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Q1:Problem 1: A built-up compression member has the section shown in Figure 1. Use A36 steel for both the channels and plates. The back-to-back distance between two channels is 6 in. The compression member is 25 feet long and pinned at both ends. (a)Calculate the governing effective slenderness ratio to determine if the compressive strength is governed by bucking about the x-x or y-y axis. Does the effective slenderness ratio satisfy the AISC recommended upper limit? (b) Compute the design axial strength, DePn, based on AISCS Section E3. (c) Compute cPn using AISCM Table 4-14 and compare the result to that computed in Part (b). (d) Classify the cover plate, channel web, and channel flange for compactness as either slender or nonslender. Assume Fy = 50 ksi for both the plate and channels. Problem 2: Consider only the in-plane response of the frame shown in Figure 2. Beams and columns are oriented to bend about their strong axis in the plane of the frame. Structural analysis results give the following service loads in column member A: Pp=320 kips, and PL=600 kips, and in column B: PD=200 kips, and PL =360 kips. Use A572 Gr. 65 steel. (a) Can Column A support the loads? [Hint: Beams in the 18-ft bay are pin-supported at beam ends. These simply supported beams should not be included in the G calculations because they are not rigidly connected to the columns.] (b) Can Column B support the loads? Y 1 -PL 1/2X9 12 Column B W14×74 TYP. 2C10X30 W24 x76 . W24 x 76 W24x76 W24 x 76 0 X- - -x 15' Column A W14×90 1 TYP. 1 Y Figure 1 W24×76 W24x76 W24x76 O TÂM 20' 20' 18' 18' TÂM Tân TÂM Figure 2See Answer
Q2:TutorBin Question A W24x68 shape of A992 steel is used for the simply supported beam to carry a uniformly distributed load as shown in Figure 3. (A) What is the preferred grade of steel? (B) Check if the section is compact based on AISCS Section B4. Then compute ¢Mn based on Section F2.1 of AISCS by ignoring lateral-torsional buckling. Compare this value with that tabulated in Table 3-2 of AISCM. (C) Based on ¢Mn computed above, calculate the maximum factored load, Wy, which can be supported by the beam. Then compute the corresponding total load (WyL) in kips that the beam can carry, where L = beam span. Compare this total load with that tabulated in Table 3-6 of the AISCM. (D) The factored Wu (=1.2wp +1.6w) is composed of the contribution from both service dead load (WD) including self-weight of the beam, and service live load (WL). If the ratio between WL and Wp is 3, compute the maximum service live load, WL and dead load, Wp, that can be carried by the beam. Then compute the total service load, (WD + WL)l, in kips that this beam can carry. Compare this value with that (shown in green) tabulated in Table 3-6; the values in green are for another design method called Allowable Strength Design (ASD), not Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD). (E) Check the shear strength of the beam based on AISCS Section G2.1(a). (F) One common practice is to camber a beam using 80% of the calculated dead load deflection and rounding down to the nearest 1/4 in. increment. Using this criterion, specify the camber for this beam. (G) Check if the beam is sufficiently stiff such that the live load deflection does not exceed L/360. WII 1 = 27 ft Figure 3See Answer
Q3:TutorBin Question Problem 1: Compute the following quantities: 1x, ly, rx ry, S., and Sy for the shape W30x211. Compare your computed values with those tabulated in Part 1 of the AISC Steel Construction Manual (AISCM). Neglect the fillet areas in your calculations. (Hint: Divide the shape into three rectangles. AISCM Table 17-27 provides formulas for some basic sections.) Problem2: A built up I-shape shown in Figure 1 is used as a simply supported beam subject to a uniformly distributed load. Use A572 Grade 65 steel. (A) Locate the elastic neutral axis (ENA) measured from the bottom of the section. Compute the elastic section modulus, S., with respect to the top flange. (B) Locate the plastic neutral axis (PNA) measured from the bottom of the section. Then compute the plastic section modulus, Zz. 21" 7/8" x 16" 5/8" Î7/8" 12" Figure 1See Answer
Q4:CE 323 - Steel Design- Homework # 5 (Due March 13) 1. Determine the available strength of the compression member HSS 6 x 4 x 1/2 shown in the figure below. The member is Use AISC equations to compute design strengths for both LRFD and ASD. (15 points) * 15' 2. Determine whether compression member shown in the figure is adequate to support the given loads. The service dead load is 560 kips and the service live load is 100 kips. The member is W12x79. (15 points) E L > 30° 1 Prepare Excel sheet for Compression members similar to handout given in class. (15 points)See Answer
Q5:1. The steel column shown supports an axial compres- sive load of 105 kip. The allowable compressive stress in the steel is 20.5 ksi, and the allowable bearing stress in the concrete footing is 700 psi. (a) Determine the required cross-sectional area of the column. (b) If this column will be made of standard-weight steel pipe, se- lect the smallest nominal diameter that may be used. (c) For the pipe size selected in compute the actual stress developed in the column. (d) Calculate the re- quired length of the steel base plate if the width of this plate is 10 in. P - Steel column Steel base plate Concrete PROB. 10.35 2. Two 3/8 x 6-in. plates are joined by 3/4-in .- diameter rivets as shown. Determine the maximum al- lowable load P on the plates if the allowable stress in tension is 22 ksi, the allowable stress in shear is 29 ksi, and the allowable stress in bearing is 58 ksi. 11/2 in. + P. 6 in. 3 in. >P 1 + 1 11/2 in. 3/8 in. 1 P 1 -P 3/4-in .- diameter rivetsSee Answer
Q6:Figure 1 shows a simply supported cold-formed steel beam with a lipped channel section. The beam is subjected to two concentrated loads with the same magnitude of P. Straps are provided at the loading and support positions. The material properties include yield strength fy = 483.49 MPa, Young's modulus E = 206.9 GPa and Poisson's ratio v = 0.3. b Dimensions h = 202.35 mm 0 b = 76.61 mm r c = 20.88 mm t = 2.4 mm P P r = 5 mm h t 800 mm 1000 mm 800 mm 0 2600 mm Figure 1: Simply supported cold-formed steel beam. There are two main tasks that you need to do Task A - determine the bending moment capacity (section moment capacity) of the beam section subject to local buckling. You will: . Describe the procedure of modelling the complex beam in the software with inputs are shown · Visualise (plot) and comment on the relationship between applied load and vertical deflection of the beam · Determine the bending moment capacity based on data from the numerical modellingSee Answer
Q7: Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Environment Northumbria University NEWCASTLE Coursework Specification 1 Module Information 1.1 Module Title Structural Analysis and Modelling 1.2 Module Code Number KB6048 1.3 Module Level and Credit Points 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 Level 6, 20 credits Module Leader Dr Hoang Nguyen Assessment Component Number (on Module Specification) 001 Assessment Weighting (on Module Specification) 30% Coursework Title Computer modelling report Coursework Specification Author Dr Mohsen Rezazadeh, Dr Hoang Nguyen Academic Year and Semester(s) 2023-24, Semester 2 2 2.1 2.2 Coursework Submission and Feedback Release Date of Coursework Specification to Students 30th January 2024 Mechanism Used to Disseminate Coursework Specification to Students Blackboard 2.3 Date and Time of Submission of Coursework by Students 29th April 2024, 23:59 (UK Time) 2.4 The mechanism for Submission of Coursework by Students Blackboard 2.5 Return Date of Unconfirmed Internally Moderated Mark(s) and Feedback to Students 27th May 2024 2.6 The mechanism for Return of Unconfirmed Internally Moderated Mark(s) and Feedback to Students Blackboard MCE | Learning and Teaching Version 2.0 | Page 1 of 4 3 3.1 222 3.2 3.3 Assessment Details Module Learning Outcomes (MLOs) Assessed by Coursework • • Critically approximate structural engineering systems using FEA. Formulate and execute relevant structural analysis using numerical modelling. Coursework Overview Steel is considered one of the environmentally friendly construction materials. It has a lower embodied carbon impact than concrete and is often reusable hence less waste. In the last decade, thin-walled steel beams have been widely used in structural, civil and aerospace engineering. They are commonly chosen to be structural components in residential, office and industrial buildings. Apart from the advantages of a steel structure, a thin-walled beam is a better choice compared to other beams with solid cross sections due to its high bending-stiffness-to-weight ratio. Thin-walled beams normally come in a variety of section shapes including I-sectioned, Z-sectioned and C-sectioned (channel) beams. However, due to its irregular geometry, the structural and mechanical responses of thin-walled beams are highly complex and shape-sensitive. Reliable numerical simulations to understand these responses are vital to the utilisation of steel materials. This leads to more efficient designs and better products with minimal waste helping to address sustainability and net-zero challenges. In this assignment, you will explore the load-bearing capacity of cold-formed lipped channel steel beams using a commercially available finite element software package (ABAQUS). The output will then be compared with a hand calculation approach. Coursework Tasks to be Completed by Students Figure 1 shows a simply supported cold-formed steel beam with a lipped channel section. The beam is subjected to two concentrated loads with the same magnitude of P. Straps are provided at the loading and support positions. The material properties include yield strength f₁ = 483.49 MPa, Young's modulus E=206.9 GPa and Poisson's ratio v = 0.3. b Dimensions h = 202.35 mm b=76.61 mm C 20.88 mm t = 2.4 mm P r = 5 mm 800 mm 1000 mm 800 mm 2600 mm Figure 1: Simply supported cold-formed steel beam. There are two main tasks that you need to do Task A - Numerically model in ABAQUS and determine the bending moment capacity (section moment capacity) of the beam section subject to local buckling. You will: • • • Describe the procedure of modelling the complex beam in the software with inputs are shown Visualise (plot) and comment on the relationship between applied load and vertical deflection of the beam Determine the bending moment capacity based on data from the numerical modelling Task B - Compare the computer modelling results with those estimated by the Direct Strength Method (hand calculations). You will: • Determine the bending moment capacity using Direct Strength Method (hand calculation) Compare and comment on the results estimated from the two approaches, numerical and hand calculations. MCE | Learning and Teaching Version 2.0 | Page 2 of 4 • How the numerical model or hand calculation approach can be used to make sustainable structural design reducing materials used and environmental impact. Additional instructions to students: This is an individual submission 3.4 3.5 Expected Size of Submission Maximum of 2,500 words or equivalent. Marks will be deducted for submissions with word count that is significantly higher than this. Additional information can be included in an Appendix. Referencing Style You are to write your coursework using the Cite Them Right version of the Harvard referencing system. An online guide to Cite Them Right is freely available to Northumbria University students at: https://www.citethemrightonline.com/ 3.6 Assessment Criteria Task Describe the procedure of computer modelling Plot of applied load versus Weighting 0.30 0-39% Not present or inadequate. 40-49% Main steps presented with few screenshots. 50-59% Main steps and descriptions. presented with screenshots 60-69% Most steps presented with adequate screenshots and descriptions. 0.10 Not present or inadequate. Sensible results plotted. Mostly correct results plotted with Correct results plotted with descriptions. descriptions. 70-100% Clear and well- presented procedure that one can follow and reproduce the results. Well-presented plot with clear and concise description. vertical deflection Determine the 0.10 Not present bending or moment inadequate. capacity Correct identification of output for calculations. Some errors in the calculations. with description. Mostly correct calculations Correct calculations with clear descriptions. using computer modelling Determine the 0.20 Not present bending or Mostly incorrect moment inadequate. calculations. Some errors in the calculations. capacity Mostly correct calculations with description. Correct calculations with clear descriptions. using Direct Strength Method Compare the 0.15 or results from numerical modelling and hand calculation. Discuss the potential of using the two approaches in achieving sustainable structural design and reducing materials used and MCE | Learning and Teaching Not present inadequate. Key points noted in discussion and sensible conclusion. Clear discussion identifying any differences from theory and suggesting reasons. Concise discussions and focused with all issues noted; sensible reasons for the differences. Exemplary discussion which could be used as an example in future teaching without alteration. Version 2.0 | Page 3 of 4 environmental impact. Presentation 0.15 Missing components All components to submission, untidy or confused. present and presented in a legible way which can be followed. Presentation adequate for basis of a Good, clear, neat logical, professional discussion (e.g. with a client). concise and well-structured presentation. Exemplary presentation which could be used in future teaching without alteration. 4 5 Referral The Referral Attempt opportunity will generally take place after the end-of-level Progression and Awards Board (PAB). If you become eligible to complete a Referral Attempt but are subsequently unable to undertake the opportunity when required, you will be permitted to re-sit the module at the next scheduled sitting of the module assessment. This will typically entail the suspension of your progression on your programme of study until such time that you have completed the level and become eligible to proceed. Guidance for Students on Policies for Assessment The University has several policies for assessment. The following information, which is available to you from the link below, provides guidance on these policies, including relevant procedures and forms. (1) Assessment Regulations and Policies (a) Assessment Regulations for Taught Awards (b) Group Work Assessments Policy (c) Moderation Policy (d) Retention of Assessed Work Policy (e) Word Limits Policy (2) Assessment Feedback (a) Anonymous Marking Policy (3) Late Submission of Work and Extension Requests (4) Personal Extenuating Circumstances (5) Technical Extenuating Circumstances (6) Student Complaints and Appeals (7) Academic Misconduct (8) Student Disability and Unforeseen Medical Circumstances https://www.northumbria.ac.uk/about-us/university-services/academic-registry/quality-and-teaching- excellence/assessment/guidance-for-students/ MCE | Learning and Teaching Version 2.0 | Page 4 of 4See Answer
Q8: This is the assessment. I have it as a resit i need a really good grade to pass. That's my last attempt. You have the freedom to select any type of truss bridge available online (you can refer to examples of truss bridges online for inspiration). However, the bridge's full span should not exceed 10 meters, and its width should not exceed 2.5 meters. Specify the material(s) used in the bridge (timber, steel, concrete, etc.) and incorporate appropriate infill patterns to represent them/n UWE Bristol University of the West of England College of Arts, Technology and Environment YEAR 2023/24 Assessment Brief Submission and feedback dates Submission details Module title and code: Assessment title: Assessment weighting: UBGMSQ-15-1 Engineering Graphics and Communication CAD and BIM exercise 45% of the total module mark Module learning outcomes assessed by this task: 1. MO2 Present basic engineering information in the form of a 2D CAD drawing and 3D CAD in the context of Building Information Modelling. 2. MO3 Identify and apply the principles of Building Information Modelling (BIM) 3. MO4 Communicate accurately and reliably in a variety of forms, demonstrating coherent argument Completing your assessment What am I required to do on this assessment? The task is to design and develop an elevation and plan view of a truss footbridge using AutoCAD and then to create a 3D model of this truss bridge in Revit. Where should I start? This assignment consists of two components: the AutoCAD drawings and the Revit 3D model. Detailed explanations for both are provided below. Please ensure that your student number is included in the title blocks. AutoCAD drawings The AutoCAD drawings account for 70% of the overall mark of this assignment. As previously mentioned, your task in this component is to design and develop an elevation and plan view of a truss footbridge using AutoCAD. These views should include construction details such as welded or bolted connections between bars to convey maximum information about the bridge. Both views must be presented on a single A3-sized paper and submitted as a PDF file through the module's Blackboard page. It is essential to maintain a high level of professionalism in your presentation and ensure the drawing is done at an appropriate scale. Additionally, consider the following points: • You have the freedom to select any type of truss bridge available online (you can refer to examples of truss bridges online for inspiration). However, the bridge's full • • span should not exceed 10 meters, and its width should not exceed 2.5 meters. Specify the material(s) used in the bridge (timber, steel, concrete, etc.) and incorporate appropriate infill patterns to represent them. Your drawing should include a bridge deck suitable for pedestrian use, with a minimum height of 2.5 meters. Avoid including accessory elements or human figures in the drawing, but do include annotations that describe each structural element. Use dimensions and guidelines to fully describe the sizing of the bridge. Your drawing must be in black and white. As mentioned above, the final submission must be in PDF format and fit on a single A3 page. Being able to adhere to correct formats and specifications is an important skill for both academic and professional applications of your work output. Revit 3D model The Revit 3D model comprises 30% of the element mark for this assignment. In this second component, your task is to create a 3D model of the footbridge you previously designed in AutoCAD, using Revit. For your guidance, consider these actions: • Start by producing a plan, elevation, and section view of your footbridge. You can utilise the tools demonstrated in the instructional video available here. • From the plan, elevation, and section views, you can then generate a 3D view. Additionally, you can select a camera position of your preference to showcase your footbridge from an aesthetically pleasing angle. • The 3D view of your model must be presented on an A3-sized paper, exported, and submitted as a PDF through the module's Blackboard page. Additional Considerations: • You can incorporate a surrounding landscape and rendering to enhance the visual appeal of your 3D model. • • You should include a 3D human figure within your model to provide a sense of scale and perspective. Unlike the AutoCAD component, you are not required to include detailed connections between bars in the Revit 3D model. What do I need to do to pass? In order to pass this piece of coursework, you need to achieve a mark of at least 40%. The marking criteria are detailed in the Marks and Feedback section below. How do the learning and teaching relate to the assessment, and where do I find resources? This assessment corresponds to the lectures conducted during weeks 9-12 and practical sessions in weeks 10-12 and 14. Lecture slides and handouts utilised in these sessions are accessible via the module's Blackboard page. For the AutoCAD component, you'll find a set of introductory videos and explanatory tutorials in the Learning Materials section on Blackboard. These resources can serve as valuable examples to assist you in your own process. Regarding the Revit part, in addition to the previously mentioned video outlining the fundamentals of Revit, there are also links to two LinkedIn Learning courses that you may find beneficial: Learning Revit 2021: https://www.linkedin.com/learning/learning-revit-2021/getting- started-with-revit?autoplay=true&u=56744785 Revit 2021: Essential Training for Structure (Metric): https://www.linkedin.com/learning/revit-2021-essential-training-for-structure- metric/welcome-2?autoplay=true&u=56744785 What do I do if I am concerned about completing this assessment? UWE Bristol offers a range of Assessment Support Options that you can explore through this link, and both Academic Support and Wellbeing Support are available. For further information, please see the Academic Survival Guide. Use the support above if you feel unable to submit your own work for this module, or contact Tiago Ferreira (Tiago.Ferreira@uwe.ac.uk) or Justin Robbins (Justin. Robbins@uwe.ac.uk) to get support. How do I avoid an Assessment Offence in this module? All assessments in this module are individual work. The work you submit must be your own work. Submitting work that is copied in part or whole from another student with or without their permission is an assessment offence. Marks and Feedback Your assessment will be marked according to the following marking criteria (weighting in brackets): Assessment Criteria for AutoCAD drawings: • Compliance with Specifications (20%): Ensure that your design strictly adheres to the provided specifications. This includes meeting the size criteria, appropriate material selection, and correctly incorporating infill patterns and a pedestrian-friendly bridge deck. • Technical Proficiency (20%): Your mastery of AutoCAD is crucial. Precision, adherence to scale, and the effective use of dimensions and guidelines will be assessed. • • • • Clarity and Detail (15%): Assess the clarity of your drawing. Are construction details well-defined and do they effectively communicate essential information about the bridge without ambiguity? Professional Presentation (15%): The professionalism of your presentation is vital. Ensure that your drawing is neat, well-labelled, and organised. Annotations (15%): Evaluate the quality of your annotations. Do they provide clear, concise, and informative descriptions of each structural element? Compliance with Submission Requirements (10%): Comply with submission guidelines. Your submission should be in black and white, in PDF format, and fit on a single A3 page. Innovation and Sustainability (5%): Evaluate whether the design incorporates innovative or sustainable features, materials, or construction methods. Marking Criteria for Revit 3D Model: • Accurate Representation (40%): Evaluate how faithfully the 3D model represents the original design, especially in terms of dimensions, proportions, and overall accuracy. Presentation Quality (30%): Examine the presentation quality of the 3D view, • considering clarity, neatness, and the visual appeal of the model. . Incorporation of Landscape and Rendering (15%): If included, evaluate the effectiveness of the surrounding landscape and rendering in enhancing the overall presentation. • 3D Human Figures (5%): Consider how well 3D human figures are integrated to provide scale and perspective within the model. Submission Adherence (10%): Ensure that the 3D view is correctly formatted and submitted in PDF format through the designated assignment tab. The following rubrics will be used for each of the marking criteria 80-100 Outstanding/ Exceptional 70-79 65-69 Very good/ Excellent good 55-64 Competent/ Adequate 40-54 35-39 25-34 0-24 Extremely poor/ Weak Poor Very poor inadequate Important Information In line with UWE Bristol's Assessment Content Limit Policy (formerly the Word Count Policy), word count includes all text, including (but not limited to): the main body of text (including headings), all citations (both in and out of brackets), text boxes, tables and graphs, figures and diagrams, quotes, lists. UWE Bristol's UWE's Assessment Offences Policy requires that you submit work that is entirely your own and reflects your own learning, so it is important to: 1. Ensure you reference all sources used, using the UWE Harvard system and the guidance available on UWE's Study Skills referencing pages. 2. Avoid copying and pasting any work into this assessment, including your own previous assessments, work from other students or internet sources 3. Develop your own style, arguments and wording, so avoid copying sources and changing individual words but keeping, essentially, the same sentences and/or structures from other sources 4. Never give your work to others who may copy it 5. If an individual assessment, develop your own work and preparation and do not allow anyone to make amends on your work (including proof-readers, who may highlight issues but not edit the work) When submitting your work, you will be required to confirm that the work is your own, and text-matching software and other methods are routinely used to check submissions against other submissions to the university and internet sources. Details of what constitutes plagiarism and how to avoid it can be found on UWE's Study Skills pages about avoiding plagiarism.See Answer
Q9:The steel beam ABCD shown in the figure is simply supported at A and supported at B and D by steel cables, each having an effective diameter of 0.5 in and length of 46 in. The second area moment of the beam is /= 1.2 in. A force P = 6000 lbf is applied at point C. Using procedure 2 of Sec. 4-10, determine the stresses in the cables and the deflections at B, C, and D. E B C P 16 in 16 in 16 in The stress in the rod (BE) is. The stress in the rod (σDF) is The value of yB is in. Psi. Psi. The value of yc is The value of yo is 0 in. in. FSee Answer
Q10:A structural angle section L6x6x3/8 (Fy=36ksi, Fu=58ksi) is being used to support loads in tension. There are 1-in diameter bolt holes for connections within the web of the angle as shown below. Determine the capacity of the member and indicate whether it is sufficient to support a load of 100 kips in tension. Tensile rupture and yielding capacity formulas are given below: Section Oten = OtFuAe (t = 0.75) tPn = +FyAg (t = 0.9) -7/8" Diameter bolt holes P L6x6x3/8 Elevation →PSee Answer
Q11: The hydraulically controlled backhoe exerts a horizontal back force P = 15 kN. With the members in the positions shown, determine the forces on the pins at B and E. Neglect the weight of the members 1.6 m 1.2 m 3.2 m 0.8 m 0.4 m 1.2 m 1.6 m 3.2 m G 1.2 mSee Answer
Q12:Francis D. K Ching Building Construction Illustrated This is an excellent text to use during this term. Chapter 4 pages 4.14-4.22 are very imformative when dealing with structural steel. Please review this information for now and future reference. Structural steel detailing is a career that students can get into. Answer the following questions and submit to Canvas for grading. 1. How is the base of a steel column mounted? 2. What is a girder in steel framming? (google) 3. What is a beam in steel framming? (google) 4. What is a moment connection used for? 5. What is a shear connection used for? 6. How are open web steel joist supported on the ends? 7. How is the spacing between steel joist determined? 8. What is the minimum length for 8K1 Series Joist, 18LH5 and DH longest span? 9. What is the purpose of a seat angle? 10. What is the term for when the top of a beam is cut away to make it flush with another beam?/n 4.14 STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMING Structural steel girders, beams, and columns are used to construct a skeleton frame for structures ranging in size from one-story buildings to skyscrapers. Because structural steel is difficult to work on-site, it is normally cut, shaped, and drilled in a fabrication shop according to design specifications; this can result in relatively fast, precise construction of a structural frame. Structural steel may be left exposed in unprotected noncombustible construction, but because steel can lose strength rapidly in a fire, fire-rated assemblies or coatings are required to qualify as fire-resistive construction. In exposed conditions, corrosion resistance is also required. See 12.08 for a discussion of steel as a construction material; see the Appendix for fire-rated steel assemblies. . Steel framing is most efficient when the girder and beam supports are laid out along a regular grid. Resistance to lateral wind or earthquake forces requires the use of shear walls, diagonal bracing, or rigid framing with moment-resisting connections. For nonbearing or curtain wall options, see 7.24. . Metal floor deck w/ concrete fill; see 4.22- Steel beam- Steel girder- . Connections usually use transitional elements, such as steel angles, tees, or plates. The actual connections may be riveted but are more often bolted or welded. When bearing on concrete or masonry, steel bearing plates are required to distribute the concentrated load imposed by a column or beam so that the resultant unit bearing pressure does not exceed the allowable unit stress for the supporting material. CSI MasterFormat 05 12 00: Structural Steel Framing H H H H H H H H STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMING 4.15 • Lateral-load-carrying mechanisms are required in both directions, but lateral forces tend to be more critical in the short direction. • Each pair of external columns supports a long-spanning beam or girder. This system is suitable for long, narrow buildings, especially when a column-free space is desired. One-Way Beam System Girder Beams Typical span range for beams is 20' to 32' (6 to 10 m); above this range, open- web steel joists become an economical alternative due to their reduced weight. Beams are spaced 6' to 15' (1830 to 4570), depending on the magnitude of the applied load and spanning capability of the floor deck. Steel framing should utilize rectangular bay units, with comparatively lightly loaded beams spanning farther than more heavily loaded girders. Two-Way Beam System Framing beams into girders minimizes floor depth; some mechanical services can pass through holes cut into the beam webs, but large lines may have to be accommodated in a suspended ceiling space below. Two-layer system increases floor depth considerably but provides more space for mechanical services. ⚫ Girders spanning the short axis of a building can contribute to the lateral stability of the structure. Primary beams- Secondary beams- • When a large, column-free space is required, long-spanning plate girders or trusses can be used to carry the primary beam, which in turn support a layer of secondary beams, ⚫ Long-spanning members Triple Beam System 4.16 STEEL BEAMS S shape W shape More structurally efficient wide-flange (W) shapes have largely superseded the classic I-beam (S) shapes. Beams may also be in the form of channel (C) sections, structural tubing, or composite sections. Rules of thumb for estimating depth: beams: span/20 girders: span/15 Width=1/3 to 1/2 of depth The general objective is to use the lightest steel section that will resist bending and shear forces within allowable limits of stress and without excessive deflection for intended use. • In addition to material costs, also consider the labor costs required for erection. . C shape Structural tubing ITH wwwwww I Plate girders are built up from plates or shapes that are welded or riveted together. A web plate forms the web of a plate girder, while flange angles form the top and bottom flanges. Shear plates may be fastened to the web of the girder to increase its resistance to shearing stresses. Cover plates are fastened to the flanges of a plate girder to increase its section modulus in areas subject to high bending stresses. Stiffener angles are fastened to each side of a web plate to stiffen it against buckling; bearing stiffeners are placed at a point of support or under a concentrated load; intermediate stiffeners are placed between bearing stiffeners for increased resistance to diagonal compressive stresses. Box girders are built up from shapes and have a hollow, rectangular cross section. Castellated beams are fabricated by dividing the web of a wide-flange section with a lengthwise zigzag cut, then welding both halves together at the peaks, thus increasing its depth without increasing its weight. CSI MasterFormat 05 12 23: Structural Steel for Buildings There are many ways in which steel connections can be made, using different types of connectors and various combinations of bolts and welds. Refer to the American Institute of Steel Construction's (AISC's) Manual of Steel Construction for steel section properties and dimensions, allowable load tables for beams and columns, and requirements for bolted and welded connections. In addition to strength and degree of rigidity, connections should be evaluated for economy of fabrication and erection, and for visual appearance if the structure is exposed to view. The strength of a connection depends on the sizes of the members and the connecting tees, angles, or plates, as well as the configuration of bolts or welds used. The AISC defines three types of steel framing that govern the sizes of members and the methods for their connections: moment connections, shear connections, and semi-rigid connections. . . STEEL BEAM CONNECTIONS 4.17 Stiffener plates welded to column Top and bottom flanges welded to column Tab plate welded to column and bolted to beam web Weld flanges or use a splice plate bolted to top flanges of girder and beam. Beam welded to stiffener plates and bolted to tab- Shear bolts Backing bar Stiffener Stiffener plates welded to column and bolted to beam flanges Welded all around Shear tab welded to column and bolted to . Girder- Shear is carried by plates welded to girder web and bolted to beam web. Plate welded to girder web and bolted to bottom flange of beam Welded web stiffeners beam web- Moment Connections Erection seat angle AISC Type 1-Rigid Frame-connections are able to hold their original angle under loading by developing a specified resisting moment, usually by means of plates welded or bolted to the beam flanges and the supporting column. Beam continues over girder; bolt to keep beam from shifting. Small openings may be cut or drilled in web; large openings weaken web in shear and require stiffening or reinforcement. 4.18 STEEL BEAM CONNECTIONS • A framed connection is a shear-resisting steel connection made by welding or bolting the web of a beam to the supporting column or girder with two angles or a single tab plate. Two angles welded or bolted to column and web- of beam Stabilizing angle • A seated connection is a shear-resisting steel connection made by welding or bolting the flanges of a beam to the supporting column with a seat angle below and a stabilizing angle above. Seat angle carries shear load. Tab plate welded to column and bolted to web of beam • A seated connection may be stiffened to resist large beam reactions, usually by means of a vertical plate or pair of angles directly below the horizontal component of the seat angle. I Angles bolted or welded to webs of girder and beam; for the top of the beam to be flush w/ the top of the girder, the top flange of the beam is coped or cut away. Two angles shop-welded to beam web and field-welded to column Bolts hold beam in place until welds are made on site. Shear Connections AISC Type 2-Simple Frame-connections are made to resist only shear and are free to rotate under gravity loads. Shear walls or diagonal bracing is required for lateral stability of the structure. End plate welded to beam all around and bolted to column • All-welded connections are aesthetically pleasing, especially when ground smooth, but they can be very expensive to fabricate. Semi-Rigid Connections AISC Type 3-Semi-Rigid Frame-connections assume beam and girder connections possess a limited but known moment-resisting capacity.See Answer
Q13:2. Determine whether compression member shown in the figure is adequate to support the given loads. The service dead load is 560 kips and the service live load is 100 kips. The member is W12x79. (15 points) 30 L Prepare Excel sheet for Compression members similar to handout given in class. (15 points)See Answer
Q14:A structural angle section L6x6x3/8 (Fy-36ksi, Fu=58ksi) is being used to support loads in tension. There are 1-in diameter bolt holes for connections within the web of the angle as shown below. Determine the capacity of the member and indicate whether it is sufficient to support a load of 100 kips in tension. Tensile rupture and yielding capacity formulas are given below: Otn = OtFuAe OtPn= OtFyAg r Section P- (t = 0.75) (pt = 0.9) -7/8" Diameter bolt holes L6x6x3/8- Elevation PSee Answer
Q15:10.24 A portable storage bin whose total weight is 18,000 lb is to be supported on four short legs made of L2 X 2 X 1/8 steel angle (see Table A.6 of the Appen- dix) as shown in Prob. 10.26(a). a. Assuming that one-fourth of the total bin weight is carried by each leg, find the compressive stress developed in the steel. b. If the maximum allowable compressive stress in this steel is 12 ksi, what is the maximum allowable bin weight? c. The bin will rest on a concrete floor for which the allowable bearing stress is 950 psi. To achieve that stress, a square metal plate is to be welded to the bottom of each leg, changing its "footprint" from that of Prob. 10.26(b) to that of Prob. 10.26(c). Determine the minimum side dimension, d, of these plates for the bin weight computed in (b). Steel angle L2x 2 x 1/8 steel angle (b) PROB. 10.24 ZZX Steel angle dSee Answer
Q16:10.1 through 10.14 Calculate the internal reactions for the member shown at the section(s) indicated./nM +3ft+ mum M -6 ft- |5000 lb N N 2 ft 2 ft PROB. 10.4 1000 lb/ftSee Answer
Q17:Question: Select the lightest column section for column AB in the frame shown. The column is under an ultimate load of 800 k, and only in-plane behavior is considered (x-x Axis). Furthermore, assume that the columns immediately above or below AB are the same size as AB. All beams are of W16x100 sections. Fy 50 ksi. Assume Inelastic Behavior. Assume any appropriate assumption. Solution: 27 ft B A 27 ft 15 ft 15 ft 15 ftSee Answer
Q18:Calculate the weight of an L6x4x3/8 that is 1'-3" long. Provide your answer in pounds (lbs).See Answer
Q19:Calculate the weight of a C12x20.7 that is 6'-0" long. Provide your answer in pounds (lbs).See Answer
Q20:Question 2: Four 3 x 3 x1/2 angles are used to form the member shown in the accompanying illustration. The member is 40 ft long, has pinned ends, and consists of A50 steel. Determine the LRFD design strength of the member. (Ignore design of the single lacing and end tie plates) 12 ft L K 12 ftSee Answer

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