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Consider the 8-PSK constellation shown in the figure. Where d is the distance between two signal

points and the circle's radius is 2. Find the distance d.

A QPSK has the transmitted waveforms

S₁ (t) = 4 cos (2nfet +) where i = 0,1, 2, 3 and 0 < t < Ts

Draw its signal space diagram.