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Q1:1. Cellular transport- Compare various transportation mechanism with appropriate examples (Active transport, passive transport (simple and facilitated diffusion)See Answer
Q2:INSTRUCTIONS Topic: "Stem cell and genetic engineering" He needs 500 words paper stem cell and genetic engineering with references. 500 words APA You can use external resources for the workSee Answer
Q3: Based on W.H. Heidcamp Edited by C. Antonescu, R. Botelho and L. Victorio 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Laboratory 1 The Light Microscope and Image Analysis Learning Objectives Properly care for and confidently use a bright field microscope. Identify parts of a bright field microscope and understand their function. Set up the microscope. Focus on a specimen at each magnification: 4x, 10X, 40X and 100X. Use proper technique with oil immersion lens. 9. BLG411 Cell Biology II Lab Capture digital images Employ software (ImageJ) to analyse image data. Employ numerical analysis software to obtain statistical relevant information and build graphs representing data (eg. Excel, Prism) Employ multimedia software to generate a figure comparing data (eg. Powerpoint, Adobe Illustrator). 10. Learn the basics of micropipetting Experimental Objectives 1. Use a light microscope to observe fixed cells. 2. Develop micropipetting technique 3. Compare and identify differences between wild-type yeast and fab1▲ mutant yeast. 4. Use simple tools in image analysis software to quantify cellular features Laboratory Exercises Exercise 1.1 The Bright Field Microscope Exercise 1.2 Measurements of Cell Organelles Exercise 1.3 Micropipetting Exercise 1.4 Use of Oil Immersion (100x) Lens 1 Based on W.H. Heidcamp Edited by C. Antonescu, R. Botelho and L. Victorio NOTE: ************ ****** 1. 2. 1. All experiments are to be done in pairs. 2. All observations, drawings, and calculations are to be recorded in your lab notebook and must be completed during lab period. Your TA will need to sign your notebook at the end of the day. You will NOT receive marks if this is not done. 3. 3. You will need to acquire image data and import into an approved digital device for future analysis (USB, laptop, phone, etc.). You may need to upload these images as proof that you acquired them. BLG411 Cell Biology II Lab ******** Your lab notebook In this laboratory series, you are required to use a laboratory notebook to annotate your observations and answer questions. You may use a partitioned lab notebook for BLG411 if it is clearly labeled which section belongs to BGL411. A few comments about the notebook: ************* You should number your pages, starting with page 1 for the beginning of the partition dedicated to BLG411. For each experimental lab (Lab 1, Lab 2, etc.), you need to give: a. A lab title (as above) b. Complete date of your lab c. Use subheading like 1.1, 1.2, etc. with a title for each exercise. d. Answer the relevant questions and make the relevant observations within the relevant subheading. e. At the end of the day, your TA will need to review and initial your lab book at the last page of your annotations for each specific day. 2 f. If there are calculations, please do them all ahead of time in the flowchart and/or lab notebook You must not lose the lab notebook. Based on W.H. Heidcamp Edited by C. Antonescu, R. Botelho and L. Victorio Introduction to the Light Microscope The light microscope is a valuable tool in the development of scientific theory by enabling visualization of tiny objects through the use of magnifying lenses. Modern light microscopes are called compound microscopes because they have two lens sets; a primary magnifying lens and a secondary lens system. Light is made to pass through an object and is then focused by the primary and secondary lens. - Using these magnifying lenses, microscopes do two things: magnify and enhance resolution. Magnification is the visual enlargement of a small object (Figure 1.1). However, one can enlarge the image of an object, and obtain a highly pixelated and blurry display (i.e compare the small top panel and its progressive magnification of the left panels of Figure 1.1 — the final 100x magnified image is pixelated though it is bigger see left panels of Figure 1.1). In order for magnification to be useful, microscopes must "fill in" the extra pixels with new information that was previously condensed into the few pixels that made up the small image (compare the small top panel and its progressive magnification of the right panels of Figure 1.1 – the final 100x magnified image displays a lot of new information and structures that were not visible in the top, small image). When this happens, microscopes enhance resolution, in other words we can now observe the details and components of what looked like a small, simple object. For the human eye to see two objects as two, it is necessary that the two objects be about 0.1 mm apart when held 25 cm from the face. If they are closer than 0.1 mm, we will perceive them as a single object. Thus, if two objects are 0.01 mm apart, we cannot detect them unless we magnify an image of them by 10X. What has happened is that we have effectively altered our resolution ability from 0.1 mm to 0.01 mm through the use of a magnifying lens. We would say that our limit of resolution has changed from 0.1 mm to 0.01 mm, or inversely, our resolving power (resolution) has increased by a factor of 10. Magnification with Resolution Magnification Alone. 45X BLG411 Cell Biology II Lab 10X Figure 1.1. Magnification vs. Resolution. 3 Based on W.H. Heidcamp Edited by C. Antonescu, R. Botelho and L. Victorio If an image of a cell is magnified from 10X to 45X, the image gets larger, but not necessarily any clearer. The image on the left, in Figure 1.1, is magnified with no increase in resolution. The image on the right is magnified the same, but with increasing resolution. Note that by the time the image is magnified 10X (from 10X to 100X), the image on the left is completely unusable. The image on the right, however, presents more detailed information. Without resolution, no matter how much the image is magnified, the amount of observable detail is fixed, and regardless of how much you increase the size of the image, no more detail can be seen. At this point, you will have reached the limit of resolution of the lens. This property of the lens is fixed by the design and construction of the lens. As mentioned, the value for resolution may be determined in one of two ways. It can be measured as the smallest distance between two points, which allows us to see the points as distinct. With this measurement, resolution increases as the distance decreases - that is, there is an inverse correlation between the limit of resolution and what you actually resolve. Equation 1.1a Limit of Resolution= Equation 1.2 0.61 χλ BLG411 Cell Biology II Lab The resolution of a lens is a property of its physical properties and of the wavelength of light that is passed through the lens. The physical properties are summed up in a value known as the numerical aperture (N.A.) while the wavelength ( is determined by the color of light (also see your book, Chapter 9 for a review). N.A. = N sin 0 N.A. 4 The numerical aperture of a lens is dependent upon two parameters: i) the angle at which the light hits the lens at (the angle of incidence, also known as the cone angle) and ii) the refractive index of the glass of which the lens (see Figure 1.2). In equation 1.2, 0 is equal to half of the angle of incidence or cone angle. The cone angle can be altered by a sub-stage condenser. If the condenser is moveable, then the cone angle can be adjusted; the closer the sub-stage condenser is to the object, the greater is the cone angle. Thus, one can improve the numerical aperture (NA) and resolution by equipping microscopes with a sub-stage condenser. Based on W.H. Heidcamp Edited by C. Antonescu, R. Botelho and L. Victorio Lower magnification Ⓒ = 32⁰ Commediamark N.A. = <1.0 45 X High Dry Power Higher magnification Ⓒ = 58⁰ Cone Angle 0 100 X Oil Immersion Cone Angle N.A. = 1.3 5 BLG411 Cell Biology II Lab Immersion oil film Figure 1.2. Cone angle and numerical aperture. The ottom part is a sub-stage condenser - by moving it closer to the sample, one can increase cone angle and resolution (Source: http://www.healthtard.com/journey-to-optical-light- microscopy). The refractive properties of a lens are summed up in a measurement known as the refractive index (R.I. or N). The refractive index is a function of the bending of light from air through glass and back again. In a microscope, the glass of the lens is specially formulated to increase its refractive index. Once manufactured, however, this property cannot be changed. However, by adding oil between objective and slide, this can further improve the total refractive index (light bending) of the light path further boosting the resolution. Putting all of this to practical use, resolution can be increased in four ways: 1) increase the angle of light incidence through a sub-stage condenser; 2) the refractive index can be maximized by using specially manufactured lenses; 3) by controlling the medium through which the light travels, i.e. using oil; 4) by decreasing the wavelength of light used. For maximum resolution, all four properties must be optimized.See Answer
Q4: le Edit View History Bookmarks Window Help v < platform.virdocs.com Purchase Lab Manu... VB Visible Body Suite VB Visible Body Course... Free Concepts of Bi... Ch. 1 Review = es & lights B cards pied ntent RedShelf. eReader The Method in Action- A Medical Example In early 2000, a disease appeared in the United States that had never been seen before. The disease produced a high fever, nasal congestion, and an obvious feature -a bright red nose. The disease was named Rhino- erythria (red nose disease). The organism that caused the disease was soon isolated and found to be a new species in the genus Bacillus, and the new species was named Bacillus rudolphia. Two authors of general biology lab manuals became interested in the disease and set out to find an antibiotic that could be used to treat the disease.* After an extensive search of the literature, they found that Antibiotic X has been effective against several species of Bacillus and they decided to try the antibiotic on the organism that caused Rhinoerythria. 1. State the question being studied in this research. T. LUL LI indep deper 5. For t that 6. If th resul expe hyp < > 1 MAR 12 Matv 0 platform.virdocs.com 13... VB Visible Body Suite VB Visible Body Course... Free Concepts of Bi... dShelf. eReader decided to try the antibiotic on the organism that caused Rhinoerythria. 1. State the question being studied in this research. 2. Write the research hypothesis being proposed for this research. *Actually, the disease is fictitious. The authors, however, are not. 6. You To You meth then using **This fore, Baha MAR 12 M tv J ocs.com ב Tue Mar 12 4:35 PM s of Bi... Ch. 1 Review Questi... Custom: Ebook: Los... Using examples, ex... EQTT : d on ed false en t nesis in. e- of f- any e uld 3. Sometimes researchers propose several different hypotheses-all possible answers they could come up with. Also, they often propose a null hypothe- sis, which states that the treatment has no effect on the outcome of the experiment. Thus, the results of the experiment support one hypothesis or the other. Write the null hypothesis for this research. 4. For this research, state the: independent variable: tes od dependent variable: Page 12 Go X irdocs.com cepts of Bi... Ch. 1 Review Questi... Custom: Ebook: Los... no- used new ב Tue Mar 12 4:35 PM Using examples, ex... = Q T : 5. For this research, state all of the control variables that you can think of. 1 was ase d the y h. 6. If this experiment were actually conducted, what results would you expect in the control and experimental groups if the original research hypothesis were accepted?** You Don't Need a White Lab CoatSee Answer
Q5: Homework Set 2 Name: 1. Draw a eukaryotic cell including 5 organelles or cell components – label each organelle/component and give one unique structural feature and one main function for each 2. Draw a membrane bilayer with an example of a) simple diffusion, b) facilitated diffusion, and c) active transport. For each type of transport: indicate what molecule solute is being transported (give an actual molecule that would be appropriate for that type of transport), indicate the relative solute concentration on each side of the cell membrane as it would appear before transport, and indicate the direction of solute transport. 3. The internal solute concentration of a red blood cell is about 2%. For each of the solutions below indicate whether it would be a hypotonic or hypertonic solution and explain what would likely happen to a blood cell if it were placed in each solution (use complete sentences and include the net movement of water in your answer) a. 0.5% Solute Solution b. 5% Solute Solution 4. Give an example of a spontaneous and an example of a non-spontaneous process or reaction from Chapters 2-7 (including what section or figure or slide the example is found). Provide one reason that the reaction is spontaneous or non-spontaneous (use complete sentences). 5. Using the illustration of oxidative phosphorylation below a) Label the places where NADH and FADH2 each donate their electrons to the electron transport chain. b) Show the path of electrons from their entry point to their final destination. c) What is the final electron acceptor? Label the final electron acceptor and the product it produces. d) Use arrows to indicate where protons (H+) are pumped across the membrane and the direction of movement of the protons. Label which side of the membrane is the area of high proton (H*) concentration and the area of low proton (H*) concentration. e) Use an arrow to indicate where protons (H+) re-cross the membrane down their concentration gradient h) What is the reaction that of proton (H+) flow from the area of high concentration to the area of low concentration provides energy for? Label the reactants and products for this reaction. Matrix ATP Synthase IV Intermembrane Space Du nofs Cyt C and what molecule is being Would this reaction, as written, be part of the citric acid cycle of cell respiration or 6. In the reaction below, what molecule is being oxidized reduced Calvin cycle of photosynthesis CH,O HOCH NADPH NADP+ U CH,O-P HOCH + P₁ CH 1,3-bisphospho- glycerate glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) 7. The molecules O2 and CO2 are directly involved in both cell respiration and photosynthesis. In what stage of cellular respiration (glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation) or photosynthesis (light reactions, Calvin cycle) are each being used or produced and describe what role they play in each situation. 02 Produced Used Role: Role: CO2 Produced Role: Used Role: 8. The following statements are all false. Pretend you have a friend that believes they are true - Write an explanation for why each is false to convince your friend of the correct answer (this has to be more than just stating the correct answer - explain where your friend is mistaken and provide reasoning for the correct answer; use complete sentences) Plants produce ATP by photosynthesis so they don't need to do cellular respiration Exergonic reactions (- AG) go from more stable, higher energy molecules to less stable, lower energy molecules Yeast cells in the absence of oxygen will stop doing glycolysis and do fermentation insteadSee Answer
Q6:4. Cell division (Mitosis)- Explain the events in various stages (Interphase and mitotic phase) & Mitosis vs meiosis.See Answer
Q7: 3085> INTRODUCTION TO CELL BIOLOGY (212- ASSIGNMENTS) SECOND SEMESTER 2023-2024 soetgang ©2023-2024 Kuwait University, FAHS, MLS, Histology unit Done by: Dr. DANAH A ALQALLAF pho - 20th of January 2024 HOW TO WRITE YOUR ASSIGNMENT EFFICIENTLY? For effective assignment writing, it is essential to develop a structured writing plan. Begin by thoroughly reading and understanding the assignment question. Record it in your notebook and feel free to seek clarification through questions if necessary. Subsequently, manage your time efficiently, gather the necessary resources for your first assignment, and commence the writing process promptly. Avoid procrastination and be mindful of the specific deadline for each assignment. Lastly, review the prescribed guidelines for writing each assignment before you commence the task. GUIDELINES AND RULES FOR WRITING ASSIGNMETS • · • Thoroughly and thoughtfully complete assignments, paying attention to details and maintaining a high standard of work quality. Independently complete assignments, relying on your own capabilities without assistance from third parties. Submit assignments promptly by the specified due date. Communicate with your lecturer if you encounter challenges understanding the assignments. Prohibit the use of other people's copyrighted works without proper approval or adequate reference to the title of the work and the name of the author. • Ensure that each assignment falls within the range of a minimum of 1000 words and a maximum of 3000 words. ©2023-2024 Kuwait University, FAHS, MLS, Histology unit Done by: Dr. DANAH A ALQALLAF 20th of January 2024 ASSESSMENT OF THE ASSIGNMENTS Each assignment carries a weightage of 100%, and the evaluation will be based on the following criteria: 1. Quality of the Work (25%): This encompasses the overall effort put into writing the assignment, including the use of images, creation of illustrative schematics, the coherence of your writing, and the effectiveness of discussing and delivering points in an understandable manner. 2. Information Included (25%): Ensure comprehensive coverage of all aspects or breakdowns specified in the assignment question. 3. Plagiarism Percentage (50%): Emphasizes the importance of crafting the assignment in your own words to avoid plagiarism. Each 10% representation of plagiarized work within your assignment will result in a deduction of 1 mark. LIST OF ASSIGNMENTS WITH DEADLINE DATES: Assignment-1: The development and progression of cancer are significantly influenced by the extracellular matrix (ECM). Explore the significance of the extracellular matrix in cancer by unraveling the intricate relationship between cancer cells and the ECM. (Use of schematic drawings is optional, however, it will give you a privilege) ©2023-2024 Kuwait University, FAHS, MLS, Histology unit Done by: Dr. DANAH A ALQALLAF 20th of January 2024 Assignment-2: Understanding the mechanisms of cell adhesion is crucial for unraveling various biological processes and has implications in fields such as developmental biology, immunology, and cancer research. Based on your understanding, write about the cell adhesion process in general and then delve deeper into the subject by exploring the answers to the following questions: • How does dysregulation of cell adhesion contribute to cancer progression and metastasis? Explain the role of CAMS in the invasion and migration of cancer cells. How might targeting cell adhesion molecules be a potential strategy for cancer therapy? ALL THE BEST & GOOD LUCK! ©2023-2024 Kuwait University, FAHS, MLS, Histology unit Done by: Dr. DANAH A ALQALLAF 20th of January 2024See Answer
Q8: BI 101-709 Module 03 Homework Assignment Spring 2024 Remember, please use a font color other than black or yellow for your answers. 1. What does the term "endosymbiosis" mean in general, and what does it have to do with chloroplasts and mitochondria, specifically? 2. List three structures that are present in eukaryotic cells but are absent in prokaryotic cells: a. b. C. 3. List three structures that are found in plant cells but are absent in animal cells: a. b. C. 4. Look around your home (or workplace) and identify a common object that could represent the function (not the appearance) of your choice of one of the following organelles: mitochondrion, nucleus, chloroplast, or lysosome. Describe that object here and explain how it represents the function of the organelle you have chosen. For example, if the plasma membrane were on that list (which it is not), you might choose a fence as the object that represents its function because the fence forms a boundary and controls what can go in and out of your yard, just like the plasma membrane forms the boundary of the cell and controls what goes in and out of the cell. 5. Active transport processes require an input of energy. Answer both of the following questions: What is the full name of the molecule that the cell uses as the energy for active transport processes? a. b. What is the commonly used abbreviation of that name? 6. Match these terms: passive transport, diffusion, concentration gradient, and osmosis, with these descriptions: a. When there exists a difference in the amount of a substance across a distance: b. Movement of a substance from high to low concentration: C. Movement across a cell membrane that requires no work from the cell: d. Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane: 1 7. The following image illustrates a beaker containing a 1% sucrose solution. Into it is placed a cell that contains a 10% sucrose solution. In the figure below, draw an arrow to illustrate the direction in which there will be a net movement of water (into, or out of, the cell). Assume that the cell's membrane is not permeable to the sucrose. cell (Note: if you are unable to draw an arrow with your word processing program, use words to describe what the direction of net movement of water will be.) 8. Imagine you are sailing on Lake Victoria from Entebbe to Mwanza. Suddenly, you notice that your sailboat has sprung a leak. You immediately grab a bucket and begin bailing water out of the boat. Briefly explain how your predicament could be used as an analogy to help explain both active transport and passive transport. 9. From the Viewing Assignment "SARS-CoV-2 Infection Process," (video in the module folder) answer the following questions: a. What specific part of the SARS-CoV-2 virus initially interacts with the host cell membrane? b. Which molecules present in the host cell membrane interact with that part of the virus? For the following multiple-choice questions, please highlight, bold, or color the best answer. For short answer and filling-in of the tables, please use a font color other than black or yellow. 10. The model that explains both the function and the microscopic observations of the plasma membrane is called the A. sandwich model B. envelope model C. fluid mosaic model D. runway model 11. The heads of the phospholipids of the plasma membrane are composed of A. phosphate groups ... hydrophilic B. phosphate groups ... hydrophobic C. fatty acid groups ... hydrophilic D. fatty acids groups ... hydrophobic and are 2 12. Which of the following best describes the structure of a plasma membrane? A. Proteins sandwiched between two layers of phospholipids B. Proteins embedded in two layers of phospholipids C. A layer of protein on top of a layer of phospholipids D. Phospholipids sandwiched between two layers of protein 13. Water moves via osmosis _. A. from an area with a high solute concentration to an area with a lower solute concentration B. from an area with a low solute concentration to an area with a higher solute concentration C. from an area with a low water concentration to one of higher water concentration D. throughout the cytoplasm of the cell 14. Which of the following are factors that can affect the rate of diffusion? A. mass of the molecules diffusing B. temperature C. solvent density D. only answers B and C can affect the rate of diffusion E. answers A, B, and C can all affect the rate of diffusion 15. When placed in a solution that is described as _, a cell will shrink because of the net movement of water out of the cell into the surrounding solution. A. isotonic B. hypotonic C. hypertonic D. supersonic 16. When a cell needs to grow bigger, such as they do after cell reproduction, it must add phospholipid membrane to its plasma membrane. Which of the following processes could be involved in adding membrane to the plasma membrane? A. cytokinesis B. endocytosis C. exocytosis D. pinocytosis 3 For the following items, identify the structures indicated in the figures of a bacterial cell (Figure 1), an animal cell (Figure 2), and a plant cell (Figure 3), and match them to the functions listed in the corresponding table. In other words, fill in the letter label of the indicated structure in the figure, and its name, next to the appropriate function, in the table. (Note: not all letters will be used in each case.) Hint: You will recognize these images as the ones in our textbook, so use the textbook to help you identify the structures and their functions. D C A B E G F Figure 1. Model of a Typical Bacterial (Prokaryotic) Cell Function Letter Label from figure region where the bacterial chromosome is found protection, maintenance of shape control of the flow of materials in and out of cell genetic control protein synthesis attachment locomotion H Structure Name 4 0 N P GHID 100 M IND A B C D E Figure 2. Model of a Typical Animal Cell Function L FL K G | H Letter Label Structure Name from figure control flow of material in and out of the cell control flow of material in and out of the nucleus genetic control production of ribosomes synthesis of proteins to be secreted from the cell cellular respiration digestion microtubule-organizing center formation of the mitotic spindle; shape and support of cell reinforce cell shape; anchor organelles 5See Answer
Q9: BI 101-709 Objectives: Lab Assignment #3: Diffusion and Osmosis Spring 2024 • To familiarize students with the processes of diffusion and osmosis • To investigate how thermal energy affects diffusion rate • • • • To investigate the influence of cell size (surface area to volume ratio) on the efficiency of diffusion into a cell To introduce the concept of water potential To describe isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions, and explain how they relate to the movement of water into and out of cells and the consequences thereof To compare the effects of osmosis on animal cells with that on plant cells Introduction: All living organisms are composed of cells and all cells, whether they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic, have a plasma membrane that defines their boundary and controls what substances can be moved into and out of the cell. To stay alive, cells must be able to exchange substances with the environment, bringing nutrients in, and moving waste out. The direction of movement of these substances (either into or out of the cell) is very frequently determined by a process known as diffusion. Therefore, it is important for us to understand diffusion if we want to understand how cells maintain their inner equilibrium. Diffusion is simply the movement of atoms or molecules from an area of higher concentration (of them) to an area of lower concentration (of them). When there is a difference in concentration like that, we say there is a concentration gradient present. The gradient represents potential energy. Potential energy is the energy something has due to its structure (in the case of molecules) or location in space (such as a ball at the top of a hill). The movement of a substance from a higher to a lower concentration is like a ball rolling downhill: the steeper the hill, the faster the ball will roll; the steeper (greater) the gradient (concentration difference), the faster the diffusion will occur. This movement continues until equilibrium is achieved and the molecules are distributed equally. At that point, it is important to remember that molecules are still moving around, but there is no net movement in any one direction. Atoms and molecules are always in motion. Even in a solid state like ice they are vibrating at least. Diffusion can be easily demonstrated by placing a drop of food coloring into a beaker of water: Fig. 1. The process of diffusion. This movement is a consequence of the molecular motion of the atoms or molecules: it is a physical property of matter, regardless of whether that matter is 'alive' or not, and reflects the amount of thermal energy present in that matter. Thermal energy is what we call the kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, in other words. The faster the atoms or molecules are moving, the greater the thermal energy. Thermal energy in transfer from one object to another is called heat. Have you ever put your warm hand on a cold surface? In which direction does the 'heat' move? From your hand to the colder surface, right? Thermal energy moves from the area of greater thermal energy to the area of lesser thermal energy. Sounds like diffusion in a way: going from higher to lower. The same can be seen in our weather: wind (the movement of air molecules) blows from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure. The steeper the pressure gradient, the stronger the wind. 1 A difference in the concentration of a molecule outside of a cell compared to the inside of a cell (a concentration gradient) can be the driving force behind movement of that molecule into or out of the cell (depending on which side has the higher concentration). If the molecule is small and nonpolar, it may diffuse directly through the cell membrane by itself (it has to be nonpolar so as to be compatible with the nonpolar, hydrophobic interior of the phospholipid bilayer that is the membrane). Larger and/or polar molecules that are present in a gradient situation will still move down their gradient into or out of the cell, but will require the assistance of membrane proteins that form a channel for them. That is called "facilitated diffusion" and is still a passive process, since the driving force is the concentration gradient. No energy is required from the cell to move the molecules down their own gradient. Refer to chapter 3, sections 4, 5, and 6, of our textbook for extra help, if needed. Part #1: Rate of Diffusion in a Liquid as a Function of Thermal Energy Would you predict that molecules with more thermal energy (i.e., a higher temperature) would diffuse faster, or more slowly, than molecules with less thermal energy (i.e., a colder temperature)? State your prediction here (in the form of a full sentence, with a period at the end of your sentence): The following exercise will allow you to test your prediction. Materials required: (Note: If you do not have access to these materials, use the video in the lab folder.) Two clear glass or plastic containers, such as drinking glasses or jars, of the same size Food coloring Hot and cold tap water 1. Watch the video "Diffusion of Food Dye in Hot and Cold Water" in the lab folder to get an idea of what you are going to do. 2. Label your containers "A" and "B." 3. 4. 5. 6. Fill container A with very hot water (about three fourths full), and container B to the same level with very cold water. The greater the temperature difference between them, the more dramatic the difference in your results will be. Place the containers on a counter or table where they will not be disturbed and allow them to sit for about five minutes so that the water no longer appears to be moving inside them. It is important that they are not disturbed during the experiment. We want the only movement of molecules to be from their own thermal energy, and not from outside influences such as shaking or moving of the containers. After those five minutes, when you think the water has stabilized, place a single drop of food coloring (your choice of color, but it must be the same color in each container) onto the surface of the water in each container. Do not move the containers or stir the water in any way. Observe the food coloring as it diffuses in the water in each container. Describe here what you see: Analysis: 1. Do your observations support the prediction you made? 2. In this experiment, what is the independent variable? 3. What is the dependent variable in this experiment? 2 4. Why was it important to have the containers be the same size, to have the amount of water in them be the same, and to have the same color dye placed in each container? 5. After you have added the drop of dye, which molecules (dye, water, or both) are moving at the beginning of the experiment? (Think carefully... the motion may not be apparent to the eye.) 6. Which molecules (dye, water, or both) are moving at the end of the experiment? Part #2: Modeling Diffusion in a Cell: Surface Area to Volume Ratio As you have learned, cells are very small. Have you thought about why cells are so small? Why can't they be bigger? One of the most important factors that limit how big a cell can be is the rate of diffusion. Cells must be small enough so that there is sufficient diffusion of ions and molecules into and out of them, as well as throughout their internal volume of cytoplasm. Those ions and molecules are required so the call can maintain homeostasis, the dynamic balance of biochemistry that supports life. Nutrient molecules must be brought in, waste molecules removed, and salt concentrations and pH controlled. Answer this question: in Part #1 of this lab exercise, you investigated the effect of temperature on the rate of diffusion and observed that higher temperature results in faster diffusion. Why can't cells simply increase their temperature to increase diffusion, and therefore be able to be bigger in size? [Do not look this up on the internet. Just think about it and write an answer in your own words.] In this part of the lab exercise, you will complete an exercise on Pivot Interactives that demonstrates the importance of the surface-area-to-volume ratio as a determinant of diffusion efficiency, and, therefore, allowable cell size. In general, cell size is limited because cell volume increases much more quickly than does cell surface area, as a cell gets bigger. To illustrate this fact, refer to Figure 2 below. If we use a cube as a model for a cell, the surface area increases as the square (cm²) of the length of the cube (surface area = area of one side times the number of sides), but the volume increases as the cube (cm³) of that dimension (length x width x depth). As a cell becomes larger, it becomes more and more difficult for the cell to acquire sufficient materials to support the processes inside the cell, because the amount of surface area (across which materials must be transported) relative to the volume of the cell declines. In other words, the surface-area-to-volume ratio decreases. 3 1 cm 2 cm 3 cm Cube Side Length Surface Area Volume Surface-area- to-volume ratio 1 cm 6 cm² 1 cm³ 6 cm 1 2 cm 24 cm² 8 cm³ 3 cm 1 3 ст 54 cm² 27 cm³ 2 cm-1 Volume increases at a higher rate than surface area units of 10000 measure 8000 a² V3 6000 4000 2000 total surface area volume 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 length of side Fig. 2. Comparison of the surface area to volume ratios of model cells of increasing size. To help you understand what you will be observing in the videos in the Pivot Interactives activity, look at Figure 3. Vinegar Agar cubes Fig. 3. Agar cubes of various sizes soaking in vinegar. Agar is a gel-like substance (like gelatin but made of carbohydrate instead of protein) derived from algae that allows diffusion in and out of it. The cubes in Figure 3, and in the Pivot exercise (the link to the exercise is in the lab folder) are made of an agar that also contains an indicator molecule that changes color when exposed to a change in pH. Vinegar is an acid. As the vinegar diffuses from the surrounding liquid into the agar cubes, the color indicator molecule will react with the acid, and we will be able to see the color of the cubes change, from the outside to their center, as the vinegar diffuses in. Now go to Pivot Interactives (using the link in the lab folder) and complete the activity there. When you are done with the Pivot activity, come back here and complete Part #3. 4 Part #3: Observing the Effects of Osmosis on Plant Cells Introduction: Diffusion is one of the processes by which substances such as nutrients, water, oxygen, and cellular wastes are exchanged between living cells and their environment. One of the most important molecules that must get in and out of cells is water since it is the solvent of life. The direction of movement of the water (into or out of the cell) is determined by differences in the concentration of water on each side of the plasma membrane (diffusion, in other words). This also describes differences in water potential. Water potential is the potential energy that water has per unit volume relative to pure water. Water potential quantifies the tendency of water to move from one area to another due to osmosis, gravity, mechanical pressure, etc. There is a mathematical equation that is used to calculate water potential, but for our purposes, we can just think of it as the potential that water has to do something, like diffuse from one area to another. Pure water has a higher water potential than water containing solutes. Osmosis is the term for the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane (such as the plasma membrane). Like all molecules, water follows its concentration gradient and moves from an area of higher water concentration (higher water potential) to an area of lower water concentration (lower water potential). The movement of water into and out of a cell has very important consequences for the cell's structure and ability to function properly. Due to the phospholipids that make up the basic structure of a cell membrane, those membranes are selectively permeable: in other words, they allow some types of molecules to diffuse directly through (if those molecules are small and nonpolar), but not others. Tonicity is the term used to describe the relative concentration of solute, and therefore also of solvent (water), outside the cell compared to inside the cell. Fig.3.22 from our textbook (below) illustrates what happens to red blood cells when they are placed in solutions of different tonicities. Hypertonic solution Isotonic solution Hypotonic solution H₂O H₂O HO H₂O Figure 3.22 Osmotic pressure changes the shape of red blood cells in hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions. (credit: modification of work by Mariana Ruiz Villarreal) A hypertonic solution ("hyper" means "over") has a higher concentration of solute (therefore, lower concentration of water) than the cell. When cells are placed in a hypertonic solution, water moves out of the cell into the surrounding hypertonic solution (where there is less water and less water potential), and the cell therefore shrinks in size. In terms of water potential, we would say that the water potential is higher inside the cell than outside, so the net movement of water is from inside the cell to outside the cell. 5See Answer
Q10: Investigating osmosis Investigating the water potential of potato using the weighing method. INTRODUCTION When the potato is immersed in a solution where there is no change in mass, there is no net flow of water into or from the cells by osmosis, i.e. the rate at which water enters the cells = the rate at which water enters the cells. At this point, WCELL = BATHING SOLUTION Before you start work: e Read all instructions carefully. Write an equipment list from the method below Write a risk assessment and safety precautions Prepare a suitable table to record your data. Method: 1. Insert the cork borer into the peeled potato to obtain a potato cylinder. 2. Repeat step 1 to obtain six potato cylinders. 3. Use the scalpel and ruler to cut each cylinder to 5cm in length. 4. Dry off the cell sap from each cylinder with a standard procedure. 5. Record the mass of each cylinder. 6. From the 1 mole solution of sucrose, prepare 10 cm³ of each of the required solutions: 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 mole. Concentration of sucrose solution (M) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Volume of 1.0 M sucrose solution added (cm³) 0 2 4 6 8 10 Volume of distilled water added cm³) 10 8 6 4 st 2 0 7. Fill one additional test tube with 10 cm³ of distilled water. 8. Label each test tube with the solution it contains. 9. Leave the tubes in a constant temperature water bath at 30 degrees for 3 minutes. 10. Add a potato cylinder to each test tube and cover with parafilm. Note the mass of each potato cylinder in each test tube. 11. After a minimum of 15 minutes, remove the potato cylinder. 12. Dry it carefully and record its mass. 13. Plot a graph of % change in mass against solution concentration. Calculate the percentage change in mass using the formula below: % change in mass = final mass - initial mass Initial mass x 100% 14. Where there is no net gain or loss in mass, WCELL is equal to WBATHING SOLUTION. From your graph read the molarity of sucrose where the percentage mass change is zero. 15. From the table below, find the water potential of a sucrose solution of that molarity. 16. Hand in your table of results and graph to your tutor Table showing the water potential of solutions of different molarity Molarity/mol dm3 Water potential/kPa -130 0.05 -260 0.10 -410 0.15 0.20 -540 0.25 -680 0.30 -860 0.35 -970 0.40 -1120 0.45 -1280 0.50 -1450 0.55 -1620 0.60 -1800 0.65 -1980 0.70 -2180 0.75 -2370 0.80 -2580 0.85 -2790 0.90 -3000 0.95 -3250 1.00 -3500 find-initial Sucrose cone. initial final change % mass mass in (moldm3) change (g) (g) mass (g) in mass 0.0 2.51 2.74 0.23. 9.1% 0.2 2.45 2.55 0.1 4.0% 0.4 2.53 2.51 -0.02 -0.7% 0.6 2.40 2.25 0.8 2.32 2.12 2.12-0.2 1.0 2.43 2.18 -0.15 -6.2% -8.6% -0.25 -10.2% change in mass 2 G 8 10- -12- change in mass in different concentration of sucrose 4 2 10 8 24 02 4 036 08 110 Sucrose conc. (mol dm3)/nSee Answer
Q11: Needs to make 9 slide PPT The proposal only has to be as long as it needs to be to convey the required information: Your topic (something to do with biology) How your topic relates to biomimcry Briefly, what you plan to do with the topic (investigate it, experiment with it, relate it to something else, etc.) what the format of the project will be (a video, a poster, a paper, a game, etc.) Feel free to be creative. Are you an artist? Create a sculpture, a painting, a drawing. Like to knit/crochet? Make a model of a cell that way. Do you like to cook? Bake something that illustrates your topic. This is about and we need to do presentation TOPIC: Gecko adhesion and its application in biomimicry represent a fascinating intersection of biology and engineering. Geckos are known for their ability to climb smooth vertical surfaces and even move across ceilings effortlessly, thanks to the unique structure of their feet. This natural adhesion is enabled by microscopic structures called setae, which cover the surface of their footpads. Each seta branches into hundreds of tiny spatulae at the nanoscale level, creating intermolecular forces with surfaces through van der Waals interactions. Biomimicry, in this context, involves studying and replicating these natural adhesive mechanisms to develop innovative materials and technologies. By understanding the underlying principles of gecko adhesion, researchers and engineers seek to design synthetic adhesives that can perform similarly in various applications. The goal is to mimic not just the physical structure of gecko feet but also the chemical and biomechanical aspects that enable their remarkable climbing ability. In practical terms, the study of gecko adhesion for biomimetic purposes involves detailed investigations into the anatomy and physiology of gecko feet. Researchers delve into the molecular composition of the adhesive structures, the mechanics of how geckos control their adhesion, and the environmental factors that influence their performance. This knowledge serves as a blueprint for designing and fabricating synthetic adhesives that can be tailored for specific uses in technology and industry/n Final Project Information: To demonstrate mastery and application of the course material, students will complete a final project of their own design that will analyze a topic from the course in an interpretive way. The complete project counts for 15% of the final grade for the course. Students are encouraged to choose a topic that fits their interests, their personality, and their abilities, and to apply a multidisciplinary approach from the perspective of their choice (scientific, historical, political, philosophical, etc.). The goal is for you to engage with the material in a personally meaningful way. Your topic must relate in some way to biomimicry, either directly or indirectly. Biomimicry is the use of nature-inspired strategies for inspiration and to help solve problems. Watch BIOMIMICRY – DESIGNING A MODERN WORLD THROUGH THE WISDOM OF NATURE (7-minute) video to learn more about Biomimicry. You are limited only by your imagination and preferred means of self-expression. Be creative! Some examples for a final project might be: writing a research paper in the format of a peer-reviewed publication, conducting a scientific study of your own design, developing a game (board game, card game, video game, etc.) based on the topic, creating artwork, theater, music, interpretive dance, a museum display, etc. Examples of projects from previous semesters: A diorama on natural selection A children's book on types of cells A game on cellular organelles based on the popular game “Guess Who?" A workout video that incorporated elements of homeostasis A slideshow on digestive enzymes and dietary supplements A video documenting an experiment done by the student (illustrating the scientific method) A deck of cards using elements from the Periodic Table Required steps for the Final Project assignment: 1. choose a biology-related topic that particularly interests you 2. submit a proposal for your project by , in which you a. briefly describe your topic, including how it relates to biomimicry b. describe what you intend to do with the topic C. describe what the end project will look like (the format) 3. complete the project itself 4. share the project with the class (virtually) ( ) 5. complete a 1-2-page reflection paper, discussing what you learned from doing the project (due ) 6. submit an annotated bibliography (including a minimum of four sources, at least one of which must be a primary source) (als o a. ) For information regarding the difference between primary and secondary sources, please visit this website from UMass Boston. b. For help understanding what an annotated bibliography is, please visit these useful websites: website from Cornell University and from Purdue University. Grading Criteria for the Final Project: The following rubric describes the grading criteria for the final project. Grading Rubric for Final Project Proposal (10% of total grade for the project) Project (70% of total grade; includes presentation) Reflection paper (10% of total grade) Bibliography (10% of total grade) Superior (100%) Proposal was submitted on time, includes sufficient detail to clearly describe the topic and project, including how it relates to biomimicry. Fully satisfies project requirements, including accuracy of information; shows evidence that student put a great deal of effort into the project Reflection paper is 1-2 pages in length and thoughtfully describes what completing the project was like for you Bibliography contains a minimum of four sources, at least one of which is a primary source, and is thoroughly annotated Very Good (80%) Proposal was | submitted on time, includes sufficient details to describe the topic and project, but lacks explanation of relatedness to biomimicry. Mostly satisfies project requirements, and/or shows only some evidence of effort on the student's part Reflection paper is less than a page in length, but does include a personal, thoughtful description of what completing the project was like for you Bibliography contains a minimum of four annotated sources, but none are a primary source Insufficient (60%) Proposal was submitted on time, but contains insufficient details so that topic and project are not understandable Late (50%) Proposal was submitted after the deadline. Barely satisfies project Project was submitted requirements, and/or shows that the student put little effort into the project The description of what you learned by doing the project is impersonal and lacking in detail after the deadline. Reflection paper was submitted after the deadline. Bibliography contains Bibliography less than four sources, or sources are not sufficiently annotated was submitted after the deadline.See Answer
Q12: Instructions: Need help with lab reports according to the given writing lab report writing manual. Experiment name is "Counting Cells" Table 1: Cell Counting Number of Living Cell (Unstained) Number of Dead Cell (Stained) Area 1 Area 2 Area 3 Area 4 Average Average number of living cells Average number of dead cells In order to fill this table, we have to count from the attached pictures./n İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi BIOE 222 CELL BIOLOGY LABORATORY Experiment 3 2023-2024 SPRING Dr. Tuğba KÖSE Ar. Gör. Betül BUDAK Page 1 EXPERIMENT 3 : COUNTING CELLS 0,100mm NEUBAJER Tiefe Depth Profondeur IMPROVED CE Optik abor 0,0025mm² Figure 1:Hemocytometer 1mm 1mm 1mm Identification of Dead and Living Cells Live cells contain intact cell membranes that eliminate certain dyes. In dead cells, the dye enters the cytoplasm and the cells take on the stain.(Figure 2) о O о Figure 3: Counting cell о Q Include Hemocytometer is a special type of microscope slide used to count blood cells and consists of two chambers, which is divided into nine (1.0mm x 1.0mm) large squares that are separated from one another by triple lines. The central counting area of the hemocytometer contains 25 large squares and each large square has 16 smaller squares. The area of each is 1mm² (Figure 1). C 60 0 0 CodonAug Figure 2: Live cells appear colourless and bright under phase contrast, while dead cells stain blue. cells touching middle on top and left Exclude cells touching middle line on bottom and right O ○ How do we count the cells? Counting cells on the hemocytometer can be confusing. You need to make sure you don't count the same cell twice. Otherwise, you will get the wrong cell count. You have to set a rule and strictly follow it. PROCEDURE Obtain a uniform suspension of cells: Suspension cell culture will be used. Place 100 microliters of cell suspension in a suitably-sized centrifuge tube. For an accurate cell count to be obtained, a uniform suspension containing single cells is necessary. Page 2 Prepare a 1:1 dilution of the cell suspension in trypan blue: Approximately 10 microliters of cell suspension will be required to charge one chamber of the hemocytometer. Combine the 100 microliters of cell suspension with the 100 microliters of trypan blue. Pipette up and down several times to ensure a uniform cell suspension. Prepare the counting chamber: The mirror-like polished surface is carefully cleaned with 70% ethanol and the cover slip is also cleaned. Moisten and affix cover slip to the hemocytometer. Load the hemocytometer: 10 microliters of trypan blue-cell suspension is transferred to one of the chambers of the hemocytometer by carefully touching the cover slip at its edge with the pipette tip and allowing each chamber to fill by capillary action. The chamber should not be overfilled or underfilled. Determine the number of cells (total and viable): View the cells under a microscope at 100x magnification. Under the microscope, focus on the corner squares. On each corner square, there are 16 small squares. You need to count the cells on each corner square (4X4). Keep a separate count of viable and non-viable cells. Please fill the Table 1. Table 1: Cell Counting Number of Living Cell (Unstained) Number of Dead Cell (Stained) Area 1 Area 2 Area 3 Area 4 Average Average number of living cells Average number of dead cells For your lab report you need to perform the following calculations. Calculation: % Cell Viability = [Total Viable cells (Unstained) / Total cells (Viable+Dead)] X 100 • Dilution Factor = *Total Volume / Volume of sample. *Total Volume= Volume of cell sample + Volume of diluting liquid (trypan blue) Viable Cells/ml = Viable cell count x Dilution Factor x 104 Page 3/n • Cover Page How to write? • Name of Experiment • Aim of Experiment • Introduction Materials and Methods • Results • Discussion 1 Table of Content Introduction......... • Materials & Method......... ● Results.......... 1 .3 ........7 2 TABLE OF FIGURES ? 3 TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 5.1: The name of the figure DO NOT PUT «FIGURES» ON THIS PAGE! 4 St TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The name of the figure….... ● Figure 1.2: ……………………. ● Figure 3.1: !Each figure has to have a name!!! Figure 1.1: The name of the figure…………………………………..1 Number of Chapter Number of Figure for that Chapter .1 18 5See Answer
Q13: 4:09 Introduction to Stem Cells: Specialized stem cells have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into multiple cell lineages. It has been acting as an essential role in development, tissue repair, and regeneration. It is classified based on potency and origin. There types are totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, oligopotent, and unipotent. For most of the time, they are recovered from bone marrow, amniotic cells, fat tissue, umbilical rope, and placental tissue. Therapeutic Applications: Although harvesting bone marrow-derived stem cells can be challenging, they have a long history of use and have been shown to be effective in treating blood diseases. Amniotic cells like amniotic epithelial and mesenchymal stem cells have arisen as promising sources due to their immunomodulatory reasons. Adipose tissue-derived stem cells can be used compared in terms of harvesting ease and non-immunosuppression transplantations. Umbilical cord blood-derived stem cells having a rich source of hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells with a little risk of rejection. Thus, It can be better option. Placental tissue-derived stem cells like amniotic epithelial and mesenchymal stromal cells can be used, because it has good differentiation capabilities and immunomodulatory properties (Poliwoda, 2022). Challenges in clinical treatments: Stem cell therapies can cure cardiovascular diseases, digestive system diseases, arthritis, and cancer. It can be done using human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Challenges in clinical treatments include determining optimal cell sources, doses, delivery routes, and timing of administration. MSCs were first discovered in mouse bone marrow and later found in various human tissue sources, including adipose tissue, umbilical cord, and placenta. (Hoang, 2022). Stem cells can be genetically modified to enhance their survival, secretion of beneficial proteins, and differentiation abilities. Techniques such as gene cassette construction, transgenics, Cre/Lox P system, antisense inhibition, siRNA gene silencing, microRNA, reporter genes, cell-specific promoters, and gene switches can be used to modify the stem cells. One of the key challenges in stem cell-based therapy for heart repair is the low survival rate of transplanted cells in the harsh microenvironment of the ischemic heart. Genetic modification strategies aim to enhance the survival of graft cells by introducing genes that confer resistance to apoptosis and inflammation. For example, the Akt gene (promotes cell survival) has been successfully engineered into mesenchymal stem cells. Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels. It is crucial for restoring blood flow to ischemic myocardium I AA mediatb.blob.core.windows.net C 4:10 survival) has been successfully engineered into mesenchymal stem cells. Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels. It is crucial for restoring blood flow to ischemic myocardium. Genetic engineering allows for the delivery of angiogenic factors directly to the heart tissue. Genetic modification of MSCs to secrete a spectrum of angiogenic cytokines including VEGF, HGF, bFGF, and SDF-1a can be used to improve cardiac function. The shortage of functional insulin-producing pancreatic ß cells is a major obstacle in the treatment of type 1 diabetes. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can be engineered to overexpress key transcription factors involved in pancreatic development such as Foxa2 and Pdx1. These factors drive the differentiation of hESCs into pancreatic endocrine precursor cells capable of producing insulin. One challenge in cell replacement therapy for diabetes is the immune rejection of transplanted cells. To overcome this hurdle, researchers are using alternative stem cell sources with lower immunogenicity such as adult stem cells. For example, hepatic stem cells and hMSCs can be derived from the patient's own tissues. It will be reducing the risk of immune rejection (Phillips, 2008). Reference: Poliwoda, S., Noor, N., Downs, E., Schaaf, A., Cantwell, A., Ganti, L., Kaye, A. D., Mosel, L. I., Carroll, C. B., Viswanath, O., & Urits, I. (2022). Stem cells: a comprehensive review of origins and emerging clinical roles in medical practice. Orthopedic reviews, 14(3), 37498. https://doi.org/10.52965/001c.37498 Hoang, D. M., Pham, P. T., Bach, T. Q., Ngo, A. T. L., Nguyen, Q. T., Phan, T. T. K., Nguyen, L. T. (2022). Stem cell- based therapy for human diseases. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-022-01134-4#Sec2 Phillips, M. I., & Tang, Y. L. (2008). Genetic modification of 11 mediatb.blob.core.windows.net 4:10 engineered to overexpress key transcription factors involved in pancreatic development such as Foxa2 and Pdx1. These factors drive the differentiation of hESCs into pancreatic endocrine precursor cells capable of producing insulin. One challenge in cell replacement therapy for diabetes is the immune rejection of transplanted cells. To overcome this hurdle, researchers are using alternative stem cell sources with lower immunogenicity such as adult stem cells. For example, hepatic stem cells and hMSCs can be derived from the patient's own tissues. It will be reducing the risk of immune rejection (Phillips, 2008). Reference: Poliwoda, S., Noor, N., Downs, E., Schaaf, A., Cantwell, A., Ganti, L., Kaye, A. D., Mosel, L. I., Carroll, C. B., Viswanath, O., & Urits, I. (2022). Stem cells: a comprehensive review of origins and emerging clinical roles in medical practice. Orthopedic reviews, 14(3), 37498. https://doi.org/10.52965/001c.37498 Hoang, D. M., Pham, P. T., Bach, T. Q., Ngo, A. T. L., Nguyen, Q. T., Phan, T. T. K., Nguyen, L. T. (2022). Stem cell- based therapy for human diseases. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-022-01134-4#Sec2 Phillips, M. I., & Tang, Y. L. (2008). Genetic modification of stem cells for transplantation. Advanced drug delivery reviews, 60(2), 160-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2007.08.035 mediatb.blob.core.windows.net/n TO DO: I need 350 words (single spaced) more added to this (attached PDF) It is stem cell and genetic engineering, but it is on the files I sent.See Answer
Q14:About the datasets: Each lab has used a different napthyridine derivative in their experimental work. Please ensure you use the correct name for the drug allocated to your lab (Lab Allocation). You can find the data for each of the experiments in the Assignment 1 CELLS Guidance & Datasets links. Please note that MTT and Immunofluorescence are on the SAME spreadsheet, but on different sheet tabs. 1. MTT dataset - MCF-7 cells treated with one of 5 different novel napthyridine derivatives (see lab allocations), at different doses for 1 hour to determine the IC50- (RF16662, SG58008, HL50125, KH61220, CS71042) 2. Immunofluorescence dataset - Total relative expression of MLKL clusters in MCF-7 cells after treatment with napthyridine derivative at IC50 for 6 hours. Each sample point (each line of data) refers to the total number of cells displaying relative expression of MLKL clusters after 6hr treatment with corresponding drug at IC50, quantified from 10 experimental images (fields of view) per condition (given values are means of these 10 images taken at 100X magnification). 3. Electrophoresis dataset - DNA extracted from MCF-7 cells after treatment with a napthyridine derivative for 6 hours at 2 different doses (IC50 and IC75). Lane 1 is the molecular weight marker, Lane 2 is (A) untreated or control cells, Lane 3 is (B) cells treated with drug at IC50, Lane 4 is (C) cells treated with drug at IC75See Answer
Q15:7. "Annelids and arthropods are the only groups of animals which are segmented." True or false? Why? (3 points)See Answer
Q16:3. Describe the method of uptake and utilization of the elements of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen in a plant on the Manitoba prairies. Include a discussion about the plant structures involved in internal transportation and utilization of elements. (3 points)See Answer
Q17:Word Relationships Routine 1. With a partner, use the words on the Word Relationships Cards to create sentences that answer the Chapter 1 Question: How small are the microorganisms that live on and in the human body? 2. Use at least two words from the Word Relationships Cards in each sentence. You don't have to use all the words. 3. There are many different ways to answer the Chapter 1 Question, so try to create as many sentence responses as you can. You can also use multiple sentences to express your ideas. 4. When you have created your sentences, join another pair of students and share your responses.See Answer
Q18:using the article above follow the instructions below. Font: Times New Roman Font Size: 12 Margins: Normal 1 Inch Margins Double space At least 2 pages Title Page Intro: Paper Summary Guidelines Introduce topic. Provide background information, which may be obtained from the introductory part of your article. If an outside source is used, then it must be sited. What is the purpose or hypothesis of the article? Site the page number and paragraph summarized using MLA style at the end of the paragraph. Body Describe how the experiment was performed. Describe the results of the experiment. What insight can be drawn from the experimental results? Do they validate or invalidate the hypothesis? Do you believe that these results would be useful to future research? Site the page number and paragraph summarized using MLA style at the end of each paragraph Conclusion Work Cited PageSee Answer
Q19:16. What influence does particle size have on aerosol therapy? (1 pt)See Answer
Q20:14. At body temperature, gas has a saturated capacity of about 44 milligrams of water vapor per liter. If a gas has an absolute humidity of 22 milligrams per liter, what is the relative humidity? (1 pt)See Answer

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