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Q1: 1.1 Compute and plot the fraction of power transmitted as a function of the transmission-line loss in decibels. Do this on log paper for a loss range of 0-50 dB.See Answer
Q2: 1.5 How much does 1 mile of RG-19/U coaxial cable weigh in pounds?See Answer
Q3:Lasers are classified based on their safety characteristics. There are several classifications from ANSI, IEC and CDRH. For example some laser pointers have a label Class III laser or in another it might say Class 3. Please write on to two pages explaining the classification meaning and practical methods of protection in each case. Please list reference sources of your information at the end.See Answer
Q4:1. (a) What is the equation for the received signal power at a monostatic radar in terms of: Pt transmit power, Gt= Gr=G antenna gain, o RCS, R range to target, f frequency, Ltot total losses? (b) What are the types of losses comprising Ltot? (c) How is receiver noise related to noise figure and other parameters? (d) If (S/N)min is the minimum detectable SNR, find the relationship between & and antenna gain when other parameters are held constant: o = g(G:other parameters)See Answer
Q5:5. A bi-static radar has identical antennas at 35 GHz which have gain of 30 dB. Radar parameters include: e P= 50 kW BN = 12 MHz (Sr/Nr) = 20 Tsys = 425 K LTotal 2.8 R1 = 1.63-R2 k=1.38x10-23 J/K Assume a target with a radar cross section of 5 m². What are the target ranges R1 and R2?See Answer
Q6:1. OSNR: In a Radio over Fiber link, RF input power to the laser is +27 dBm. Laser input impedance is 50 ohm and laser modulation gain Gm is 0.1 mW/mA. (a) There are two connectors between the laser and photodiode, each with 1 dB loss and three splices each with 0.5 dB loss. Fiber attenuation is 0.5 dB/km. Receiver output impedance is also 50 ohm. Detector responsivity 0.8 and avalanche gain M is 50. Find the optical link loss Lop as a function of fiber length L km. (b) What is the RF power emanating from the photo detector (before the avalanche gain)? (c) Find the mean square value of the ac component of the detector current id. (d) If the total optical link noise is 1 x 10-12 A² over the given bandwidth, find the OSNR for L 5, 10 and 20 km considering the avalanche gain. (e) Plot OSNR vs L.See Answer
Q7:2.8 (a) Consider a signal f(t) with unit energy defined over the time interval [0, 7] that is zero outside that time interval. For example, f(t) = √T/Tpr (1). Consider two signals of duration NT: so(t) = N-1 are orthogonal. Σsouf(t-iT) i-0 N-1 si(t) = Σsuf(t-iT). 132 Determine (so(1), $1(1)) in terms of the sequence Sq, i = 0, 1,...,N-1 and $₁,,i = 0, 1,..., N-1. 1-0 (b) Consider the two signals of duration 27 generated from f(t) and the two vectors so = (+1, +1) and s₁ = (+1,-1). We will form a matrix of vectors. In this case, N = 2: H₂ = 50 51 +1 (39) where the first row can be used to generate a first signal and the second row used to generate a second signal. Using part (a), show that the two signals so(t) = 50,0 f(t)pr (1) + 50,1f(t-T)pr(t-T) $₁(t) = $1,0 f(t)pr(t) + $1,1ƒ(t – T)pr(t – T)See Answer
Q8:2.12 A communication system uses BPSK modulation to transmit data bits b₁, 1 = 0, 1, 2,.... In the transmitter, a sequence of rectan- gular pulses is mixed to a carrier frequency by multiplying the rectangular pulses by √2P cos(27f₁t): s(t) = √2P bipr(t-IT) cos(2n fit). /-0,1.... At the receiver, the received signal is first mixed down to baseband by multiplying by √2/T cos(27f2t), where f₂ - f₁ = Af is the offset of the two 136 oscillators. After the signal is mixed down, it is filtered with a matched filter, that is h(t) = pr(t). The filter is sampled at time t = iT for i = 1,2,.... In addition, the signal is mixed down by multiplying by -√2/T sin(27f2t). Let ye(iT) denote the first output and y, (iT) denote the second output. Then, ye(it) = = £ $(7) √/²7/ CC cos(21f27)h(iT - t)dt ys(IT) = - = - * S(T) 7) √ sin(2727)h(iT - T)dt. 1-00 (a) In the absence of noise, evaluate the outputs y(iT) and y, (iT) in terms of bi-₁› E = PT. AfT, and į. Ignore double frequency terms in evaluating the output. That is, derive an expression for ye(iT) and y,(iT). (Useful trig identity sin(u) - sin(v) = 2 cos("") sin("").) (b) Assume you buy two crystal oscillators at a 10 MHz nominal frequency that have + 10 PPM accuracy. That is, factual = fnominal (1 ± 10/106). Assume that the data rate is 100 kbps (7 = 10-5), that the data bits are all positive ( b; = 1, i = 0, 1, 2,..., 500), and that E = 1. (i) Are the double frequency terms negligible? (ii) Plot the output of the filters y (iT) and y, (iT) as a function of į for 1 ≤i≤ 500. Assume all the data bits are +1 and f₂-fi = Af = 200 Hz and T = 10-³.See Answer
Q9:2.16 Suppose you want to implement an SRRC pulse shape. The pulse shape is continuous and the pulse shape theoretically lasts for- ever. You generate samples of the pulse in the time domain and truncate the pulse to some number of samples. Suppose you generated eight samples per seconds where I is the time between pulses. You can assume T = 1. You can use MATLAB". Do the following for a = 0.05,0.15,0.25. (a) Determine how many samples you need if the maximum sample you ignore is 40 dB down relative to the peak sample. That is, the amplitude of any sample you ignore must be 0.01 times as small as the peak sample. (b) Determine the frequency content of the signal (plot the frequency content in dB) versus f.See Answer
Q10:2.17 Consider a baseband signal: X(t) = x₁(1) + jxq(t), where x/(t) and xo(t) are baseband signals with frequency content limited to [-W, +W]. Let X₁(f) and Xo(f) be the frequency content of the signals. So X₁(f) = XQ(f) = 0 for f * [-W, W]. The energy of the lowpass complex signal is The passband signal is = f ₁8010³d₁. E₁ = x(t) = x1(1) √2 cos(2n fet) - xo(t) √2 sin(2n fet), where fe < W. The energy of the passband signal is 138 Ep = fix(0)³dt. Show that E = Ep. Hint: Derive expressions for the energy in the frequency domain for x(f). Use Parseval's theorem: fut² (1dt = fuvas,See Answer
Q11:2.25 Consider a time-shifted set of orthonormal rectangular pulses with amplitudes given by s(0) = +0.0460-0.0460j s(8)= +0.0460 -0.0460j s(1) = -0.1320-0.0020js(9)= +0.0020 +0.1320j s(2) = -0.0130 +0.0790j s(10) = -0.0790 +0.0130j s(3) = +0.1430 +0.0130j s(11) = -0.0130 -0.1430j s(4) = +0.0920 + 0.0000j s(12) = +0.0000 - 0.0920j s(5) = +0.1430+ 0.0130j s(13)= -0.0130 - 0.1430j s(6) = -0.0130 +0.0790j s(14)= -0.0790+ 0.0130j s(7) = -0.1320-0.0020j s(15)= +0.0020 +0.1320j. The signal is then 15 s(t) = s(n)pr (t-nT). #0 This signal is used in the preamble of the IEEE 802.11 system. The signal is filtered with a filter with impulse response h(t) s*(16T-1). = (a) Find and plot the magnitude of the output of the filter. (b) If the signal is repeated eight times, plot the real part, imaginary part, and magnitude of the output of the same filter.See Answer
Q12:5. Communication System Parameters [12 points] Consider the following communication system with constellation with 16 points in 16 dimensions as given in Question 1.5 (second set) of Chapter 1 of the textbook. The modulation is with the orthonormal waveforms given by (t)= Po(t-nT), for n=1,2,3,..., 15, and po(t) is the squarcroot raised cosine pulse with T = 0.0001 and a=0.5. Find the following parameters of the system: • Energy per bit Es • Rate R • Power P, Bandwidth W. The second set is attached below./nA second signal set with M = 16 signals in 16 dimensions that can transmit 4 bits of information has the following signals: So = A(+1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1) $₁ = A(+1,-1, +1, −1, +1, −1, +1, −1, +1, −1, +1, −1, +1,-1, +1, -1) $₂ = A(+1, +1,-1, −1, +1, +1, −1, −1, +1, +1, − 1, −1, +1, +1,-1,-1) $3 = A(+1,-1,-1, +1, +1, −1, −1, +1, +1, −1, −1, +1, +1,-1,-1, +1) $4 = A(+1, +1, +1, +1, −1, −1, −1, −1, +1, +1, +1, +1, −1, −1, −1, −1) $5 = A(+1,-1, +1, −1, −1, +1, −1, +1, +1, −1, +1, −1, −1, +1, −1, +1) S6 = A(+1, +1,-1, −1, −1, −1, +1, +1, +1, +1, −1, −1, −1, −1, +1, +1) $7 = A(+1,-1,-1, +1, −1, +1, +1, −1, +1, −1, −1, +1, −1, +1, +1, −1) $g = A(+1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, −1, −1, −1, -1,-1,-1,-1,-1) $9 = A(+1,-1, +1, −1, +1, −1, +1, −1, −1, +1, −1, +1,-1, +1,-1, +1) S10 = A(+1, +1,−1, −1, +1, +1, −1, −1, −1, −1, +1, +1, −1, −1, +1, +1) S11 = A(+1,-1, −1, +1, +1, −1, −1, +1, −1, +1, +1, −1, −1, +1, +1, -1) $12 = A(+1, +1, +1, +1, −1, −1, −1, −1, −1, −1, −1, −1, +1, +1, +1, +1) S13 = A(+1,-1, +1, −1, −1, +1, −1, +1, −1, +1, −1, +1, +1, −1, +1, -1) S14 = A(+1, +1,−1, −1, −1, −1, +1, +1, −1, −1, +1, +1, +1, +1, −1, −1) S15 = A(+1,-1,-1, +1, −1, +1, +1, −1, −1, +1, +1, −1, +1, −1, −1, +1)See Answer
Q13:3.1 Let X be a random variable with density function £x(x) = { 8** x 20 x < 0. (a) Let y = + √x (positive square-root). Find the density function, fy(y), of y for all values of y. (b) Let Z = ax + b where a is a positive constant. Find the density function, fz(2), for all values of Z.See Answer
Q14:3.4 Let X(t) be a zero mean WSS Gaussian random process with autocorrelation function RX(T) = e, (a) What is the variance of X(t)? (b) Let h(t) = 5(1)-(t-1) be the impulse response of a linear system with input X(1) and output Y(1). Find the mean and vari- ance of y(1). (c) Is Y(1) WSS? (d) Find P{Y(1) > 2). Express your answer in terms of the Q function.See Answer
Q15:3.8 The WSS random process X(1) has autocorrelation function Rx(1) = 2 exp(-1). (a) What is the value of E[X(t+1)-X(t-1)]²? (b) If X(t) is also Gaussian with zero mean, find P(X²(1) > 1) in terms of the standard Gaussian distribution function defined by √exp(-u²/2)du. D(x) =See Answer
Q16:3.10 Suppose that X(1) and Y(f) are zero mean WSS random processes with autocorrelation RX(T) = E[X(1)X(t+7)], and Ry(T) = B[Y(1)Y(1+7)]. In addition, X(t) and Y(1) are independent. This means that any random variable X(1) is independent of any random variable Y(s). (a) Suppose that W(t) = X(t) + Y(1). Find the autocorrelation of W(1) in terms of the autocorrelation of X and Y. (b) Suppose that Z(t) = X(t)X(t). Find the autocorrelation of Z(t) in terms of the autocorrelation of X and Y.See Answer
Q17:3.11 Suppose n(1) is WGN with two-sided power spectral density No/2. That is, No 20(7) Suppose that R₁(T) = B[n(t)n(t+T)] = No Sn(D) = 2₁ Sh(1-r)n(r) cos(2nfer)dr h(t-T)n(T) sin(2nft)dt, yı(t) = yo(t) = Sh(t- where h(t) is an ideal lowpass filter that passes frequencies from -W/2 to W/2 and rejects all other frequencies. Determine the auto- correlation and power spectral density of y(t) and yo(t).See Answer
Q18:Part A: Analog Communications Review Modulation methods within Analog Communications have evolved considerably over the last century. Produce a report outlining the key analog modulation methods. Within your report discuss each of the major techniques. You are required to describe the operation of each technique, how to generate each technique and the major advantages and disadvantage of each technique. (As a guideline this should be approximately 1000 words) Part B: Single Audio Signal Transmission An audio signal described below is to be transmitted using a radio signal. Vm = 2 сos(2π * 10^3) t Propose 3 different ways to do this. Include choice of frequency, carrier frequency, bandwidth, modulation index, etc. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of each type and suggest the most appropriate method - justify all decisions. Part C: Multiple Audio Signal Wireless Transmission Three audio signals described below is to be transmitted on the same wireless channel. Signal 1 has a frequency response from 2KHz to 4KHz Signal 2 has a frequency response from 2KHz to 4KHz Signal 3 has a frequency response from 4KHz to 8KHz Design a system to achieve this. You should include the frequency response at each stage. You should also justify all key decisions.See Answer
Q19:1. In frame 1, the client sends a DNS query to a server to discover the IP address for a domain name presented in the query message. (a) (b) (c) ENG:305 Provide screen capture of the protocol header and highlight the packet details that identifies the host of the DNS server. Illustrate the data structure of the protocol header by indicating the name, bit-length, and decimal value stored in each of the header fields. (5 marks) Provide screen capture of the protocol header and highlight the packet details that identifies the DNS service on the host. Illustrate the data structure of the protocol header by indicating the name, bit-length, and decimal value stored in each of the header fields. (5 marks) Provide screen capture showing the packet details of the DNS query. Analyze the data format of the DNS query and syntax of its query message. Based on the analysis, indicate the DNS query header length, query message length, and the domain name in the query. (5 marks) SINGAPORE UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES (US) Group-Based Assignment (d) Construct the IP datagram showing the encapsulation of all protocol headers and its payload. Indicate the length of each of the headers and the query message. Provide a screen capture of the packet details showing the Total Length of the IP datagram and verify that the total length of the IP datagram is equal to the sum of all its constructed parts. (5 marks)See Answer
Q20:In frame 3, the client initiates a 3-way handshake to establish a connection with the web server and subsequently issuing a HTTP GET request in frame 7. (b) (c) (d) Illustrate the protocol operation in the 3-way handshake using a timing sequence diagram and describing the exchange of frames between the client and the server. (5 marks) Provide screen capture of the packet details in the GET request. Highlight the relevant packet details to indicate the request filename, server hostname, and the file types which the client is expected to receive. (5 marks) Analyze the stream of packets transmitted in respond to the GET request. Explain how the first and final data frames of the requested file can be identified. Provide screen capture of the final frame showing the frame number and packet details of the HTTP response message. [Hint: you may alternatively use the "Follow TCP Stream" function on the analyzer to filter and trace a particular protocol stream] (5 marks) Provide screen captures of the first and final data frames. Highlight the relevant packet details showing the packet length and sequence number in each of the frames. Based on the information highlighted, estimate the total data size of the file being transmitted. [Hint: you may verify your answer against the expert information provided by the protocol analyzer.] (5 marks)See Answer

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