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Recently Asked ecology Questions
Expert help when you need it- Q1:4. Would flock size be under-estimated or over-estimated if some of the birds in the study were able to remove their bands?See Answer
- Q2:On the graph, we will plot the richness of species and the area occupied by species. There are two data sets, each data set should have its own spreadsheet and its own name. When using titles, it is important to indicate the: what, where, when, and in this case, a punch line. On the graph labels, if needed, we need to include units of measure.See Answer
- Q3:Environmental Impacts of Deforestation Using your own words, write a short descriptive essay that defines and explains selected environmental impacts of deforestation. See Answer
- Q4:Theory holds that sympatric large mammalian herbivores (LMH) must partition food resources to coexist, and LMH are traditionally categorized along a spectrum from grass-eating grazers to non-grass-eating browsers. Yet it has never been clear how well LMH within these broad functional groups partition the enormous local plant species diversity. By sequencing plant DNA from LMH fecal (poop) samples, researchers analyzed the diets of an African LMH assemblage in Kenya. Consider the multivariate plot below (Fig. 4A from Kartzinel et al. 2015) showing how LMH species differ with respect to diet, based on the observed variation in plant species DNA found in each fecal sample. In NMDS plots, each point represents a multidimensional sample (in this case, diet composition of a given animal) and the relative distance between points is indicative of the degree of dissimilarity between two samples. Points that are far apart are less similar (i.e., more dissimilar) to each other than are points that are close together. A NMDS2 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 NMDS1 Plains zebra Grevy's zebra Buffalo Cattle A Elephant A Impala Dik-Dik Fig. 4A. Niche partitioning within and among feeding guilds. Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) ordination of Bray-Curtis dissimilarity values of diet samples from individuals representing all seven LMH species (pseudo F6,285 = 59.0, P ≤ 0.0001). Symbols distinguish "grazers" (circles), "mixed feeders" (triangles), and "browsers" (squares). What is/are the independent variable(s) in this analysis? species identity (e.g., zebra, buffalo, elephant, etc.) O feeding guild (functional group defined as species that eat similar things) both A and B O diet composition (as measured by plant DNA in animal fecal samples) O diet composition (as measured by field observations of feeding animals)See Answer
- Q5:What is/are the dependent variable(s) in this analysis? species identity (c.g., zebra, buffalo, clephant, etc.) O feeding guild (functional group defined as species that eat similar things) both A and B diet composition (as measured by plant DNA in animal fecal samples) diet composition (as measured by field observations of feeding animals)See Answer
- Q6:What is/are the control group(s) in this analysis? grazers mixed feeders O browsers guilds as this is not a manipulative experiment, there is no obvious control groupSee Answer
- Q7:What does the color of each point in panel 4A represent? the species identity of an individual animal the feeding guild to which an individual animal belongs the geographic area from which an individual sample was collected the overall (dis)similarly of diet composition of an individual animal, relative to the diets of other individuals nothing: there is no variation in that parameterSee Answer
- Q8:What does the shape of each point in panel 4A represent? O the species identity of an individual animal the feeding guild to which an individual animal belongs the geographic area from which an individual sample was collected the overall (dis)similarly of diet composition of an individual animal, relative to the diets of other individuals nothing: there is no variation in that parameterSee Answer
- Q9:What does the relative location of each point in panel 4A represent? O the species identity of an individual animal O the feeding guild to which an individual animal belongs the geographic area from which an individual sample was collected the overall (dis)similarly of diet composition of an individual animal, relative to the diets of other individuals nothing; there is no variation in that parameterSee Answer
- Q10:What do the error bars in panel 4A represent? the 95% confidence interval of mean diet composition in LMH the range of diet composition in LMH the variance in diet composition in LMH O the standard deviation of diet composition in LMH there are no error bars in this figureSee Answer
- Q11:The observed. suggest(s) that each species of LMH had a distinctive diet that differed from that of other species. O clustering of points of the same color and separation of points of different colors O clustering of points of the same shape and separation of points of different shapes O both A and B O intermediate location of points representing mixed feeders all of the above OSee Answer
- Q12:The observed suggest(s) that diet composition of LMH varied in predictable ways across the grazer- browser continuum. O clustering of points of the same color and separation of points of different colors O clustering of points of the same shape and separation of points of different shapes O both A and B O intermediate location of points representing mixed feeders O all of the aboveSee Answer
- Q13:These data_____ the idea that LMH diversity may be more tightly linked to local plant diversity than is currently recognized. O prove O are consistent with O disprove O are inconsistent with O are not relevant toSee Answer
- Q14:What is/are the explanatory/independent variable(s) in this experiment? (B) Number of individuals (meas SE) Total biomass (amp) 6. 30 25 20- 1.5 10 0.5 0.0 mean i SE) Bomass per individual (g dry weight, langide no fungicide *indicates p<0.05 Larvae Pupae Adult Workers Queen TOTAL fungicide no fungicide Larvae Pupac Adu Workers Queen TOTAL mules 04 03 02 0.1- 0 fungicide no fungicide Larvae Pupae Adult Workers Queen TOTAL malesSee Answer
- Q15:Figure 1. Bumble bee colonies exposed to the fungicide chlorothalonil had (A) fewer workers, (B) lower total bee biomass and (C) smaller mother queens than control colonies. Statistics for each life stage comparison can be found in Table 1. O number of larvae, pupae, and adult bumble bees O biomass of larvae, pupae, and adult bumble bees O both A and B O exposure to fungicide O species of flowering plantSee Answer
- Q16:What was the control group in this experiment? O no fungicide O larvae O pupae O adult bee O oats, Avena barbataSee Answer
- Q17:What is/are the response/dependent variable(s) in this experiment? O number of larvae, pupae, and adult bumble bees O biomass of larvae, pupae, and adult bumble bees O both A and B OOO O exposure to fungicide O species of flowering plantSee Answer
- Q18:What was the experimental unit to which the treatment was applied in this experiment? O individual bee O bee colony in a mesh cage field plot O species of flowering plant O not enough information to decideSee Answer
- Q19:How many experimental units per treatment were there in this experiment? 0 1 O 5 O 10 O 29 O not enough information to decideSee Answer
- Q20:What does the color of each bar in panel 1A represent? O bee life stage (larvae, pupae, or adult) O number or biomass of bees O exposure to fungicide O species of flowering plant O nothingSee Answer
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