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Q1: 1.1 Compute and plot the fraction of power transmitted as a function of the transmission-line loss in decibels. Do this on log paper for a loss range of 0-50 dB.See Answer
Q2: 1.5 How much does 1 mile of RG-19/U coaxial cable weigh in pounds?See Answer
Q3:Lasers are classified based on their safety characteristics. There are several classifications from ANSI, IEC and CDRH. For example some laser pointers have a label Class III laser or in another it might say Class 3. Please write on to two pages explaining the classification meaning and practical methods of protection in each case. Please list reference sources of your information at the end.See Answer
Q4:5. A bi-static radar has identical antennas at 35 GHz which have gain of 30 dB. Radar parameters include: e P= 50 kW BN = 12 MHz (Sr/Nr) = 20 Tsys = 425 K LTotal 2.8 R1 = 1.63-R2 k=1.38x10-23 J/K Assume a target with a radar cross section of 5 m². What are the target ranges R1 and R2?See Answer
Q5:1. OSNR: In a Radio over Fiber link, RF input power to the laser is +27 dBm. Laser input impedance is 50 ohm and laser modulation gain Gm is 0.1 mW/mA. (a) There are two connectors between the laser and photodiode, each with 1 dB loss and three splices each with 0.5 dB loss. Fiber attenuation is 0.5 dB/km. Receiver output impedance is also 50 ohm. Detector responsivity 0.8 and avalanche gain M is 50. Find the optical link loss Lop as a function of fiber length L km. (b) What is the RF power emanating from the photo detector (before the avalanche gain)? (c) Find the mean square value of the ac component of the detector current id. (d) If the total optical link noise is 1 x 10-12 A² over the given bandwidth, find the OSNR for L 5, 10 and 20 km considering the avalanche gain. (e) Plot OSNR vs L.See Answer
Q6:2.12 A communication system uses BPSK modulation to transmit data bits b₁, 1 = 0, 1, 2,.... In the transmitter, a sequence of rectan- gular pulses is mixed to a carrier frequency by multiplying the rectangular pulses by √2P cos(27f₁t): s(t) = √2P bipr(t-IT) cos(2n fit). /-0,1.... At the receiver, the received signal is first mixed down to baseband by multiplying by √2/T cos(27f2t), where f₂ - f₁ = Af is the offset of the two 136 oscillators. After the signal is mixed down, it is filtered with a matched filter, that is h(t) = pr(t). The filter is sampled at time t = iT for i = 1,2,.... In addition, the signal is mixed down by multiplying by -√2/T sin(27f2t). Let ye(iT) denote the first output and y, (iT) denote the second output. Then, ye(it) = = £ $(7) √/²7/ CC cos(21f27)h(iT - t)dt ys(IT) = - = - * S(T) 7) √ sin(2727)h(iT - T)dt. 1-00 (a) In the absence of noise, evaluate the outputs y(iT) and y, (iT) in terms of bi-₁› E = PT. AfT, and į. Ignore double frequency terms in evaluating the output. That is, derive an expression for ye(iT) and y,(iT). (Useful trig identity sin(u) - sin(v) = 2 cos("") sin("").) (b) Assume you buy two crystal oscillators at a 10 MHz nominal frequency that have + 10 PPM accuracy. That is, factual = fnominal (1 ± 10/106). Assume that the data rate is 100 kbps (7 = 10-5), that the data bits are all positive ( b; = 1, i = 0, 1, 2,..., 500), and that E = 1. (i) Are the double frequency terms negligible? (ii) Plot the output of the filters y (iT) and y, (iT) as a function of į for 1 ≤i≤ 500. Assume all the data bits are +1 and f₂-fi = Af = 200 Hz and T = 10-³.See Answer
Q7:2.17 Consider a baseband signal: X(t) = x₁(1) + jxq(t), where x/(t) and xo(t) are baseband signals with frequency content limited to [-W, +W]. Let X₁(f) and Xo(f) be the frequency content of the signals. So X₁(f) = XQ(f) = 0 for f * [-W, W]. The energy of the lowpass complex signal is The passband signal is = f ₁8010³d₁. E₁ = x(t) = x1(1) √2 cos(2n fet) - xo(t) √2 sin(2n fet), where fe < W. The energy of the passband signal is 138 Ep = fix(0)³dt. Show that E = Ep. Hint: Derive expressions for the energy in the frequency domain for x(f). Use Parseval's theorem: fut² (1dt = fuvas,See Answer
Q8:2.25 Consider a time-shifted set of orthonormal rectangular pulses with amplitudes given by s(0) = +0.0460-0.0460j s(8)= +0.0460 -0.0460j s(1) = -0.1320-0.0020js(9)= +0.0020 +0.1320j s(2) = -0.0130 +0.0790j s(10) = -0.0790 +0.0130j s(3) = +0.1430 +0.0130j s(11) = -0.0130 -0.1430j s(4) = +0.0920 + 0.0000j s(12) = +0.0000 - 0.0920j s(5) = +0.1430+ 0.0130j s(13)= -0.0130 - 0.1430j s(6) = -0.0130 +0.0790j s(14)= -0.0790+ 0.0130j s(7) = -0.1320-0.0020j s(15)= +0.0020 +0.1320j. The signal is then 15 s(t) = s(n)pr (t-nT). #0 This signal is used in the preamble of the IEEE 802.11 system. The signal is filtered with a filter with impulse response h(t) s*(16T-1). = (a) Find and plot the magnitude of the output of the filter. (b) If the signal is repeated eight times, plot the real part, imaginary part, and magnitude of the output of the same filter.See Answer
Q9:3.4 Let X(t) be a zero mean WSS Gaussian random process with autocorrelation function RX(T) = e, (a) What is the variance of X(t)? (b) Let h(t) = 5(1)-(t-1) be the impulse response of a linear system with input X(1) and output Y(1). Find the mean and vari- ance of y(1). (c) Is Y(1) WSS? (d) Find P{Y(1) > 2). Express your answer in terms of the Q function.See Answer
Q10:3.8 The WSS random process X(1) has autocorrelation function Rx(1) = 2 exp(-1). (a) What is the value of E[X(t+1)-X(t-1)]²? (b) If X(t) is also Gaussian with zero mean, find P(X²(1) > 1) in terms of the standard Gaussian distribution function defined by √exp(-u²/2)du. D(x) =See Answer
Q11:3.11 Suppose n(1) is WGN with two-sided power spectral density No/2. That is, No 20(7) Suppose that R₁(T) = B[n(t)n(t+T)] = No Sn(D) = 2₁ Sh(1-r)n(r) cos(2nfer)dr h(t-T)n(T) sin(2nft)dt, yı(t) = yo(t) = Sh(t- where h(t) is an ideal lowpass filter that passes frequencies from -W/2 to W/2 and rejects all other frequencies. Determine the auto- correlation and power spectral density of y(t) and yo(t).See Answer
Q12:Part A: Analog Communications Review Modulation methods within Analog Communications have evolved considerably over the last century. Produce a report outlining the key analog modulation methods. Within your report discuss each of the major techniques. You are required to describe the operation of each technique, how to generate each technique and the major advantages and disadvantage of each technique. (As a guideline this should be approximately 1000 words) Part B: Single Audio Signal Transmission An audio signal described below is to be transmitted using a radio signal. Vm = 2 сos(2π * 10^3) t Propose 3 different ways to do this. Include choice of frequency, carrier frequency, bandwidth, modulation index, etc. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of each type and suggest the most appropriate method - justify all decisions. Part C: Multiple Audio Signal Wireless Transmission Three audio signals described below is to be transmitted on the same wireless channel. Signal 1 has a frequency response from 2KHz to 4KHz Signal 2 has a frequency response from 2KHz to 4KHz Signal 3 has a frequency response from 4KHz to 8KHz Design a system to achieve this. You should include the frequency response at each stage. You should also justify all key decisions.See Answer
Q13:1. In frame 1, the client sends a DNS query to a server to discover the IP address for a domain name presented in the query message. (a) (b) (c) ENG:305 Provide screen capture of the protocol header and highlight the packet details that identifies the host of the DNS server. Illustrate the data structure of the protocol header by indicating the name, bit-length, and decimal value stored in each of the header fields. (5 marks) Provide screen capture of the protocol header and highlight the packet details that identifies the DNS service on the host. Illustrate the data structure of the protocol header by indicating the name, bit-length, and decimal value stored in each of the header fields. (5 marks) Provide screen capture showing the packet details of the DNS query. Analyze the data format of the DNS query and syntax of its query message. Based on the analysis, indicate the DNS query header length, query message length, and the domain name in the query. (5 marks) SINGAPORE UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES (US) Group-Based Assignment (d) Construct the IP datagram showing the encapsulation of all protocol headers and its payload. Indicate the length of each of the headers and the query message. Provide a screen capture of the packet details showing the Total Length of the IP datagram and verify that the total length of the IP datagram is equal to the sum of all its constructed parts. (5 marks)See Answer
Q14:In frame 3, the client initiates a 3-way handshake to establish a connection with the web server and subsequently issuing a HTTP GET request in frame 7. (b) (c) (d) Illustrate the protocol operation in the 3-way handshake using a timing sequence diagram and describing the exchange of frames between the client and the server. (5 marks) Provide screen capture of the packet details in the GET request. Highlight the relevant packet details to indicate the request filename, server hostname, and the file types which the client is expected to receive. (5 marks) Analyze the stream of packets transmitted in respond to the GET request. Explain how the first and final data frames of the requested file can be identified. Provide screen capture of the final frame showing the frame number and packet details of the HTTP response message. [Hint: you may alternatively use the "Follow TCP Stream" function on the analyzer to filter and trace a particular protocol stream] (5 marks) Provide screen captures of the first and final data frames. Highlight the relevant packet details showing the packet length and sequence number in each of the frames. Based on the information highlighted, estimate the total data size of the file being transmitted. [Hint: you may verify your answer against the expert information provided by the protocol analyzer.] (5 marks)See Answer
Q15:3. In frame 24, the client initiates another 3-way handshake for a connection with the web server and subsequently issuing another HTTP GET request in frame 31. (a) (b) ENG305 SINGAPORE UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES (US) (c) Provide a screen capture of the packet list showing the frames involved in the 3-way handshake. Examine the timestamps on the frames and calculate the Initial Round Trip Time (RTT) for the connection. [Hint: RTT is the total elapsed time from start of a network request and receiving a response.] (5 marks) (d) Frame 149 is a retransmission of an earlier frame in the file request. Provide screen captures of the original and retransmitted frames. Highlight the relevant packet details and explain how the original frame was identified. (5 marks) Page 17 Group-Based Assignment Provide screen capture of the packet list showing the timestamps of the original and retransmitted frames. Analyze the round-trip time (RTT) taken by the original frame and the iRTT evaluated in Question 3(a). Compare the two round-trip times and explain why the packet transmitted in frame 149 is indeed a retransmission of frame 99. [Hint: a packet is retransmitted on the expiry of the retransmission timer.] (5 marks) Provide screen capture of the packet list showing the timestamps of the GET request and acknowledgement frames. Analyze the total elapsed time and data size of the file received by the browser. Based on the analysis, estimate the overall bit rate at which the client receives the requested file. (5 marks)See Answer
Q16:5.2 A communication system transmits 3 bits using one of eight equally likely signals in two dimensions, as shown in Figure 5.26. That is, the signals are so(t) = Apo(t) $₁(t) = A$(1) + A$1 (1) $₂(t) = A$1(1) $3(t) = −A$(1) + A$1 (1) $4(t) = -Apo(t) $5(t) = -A$(1) - A$1 (1) $6(1) = -A$1(1) $7(1) = A$(1) - A$1(1). The signals (1) and 1(1) are orthonormal. The received signal is the transmitted signal plus WGN. (a) Draw a block diagram of the optimal receiver. (b) Determine (draw) the optimal decision regions (to minimize the average error probability). (c) Determine the probability of error for signal s₁(t). (d) Determine a bound on the error probability for signal so(t). 281See Answer
Q17:5.2 A communication system transmits 3 bits using one of eight equally likely signals in two dimensions, as shown in Figure 5.26. That is, the signals are so(t) = Apo(t) $₁(t) = A$(1) + A$1 (1) $₂(t) = A$1(1) $3(t) = −A$(1) + A$1 (1) $4(t) = -Apo(t) $5(t) = -A$(1) - A$1 (1) $6(1) = -A$1(1) $7(1) = A$(1) - A$1(1). The signals (1) and 1(1) are orthonormal. The received signal is the transmitted signal plus WGN. (a) Draw a block diagram of the optimal receiver. (b) Determine (draw) the optimal decision regions (to minimize the average error probability). (c) Determine the probability of error for signal s₁(t). (d) Determine a bound on the error probability for signal so(t). 281See Answer
Q18:SUGGESTED GUIDELINES 1. Choose a specific value of the angle 8. Now plot the gain as a function of the height kd. Repeat the same for some other values. Specifically take 0 = 45°, 90°, 135º and choose 0 ≤ kd ≤ 200 for each of these three values of the angle 9. Plot the gain at each of these three values vs. kd and choose about 200 datapoints. (Use MATLAB to do the calculations.) You can choose any frequency between 1 and 5 GHz which shall determine wavenumber k. 2. Model the geometry in FEKO. To do so, take the same frequency as in question 1, and select the dipole length to be ≤ and carrying a constant current. Repeat the case of question 1 but now the full-wave solver FEKO is used which is assumed to be more accurate than the analytical model. Now present your results for part 1 and 2 (analytical vs. full-wave FEKO) and comment on the accuracy of the analytical results. 3. Use the "Sommerfeld ground" option in FEKO and choose some specific values of the parameters for the lossy ground. You can use a value for the conductivity 10-03 ≤ ≤ 12 × 10-03 Siemens/meter, and, the relative permittivity as & = 15; the permeability is Mo = 4π x 10-07 Henries/meter. (These are the data one needs to enter when using the Sommerfeld ground option in FEKO.) Repeat the results of part 1 using the lossy ground option and compare your results in part 3 against the ones obtained in parts 1 and 2. 4. Generate a PowerPoint document that demonstrates the limitation and validation of the analytical formulations in the antenna height-gain factor. (For your analysis you can benchmark the FEKO results as accurate.)See Answer
Q19:QUESTIONS/SUGGESTIONS 1) Compute the dipole input impedance Zin for various values of the length to radius ratios: 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000 and 25000. Choose a frequency between 950 MHz and 2.88 GHz. Present your result in a tabular form. Specify exactly the values of L and a conforming to the ratios. 2) For the above data in part 1), prepare a dipole model and obtain the full-wave results for the dipole input impedance. Compare the analytical results in part 1) against the results in part 2). Present your result in tabulated form. 3) Next, choose a fixed length of the dipole and its radius. Select a frequency fo in the range between 950 MHz and 2.88 GHz such that the dipole is exactly at the frequency of your choice. Now vary the frequency, keeping all the other data fixed, and compute the input impedance. (Though L and a are formally fixed due to the choice of fo, varying the frequency changes the kL and ka; this changes the dipole input impedance.) Plot the variations of Rin and Xin vs. kL and ka. (This is using the analytical result.) 4) Repeat the process in part 3) but using an appropriate CAD software. Compare your results against analytical results you obtained in part 3). 5) Going by the results you have obtained in parts 1) through 4), comment on the validation of the analytical formulas. How does the approximation break down? Which ratios show the best agreements between analytical and full-wave numerical results?See Answer
Q20:1. (20 points) A cellular service provider decides to use digital TDMA scheme which can tolerate a signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) of 15 dB in the worst case. Assume that all co-channel BSs are equal distant from the mobile, i.e., Di-D. Also assume a path loss exponent of n=4. Find the optimal value of N for a) Omnidirectional antennas b) 120 degree sectoring antennas c) 60 degree sectoring antennas. Should sectoring be used. If so, which case, 60 degree or 120 degree, should be used? Hint: Consider trunking efficiency in your decision.See Answer

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