division and the formation of a tumor./nThe development of an invasive or malignant cancer typically requires the accumulation of at least five mutations in the same cell line, including: mutations of proto-oncogenes to oncogenes mutations of tumor suppressor genes so they code for inactive proteins other types of mutations that contribute to the varied abnormal characteristics of cancer cells./n3. Why do all of us need to have proto-oncogenes in the DNA of our cells? What would go wrong if our cells had mutated proto-oncogenes that coded for inactive proteins? (5 pts)See Answer
- Q20:4. Match each type of gene in the first list with the type of mutation that would contribute to the development of cancer in the second list. (5 pts) a. Both copies of the gene are mutated so they code for inactive protein. b. The mutated gene codes for a protein that is more active than normal. Proto-oncogene Tumor suppressor gene Explain your reasoning with Clarity, Accuracy and Precision.See Answer
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