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Q1:Problem 1 You are required to design a 3C-SiC p+-n-p transistor for high voltage application, see figure below. The requirement is to use the following doping 1.0x1017 cm-3 in the base region and 1x1016 cm-3 in the collector region. The bulk recombination is found to be 1.0x1015 centers/cm3, and the electron and hole capture cross-sections is is found to be 2x10-15 cm2. (Use P+ = Nv for SiC. You need to choose the doping for base and collector. In this Exam. I have already chosen the values for as shown above) (a) Obtain the base width WB that gives a common base gain =500, when VEB=2.2V and VCB =- 10V. (b) If the emitter area Ar=10um x 10um, calculate, the terminal currents IE, Ic, and IB. (c) Obtain the Common Emitter gain d. WEB W WCB XDE XnC WBSee Answer
Q2:Kirchhoff's Laws ELECTRONICS LABORATORY Experiment 3: Diode Applications: Clipper Circuits Objective: The purpose of this lab is to investigate the use of diodes in a clipper (waveform shaping) circuit. Equipment: Analog Discovery Design Kit (module) Analog Discovery Component Kit 100 KΩ Resistor 2 small signal diodes (1N914) An external 1.5V battery and battery holder (if available) Theory: The clipper circuit limits an input voltage to certain minimum and maximum values. In the circuit in Figure 3-1, one can see that as long as VI (input source, let’s say input sinusoidal) is less than VB1, then the diode will be reverse biased (an open circuit). In this case, the output voltage will track the input voltage. If VI exceeds VB1 then the diode turns on and then output voltage VO is limited to VB1 (ignoring the diode cut-in voltage), thus this circuit limits the output voltage to be always less than VB1. In actual analysis, you may need to consider diode cut-in voltages. In our circuit then output max will be limited to VB1+Vγ. By rearranging clipper circuit components, variations on this circuit can be achieved. Figure 3.1 Schematic of a clipper circuit which eliminates top portion of input wave Figure 3.2 shows another circuit where output minimum is limited to -VB (ignoring diode cut-in voltage). As input sinusoidal VI becomes less than -VB, the diode turns on fixing output Vo level minimum to -VB. For non-ideal diodes with Vγ , this voltage is -VB1-Vγ Figure 3.2 Schematic of a clipper circuit which eliminates bottom portion of input wave We can also have a two-way clipper circuit by combining the two circuits as can be seen in Figure 3.3. In this case, both the top and bottom of the waveform are clipped. So the output waveform stays in between VB1 and –VB2 (assuming an ideal diode). Figure 3.3. A two-way clipper circuit Clipper circuits are useful for designing protection circuits. Pre-Lab: Review the clipper circuits from lecture notes. Multisim Assignment: Realize each circuit shown in Figures 3.1-3.3 using Multisim and use the same component values specified under Procedure section. Make sure to use 1N914 diode(s) in each circuit. Record output vs. input waveforms for each of these three circuits. Include these waveforms in Pre-lab section of your lab report along with your Multisim circuit schematics for each. You will later use these waveforms in comparison. Procedure (Analog Discovery): Connect the circuit in Figure 3.1. Use R = 100 K resistor and a 1N914 diode. For the input signal vI, we will use arbitrary waveform generator 1 (AWG1). Set sinusoidal on AWG1 and set its amplitude to 4V (8Vp-p) and frequency to 1 kHz as shown in Figure 3.4. VB1 DC source shown in Figure 3.1 is to be set using AWG2. For this, select the DC and set an offset value of 1V as shown in Figure 3.4. Figure 3.4. Waveform generators’ setup The breadboard configuration of this circuit can be seen in Figure 3.5. Figure 3.5. Breadboard picture of Circuit in Figure 3.1 You should obtain a figure similar to Figure 3.6 which is shown in black and white color. Remember, on your lab report, you should include the color version of this figure with correct date stamp on it (mine has 2013/11/12), otherwise no credit! Figure 3.6. Input and the output waveforms of Figure 3.1. The waveform in Figure 3.6 shows that the clipping occurs after a certain voltage value same as what is expected. Include the waveforms and breadboard picture in your lab report. Connect the circuit in Figure 3.2. Use again R = 100 K resistor and a 1N914 diode. Figure 3.7 shows the breadboard picture. Figure 3.7. Breadboard picture of Circuit in Figure 3.2 For the input signal vI, again use the arbitrary waveform generator 1 (AWG1). Set sinusoidal on AWG1 and set its amplitude to 4V (8Vp-p) and frequency to 1 kHz as before. VB2 DC source shown in Figure 3.2 is to be set using AWG2. For this, select the DC and set an offset value of -1.5V. Figure 3.2 is redrawn for your convenience in Figure 3.8. Also, the AWG2 window is shown in Figure 3.9. Obtain the input and the output waveforms. Include the waveforms and breadboard picture in your lab report. Figure 3.8. Figure 3.2 shown with parameters. Figure 3.9. Setting AWG2 Implement the 2 way clipper circuit shown in Figure 3.3. Use a 100k Ohm resistance and two 1N914 diodes. For the input signal vI, use the arbitrary waveform gen. 1 (AWG1). Set a sinusoidal with an amplitude of 4V (8Vp-p) and 1 kHz frequency. Use AWG2 to set VB1 DC source of 1V. For VB2 source, you need to use a 1.5V external battery. You can use a battery holder or use soldering to attach battery to the circuit. Although not recommended, you can try taping the wire to the battery. Note that – terminal of the external battery goes to anode terminal of Diode 2 or D2, the + terminal of the battery should connect to the black wire on the Analog Discovery module. Include the waveforms and breadboard picture in your lab report. Comment on your results for all three circuits. Are they as expected? Questions for Lab Report: For each of the three circuits, compare the output waveforms you measured to the one you obtained using Multisim simulation. Are there any discrepancies? Comment on possible reasons. Based on the output waveforms you obtained using your breadboard; determine the value of cut in voltage for your diode. Draw the output waveforms for a square wave input having 4V amplitude and 0V offset having the same frequency. Optionally you can repeat the experiment with this input rather than showing it using your calculation. 2See Answer
Q3:Kirchhoff's Laws ELECTRONICS LABORATORY Experiment 2: Diode Applications: Half Wave and Full Wave (Bridge) Rectifier Circuits Objective: The purpose of this lab is to investigate the use of diodes in a half wave rectifier and bridge rectifier circuit. Equipment: Analog Discovery Design Kit (module) Analog Discovery Component Kit 4.7 KΩ Resistor 4 small signal diodes (1N914) Theory: A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC), a process known as rectification. Half-wave rectification In half wave rectification, either the positive or negative half of the AC wave is passed, while the other half is blocked. Because only one half of the input waveform reaches the output, it is only 50% efficient if used for power transfer. Half-wave rectification can be achieved with a single diode in a single phase supply as shown in Figure 2.1. Figure 2.1: Half wave rectifier using one diode Full-wave rectification A full-wave rectifier converts both the positive and negative halves of the input waveform to a single polarity (positive or negative) at its output. By using both halves of the AC waveform full-wave rectification is more efficient than half wave. When a simple transformer without a center tapped secondary is used, four diodes are required instead of the one needed for half-wave rectification. Four diodes arranged this way are called a diode bridge or bridge rectifier as shown in Figure 2.2. Figure 2.2: Full wave Bridge rectifier using four diodes If the transformer is center-tapped, then two diodes back-to-back (i.e. anode-to-anode or cathode-to-cathode) can form a full-wave rectifier (Figure 2.3). Twice as many windings are required on the transformer secondary to obtain the same output voltage compared to the bridge rectifier above. This is not as efficient from the transformer perspective because current flows in only one half of the secondary during each positive and negative half cycle of the AC input. Figure 2.3 Full-wave rectifier using a center tapped transformer and 2 diodes. Pre-Lab Simulation: In Multisim, construct the half-wave rectifier circuit shown in Figure 2.4. Use a 1N914 diode along with a 4.7k resistor. At the input use an input ac voltage source (sinusoidal) having 4 Volt amplitude and 0 Volt offset. The frequency should be adjusted to 100 Hz. Obtain both the input and the output waveform (remove dark background, use white background). Include circuit schematics and the waveforms. Comment on your results. Is the maximum value of the rectified output less than the max value of the AC input and by how much? Construct the full-wave bridge circuitry shown below in Multisim (you will later use the same circuit in Analog Discovery). Use a 4.7k resistor as the load. Set input ac source to 4V maximum as in step 1 with 0V offset. Obtain the plots of the input waveform and output waveform (the voltage across 4.7k resistor). In displaying the resistor waveform, you need to add an expression on the output tab of the transient analysis in Multisim. Include your own version of the circuit schematics along with input and output waveforms. Again, remove dark background, use white background in the plots. Please comments on your results. Is the maximum value of the rectified output less than the max value of the AC input and by how much? Procedure (Analog Discovery (AD)): 1) Half-wave Rectifier a) Set up the breadboard with waveform generator output W1 attached to anode terminal of the diode (1N914). The other end of the diode (cathode) is connected to the load resistor as shown in Figure 2.4. The other end of the resistor is connected to ground. Connect waveform generator output W1 to 1+ terminal of the scope so that the input waveform is observed. 1- terminal should also be connected to ground (GND) to avoid any noise effects. Single ended input of scope channel 2 (2+) is also connected to the upper end of the resistor (2- input need to be grounded). In other words, we are observing both input and the output waveforms with the scope. Figure 2.5 shows the breadboard picture of the half-wave rectifier. Note that the yellow wire is waveform generator output. As you know, orange and blue wires are the 1+ and 2+ scope inputs. In this picture, Channel 2 is used for input and Channel 1 is used for the output waveform in contrary to the one shown in Figure 2.4. However, this would not make any difference. You could swap the Blue and Orange wires, if you wish to make it correspond to Figure 2.4 where 1+ (orange) used at the input, 2+ (blue) used on the output node. Figure 2.4. Connection diagram for a half wave diode rectifier Figure 2.5. Breadboard picture of Figure 2.4. (Remember to include breadboard picture of your setup in lab report.) b) The waveform generator should be configured for a 100 Hz Sine wave with 4 Volt amplitude and 0 Volt offset. See Figure 2.6. Needless to say include screen capture of your waveform generator window in your report. Figure 2.6: The waveform generator setup. c) Set both scope channels’ range properly so it displays both waveforms nicely. Below is an example of what I obtained using 1V per division for input and output waveform (this one uses 2V for amplitude). Yours should use something like 600 mV or 700 mV per division to display waveforms even larger. Include the screen capture of your scope screen in your lab report. Figure 2.7: Input and output waveforms for a half-wave rectifier for a random 2V peak input. 2) Full-wave Rectifier using a Bridge configuration Four diodes can be arranged in a bridge configuration to provide a full-wave rectification from a single AC phase as shown below in Figure 2.8. However, note that output voltage is across the resistor RL, hence 2+ and 2- should be connected across RL as shown. When connecting diodes, make sure to connect properly by noting where the anode and cathode terminal is. Figure 2.8: Bridge Rectifier Circuit Note that breadboard picture is NOT provided. But, as a guide, the figure is redrawn with actual diodes. Repeat procedure 1- b) and 1-c), include breadboard picture and screen-capture of input and the output waveforms Questions for Lab Report: Referring to both circuits you implemented in AD: Why is the peak value of the rectified output less than the peak value of the AC input and by how much? At what point in the input waveform does the rectified waveform become positive i.e. something other than zero? Compare experiment results (AD) to Multisim simulation results. How much the output voltage value is different compared to the maximum value of AC voltage in each? Is there any discrepancy between AD and Multisim results? State possible reasons for discrepancy (if exists). What happens if the direction of the diode is reversed in half wave rectifier? 6See Answer
Q4:3.27 For the pn junction specified in Problem 3.14, find C and C, at V₁ = 2 V.See Answer
Q5:3.20 If a 2-V reverse-bias voltage is applied across the junction specified in Problem 3.14, find W and Q,.See Answer
Q6:3.14 If, for a particular junction, the acceptor concentration is 10"/cm' and the donor concentration is 10"/cm", find the junction built-in voltage. Assumen, 1.5 x 10"/cm'. Also, find the width of the depletion region (W) and its extent in each of the p and n regions when the junction terminals are left open. Calculate the magnitude of the charge stored on either side of the junction. Assume that the junction area is 10 μm.See Answer
Q7:3.7 Find the end-to-end resistance of a bar 15-um long, 3-μm wide, and 1-μm thick, made of the following materials at 25°C: (a) intrinsic silicon (b) n-doped silicon with N₁ = 5 x 10¹/cm²³/nTable P3.12 Doping Concentration (carriers/cm³) Intrinsic 1016 10" 100 M (cm²/V. s) 1350 1200 (c) n-doped silicon with N₂ = 5 x 10"/cm³ (d) p-doped silicon with N₁=5 x 10¹/cm³ (e) aluminum with resistivity of 2.8 μ2-cm Hp (cm²/V-s) 480 400 For intrinsic silicon, use the data in Table 3.1 in the Summary Tables supplement found online at www.oup. com/he/sedra-smith8e. For doped silicon, assume μ = 3μ, = 1200 cm³/V s. (Recall that R=pLIA.) D (cm²/s) 10 Po PHO 20 10 P(x) 0 Dp (cm²/s) n region W 74 xSee Answer
Q8:3.4 For a p-type silicon in which the dopant concentration N₁ = 2 x 10¹/cm', find the hole and electron concentrations at T = 300 K.See Answer
Q9:3.1 Find values of the intrinsic carrier concentration n for silicon at -55°C, 0°C, 20°C, 75°C, and 125°C. At each temperature, what fraction of the atoms is ionized? Recall that a silicon crystal has approximately 5 x 10²2 atoms/cm'.See Answer
Q10: Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics ELEC171 Project Practice activity 1: Investigating light sensors ● Overview Sensors are used in many electrical devices to control the device performance. The type of sensor and the application can be extremely varied. Examples include: the infrared sensors used in television remote controls to change channels ultrasonic sensors used in smart vehicle to detect nearby objects the touch sensor used on smartphones or tablets to control the operating system the electromagnetic sensors embedded in roads used to detect cars and trucks, which are used to trigger the traffic lights. Your robot car will need sensing circuits to detect the presence of walls. The basic principle of a wall-sensor is simple: your car should emit radiation of some type, the radiation reflects from the wall and a sensing element on your car detects that reflected radiation. While this basic principle is simple, there are different types of sensors and different types of circuits that can be used to perform this function. There are two main aims of this activity: to give you experience of using several different types of sensors to give you background knowledge and experience that will help you choose sensor components and circuits for your project car Activity Specifications Activity name Suggested study time Assessment Submission deadline Submission format 2020-21 Late submission Resit opportunity Marking policy Anonymous marking Feedback Practice activity 1: Investigating light sensors 5 hours Lab notes for the three practice activities will be assessed. In total, this will contribute 30% of your project mark. Online via Canvas Standard university penalty applies August resit period Marked and moderated independently Yes via Canvas / Turnitin Feedback Studio 1 Assessment 2020-21 The assessment of this activity consists only of your lab notes for the three Project Practice Activities, which are scheduled for the first 3 weeks of the semester. ● Your lab notes must be uploaded to Canvas after your lab session in the 3rd week of the semester. The date is given on the front page of this document, and on Canvas. You should upload your notes as a single pdf file, combining your notes for all three practice activities. You should scan your notes after you finish the 3rd practice activity and submit this pdf file. Your marks for the lab notes will comprise 30% of your mark for the ELEC171 project. The marking guidance for these laboratory notes is the same as for the laboratory notes marked in Semester 1. You can find the marking guidance and marking criteria on the module website. 2 Part 1: Background: Sensors and components 1.1: Background: Different types of sensor arrangements There are many devices that use light sensors, and the type of application determines the electrical circuitry required for the device. Three generic examples are described below and shown schematically in Figure 1.1. Passive light sensors: 2020-21 These contain a light sensing element that detects background light that falls onto the sensor. A schematic diagram is shown in Figure 1.1(a) An example of this type of sensor might be in an outdoor lamp used to illuminate dark spaces at night. The sensor element would detect the light level and turn the main lamp on if the background light is too low. For this type of application, only a light sensor is required. Active light sensors: These sensors contain a component that generates light as well as a component that detects light. In one type of application, shown in Figure 1.1(b), the sensor is located separately to the light source and monitors a continuous input of light from the source. The sensor element is triggered if the input light stops. An example of this type of device might be a burglar sensor in which an infrared beam is monitored. A person stepping between the light source and the light detector would trigger the alarm. A second type of light sensor contains the light source and the light detector in the same device, and monitors reflections form nearby objects. This arrangement is shown in Figure 1.1(c). An example of this type of sensor might be a robotic vacuum cleaner that uses infrared light to detect walls and objects. If there are no nearby objects, the light sensor will receive low levels of light. If an object is nearby, the source light will reflect back into the sensor, and notify the device that something is nearby. (a) (b) (c) Figure 1.1: (a) a passive sensor that detects background light, (b) an active sensor that continually detects light from a source and will be triggered if the light is interrupted, (c) an active sensor that sends out light and detects reflections from nearby objects Figure 1.2: An autonomous robot car must have sensing elements that detect the presence of walls or obstacles. These usually contain an emitting element and a sensing element that detects radiation reflected or scattered by the wall or obstacle. L 1.2: Different types of sensor components You have been given a kit of parts that contains a variety of LEDs and two photodiodes. Many of the components look very similar. Go through the part list below and make sure you can identify all the components. White LED: ● LED that generates white light, clear plastic top (small tabs on legs) LED that generates infra-red (IR) light, clear plastic top (red mark on one leg) resistor whose resistance R depends on the amount of light falling on the sensor component that detects IR light (looks similar to an LED, has a black plastic top) Normal photodiode: component that is sensitive to IR + visible light (clear plastic top with straight wire legs) Red/green LEDs and general purpose diodes (already in your kit from Semester 1 experiments) IR LED: LDR: IR Photodiode: 2020-21 Take particular care to correctly identify the three components that have a clear plastic cap. These obviously look very similar, but you can tell the difference between them if you look carefully. One component has small tabs on the wire legs. This is an LED that emits white light. One component has straight wire legs, with no tabs. This is a photodiode that is sensitive to infrared (IR) and visible light ● ● One component has straight legs, which have been marked with a red indicator. This is an LED that emits infrared light. One other point to notice is that the two photodiode components are electrically the same. (This is the reason that they have the same component number SFH 213). The only difference is that the two components have different plastic caps one is clear and one is black. The reason for this will become clear later, when you do the infrared sensor tests in Part 3. - Part 2: Sensors based on photosensitive diodes 2.1: Background: photodiodes You are already familiar with light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which emit light when current flows them. The components are composed of two different semiconductor materials. When current flows through them, electrons and holes re-combine and light is generated. Photosensitive diodes, more usually called simply photodiodes, are very closely related components that have the opposite behaviour - they generate current when light falls on them. In photodiodes, light falling on the semiconductor junction causes the charge carriers to separate and the current flows across the junction. To understand circuit performance, it is not really necessary to understand everything about the solid-state physics aspects of LEDs and photodiodes. You do, however, need to know what they do: LEDs: components that generate light when current flow through the semiconductor junction. Photodiodes: components that generate current when light falls on the semiconductor junction. 4 Figure 2.1: Examples of photodiodes. These examples look very similar to the LEDs that you have used in previous experiments. Current is generated in the diode when light passes through the plastic cap and strikes the interior surface. 2.2 Background: a sensor circuit containing a photodiode Figure 2.2 shows a circuit combination that includes a light generating circuit and a light detecting circuit. The circuit on the left should be familiar: DC circuit containing an LED. The circuit on the right include a photodiode. The light emitted by the LED in the first circuit is detected by the photodiode in the second circuit. You should note that the photodiode symbol is similar to that of the LED, but the arrows are reversed in direction because light enters the component for a photodiode. Also, for this type of circuit, the photodiode is inserted in the reverse direction, called reverse bias. This is important, for reasons you will see later. E V1 O O A R1 LED light B R2 Hilt V₁ = approximately 10 V p-p, square-wave, f = 10 kHz LED = white LED E Figure 2.2: Light generating and detecting circuits, using an LED and a photodiode. 2020-21 V2 2.3 Experiment: Testing a sensing circuit based on a visible-light LED The aim of this experiment is to successfully build the sensor-detector circuits shown in Figure 2.2, using a visible-light LED as the emitting light source. You should follow the steps below and keep a record of your experiment in your lab notebook. Using a test board, construct the LED circuit shown in Figure 2.2, using the following values for the circuit components. 5See Answer
Q11: Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics ELEC171 Project Practice activity 3: Finding electronic components Overview A key part of any project is identifying the parts that you need to make your circuits work successfully. In the other module activities, you have been given a kit of parts with the components that you need. For the project, you and your team must choose the components that you need for your own circuit. There are two parts to this activity. In one part, you will be introduced to the three large companies who are the main suppliers of electronic components in the UK. The websites for these companies give you a lot of information about the components that they sell. In the second part of the activity, you will be shown how to understand the technical information that component manufacturers provide. Activity Specifications Activity name Suggested study time Assessment Submission deadline Submission form Late submission Resit opportunity Marking policy Anonymous marking Feedback Finding electronic components 3 hours Lab notes for the three practice activities will be assessed together. In total, this will contribute 30% of your project mark. Online via Canvas Standard university penalty applies August resit period Marked and moderated independently Yes via Canvas / Turnitin Feedback Studio 1 2.1 Introduction and aims When you design any electronic circuit, one part of the design process is choosing the components that you will use. Of course, your general design must include some description of the component properties, such as the magnitude of any resistor or capacitor, but any real component has other properties. For resistors, these might include physical properties such as the tolerance, the material it is made from, and the maximum power it can conduct, as well as practical considerations such as the cost and availability. The aims of this part are to introduce you to the main online suppliers of electronic components and enable you to access important information from their websites. 2.2 The three main suppliers There are three main suppliers of electronic components in the UK. Each company has a different style of website, but they all give you all the information that you need to find components. These companies are: https://uk.rs-online.com/web/ https://www.rapidonline.com/ Before you visit a website to search for components, you need to know the specifications of the component that you want. Some characteristics might be important for your application while other characteristics are less important. It depends on what you need. RS components Farnell/OneCall Rapid Electronics As an example, we will consider the case of searching for 100 resistors. This might sound simple, but the suppliers have a large range of parts. For example, if you search the Farnell website for 100 resistors of the type that we use in the lab (called through-hole resistors), the site lists more than 400 different components. With so many choices, the question is how do you decide which of these components is suitable for your project? Manufacturer Part No Figure 2.1 shows a screenshot from the website of one company, showing the first few items that they show. The screenshot is small, but you can see that there is a lot of information about each component. The left side of the screen has general information about the resistors such as the description and price, while the right side has technical information. 1AA9 MCKNPOSSJ010 1903931 Data Sheet V OFC100 Order Code MBB02070C100 2614368 MF12 100R ⒸROHS Part 1: Understanding the suppliers Data Sheet ⒸROHS 9342397 D Data Sheet RoHS Description / Manufacturer Through Hole Resistor, 100 oh m, MCKNP Series, 5 W, 5%, A xial Leaded MULTICOMP PRO Best Seller Through Hole Resistor, 100 oh m, MBB Series, 600 mW, 1%, Axial Leaded, 350 V VISHAY Best Seller www.uk.farnell.com Through Hole Resistor, 100 oh m, MF12 Series, 125 mW, + 1%, Axial Leaded, 200 V MULTICOMP PRO Best Seller Availability 1,021 In stock 183 In stock View Additional Avnet Stock 42,755 In stock Price For Each Each Each Price (ex VAT) hole-resistors?resistance=100ohm 1+ £0.273 10+ £0.234 50+ £0.149 100+ 0.119 200+ £0.0998 More Pricing... 1+ £0.178 50+ £0.0919 100+ £0.0791 250+ £0.0713 500+ £0.0633 More Pricing... Quantity Add Min: 1 Mult: 1 Add Min: 1 Mult: 1 Add 5+ £0.029 50+ £0.0249 250+ £0.019 500+ £0.0159 Min: 5 1000+ £0.0128 Mult: 5 More Pricing... 5 Resistance Product Range 100ohm 100ohm 100ohm MCKNP Series MBB Series MF12 Series Resistance Tolerance + 5% + 1% ±1% Resistor Power Voltage Resistor Case Style Rating Rating Element Type Axial Leaded SW Axial Leaded 600mW 350V Axial Leaded 125mW 200V Wirewound Thin Film Metal Film Figure 2.1: screenshot from Farnell UK, showing some different 100 № resistors. The writing on the image is too small to read easily but you can see that a lot of different information is listed. https://uk.farnell.com/c/passive-components/resistors-fixed-value/through- 2 We will now consider the different information that you can see on this type of website. Figure 2.2 shows an enlargement of part of the left part of the screen. Some important features are: The link to the technical specification sheet: you can download this to get more information The order code: you need to record this if you want to order this item The manufacturer's name: it can be hard to know the difference between the different companies until you have more experience, but it is sometimes useful to use the same company so that you know all the parts should work together. ● ● ● The type of component: this is obviously a resistor, but the important information is that is a "through hole resistor", which means that the resistor has two wire legs that will fit into a test board. This is only one type of mounting system, and if you order the wrong type, you might not be able to test them properly. The level of stock: ideally, you want a component with lots of stock, then you can order more of the same ones later if you need them. If you order a component with low stock, you might not be able to replace it easily. The cost: obviously this is important. The minimum order: this is extremely important. For some components, you can order just a single item but for others, you might have to order 10, or 100, or even a box of 1000. You must check this. link to the full technical specifications Manufacturer Part No MCKNP05SJ010 1AA9 MBB02070C100 OFC100 MF12 100R Order Code order code 1903931 TS W Data Sheet GROHS W 2614368 Data Sheet GROHS 9342397 Data Sheet RoHS type of component - general description manufacturer Description / Manufacturer Though Hole Resistor, 100 oh m, MCKNP Series, 5 W, ± 5%, A xia Leaded MULTICOMP PRO Best Seller Through Hole Resistor, 100 oh m, MBB Series, 600 mW, ± 1%, Axial Leaded, 350 V VISHAY Best Seller Through Hole Resistor, 100 oh m, MF12 Series, 125 mW, + 1%, Axial Leaded, 200 V MULTICOMP PRO Best Seller are they in stock?! Availability 1,021 In stock 183 In stock View Additional Avnet Stock 42,755 In stock Price For Each Each Each cost Price (ex VAT) what is the minimum order? 1+ £0.273 10+ £0.234 50+ £0.149 100+ £0.119 200+ £0.0998 More Pricing... 1+ £0.178 50+ £0.0919 100+ £0.0791 250+ £0.0713 500+ £0.0633 More Pricing... 5+ £0.029 50+ £0.0249 250+ £0.019 500+ £0.0159 1000+ £0.0128 More Pricing... Quantit 1 Add Min: 1 Mult: 1 1 Add Min: 1 Mult: 1 5 Add Min: 5 Mult: 5 Figure 2.2: enlargement of the left side of the screenshot from Figure 2.1, with some of the important features highlighted. 3 Figure 2.3 shows an enlarged version of the left part of the screen. This contains specific technical information. For resistors, some of the important features are highlighted: ● Tolerance: the components we use in the labs usually have 5% tolerance, but you can get components with higher or smaller values than this. Power rating: this is important. Most electronic circuits of the type we investigate have very low power requirements and 125 mW or 250 mW rating is fine. It is not necessarily a mistake to order resistors with higher ratings because the resistance will be the same, but the component might cost more and be bulkier. Voltage rating: for most electronic applications, the voltage rating will be much higher than any voltage expected in the circuit. Even so, it is good to have a high rating so that any sudden brief spikes of voltage do not damage the components. These are just some of the features that you might need to consider when you search for resistors. If you search for other simple components, such as capacitors, different properties will be important. If you are searching for more complicated components, such as integrated circuits, then there might be completely different criteria that matter. You will gain more experience of this as you progress through your degree. Resistance Product Range 100ohm 100ohm 100ohm MCKNP Series MBB Series MF12 Series Resistance Tolerance ± 5% ± 1% ± 1% Resistor Case Style Axial Leaded Axial Leaded Power Rating 5W 600mW Axial Leaded 125mW Voltage Rating 350V 200V Resistor Element Type Wirewound Thin Film Metal Film Figure 2.3: enlargement of the right side of the screenshot from Figure 2.1, with some of the important features highlighted. The screenshots in Figures 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 are from the page that shows summarised information for a large number of items. If you click on the "manufacturer's part number" link, you will be taken to the supplier site for that particular component. Figure 2.4 below shows the page for the first item on the list. This page has even more information about that specific component. Before you choose any item to order, you should check the detailed information on this site, just to make sure that the component really matches your requirements. Part 3 of this activity contains some guidance on how to do this. All Products Manufacturers Resources Communities Home > Passive Components > Resistors - Fixed Value> Through Hole Resistors BREXIT UPDATE: DUE TO WEATHER RELATED ISSUES IN EUROPE AND ONGOING POST BREXIT CHALLENGES, WE ARE EXPERIENCING ONGOING DELAYS WITH OUR CARRIERS IN DELIVERING NEXT DAY SERVICE. More info MCKNP05SJ0101AA9 Through Hole Resistor, 100 ohm, MCKNP Series, 5 W, ± 5%, Axial Leaded Best Value ● Add to compare Image is for illustrative a poses only. Please refer to product description multicomp PRO This product has been approved for the Multicomp Pro product range. More MULTICOMP PRO Manufacturer: Manufacturer Part No: Order Code: Product Range Ⓡ Technical Datasheet: See all Technical Docs MCKNP05SJ0101AA9 1903931 MCKNP Series MCKNP05SJ0101AA9 Datasheet ♡ Favourites ↑ Tools ex VAT 1,021 In stock > 1,000 more will be available on 03/05/21 3,000 more will be available on 05/07/21 Reserving future stock £0.273 (ex VAT ) Price for: Each Multiple: 1 Minimum: 1 Quantity A Spotted an Error? Order before 6pm (Northern Ireland 6pm) With you next business day Hassle free returns. Terms & Conditions 1+ 10+ 50+ Best Seller inc VAT Part 3: Datasheets for sensor components Print Page Figure 2.4: Farnell site for the first resistor listed from the page shown in Figure 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3. This site has the address https://uk.farnell.com/multicomp/mcknp05sj0101aa9/res-100r-5-5w-axial- wirewound/dp/1903931 Price (ex VAT) £0.273 £0.234 £0.149 3.1 Introduction and aims The aim of this section is show you how you can use the information given by component manufacturers to understand the physical properties of those components. You have already seen how the supplier website provides information about resistors. In this section, we will consider slightly more complicated components: light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and photodiodes. These are a good example for several reasons: they are components that you have used already they are more complicated than a resistor, and you will have to view information provided by the manufacturer, as well as the supplier you will need to use similar components for your robot car, so it is important that you understand them 3.2 Properties of LEDs and photodiodes When you design your robot car, you will have to choose to order one or more different type of light sources and light detectors. If you want to order the most appropriate components, you need to understand the specifications of these types of components. Figure 3.1 shows a robot car with different styles of sensors - you will need to choose what style is appropriate for your own care. You could use an LED that is very bright or a less intense one. You could choose an LED that emits light of a certain colour, such as red or blue, or even one that emits infrared light. You could choose an LED that emits in a very narrow torch-like beam, or one that emits in a wide fan. All of these are reasonable choices, but at some stage you will need to decide what you want. 5See Answer
Q12:2. Given that the Nordheim coefficient for Cu in Au at 20°C is, C = 450 n2 m; electrical resistivity of gold at 0°C is 22.8 n2 m; and the temperature coefficient of resistivity at 0°C is 1/251 K¹, (a) what are the electrical resistivity of gold at 20°C, (b) the maximum atomic percentage and (c) corresponding weight percentage of Cu that can be added to pure Au without exceeding a resistivity that is twice that of pure gold at 20°C? (1 n = 10-992).See Answer
Q13:1. Figure below illustrates the energy band diagrams of an electrical conductor, semiconductor, and insulator, respectively. The Fermi energy of the conductor is in the conduction band, while the Fermi energy of the semiconductor or the insulator lies in the middle of the energy gap between the valence and conduction band. Using the Fermi-Dirac statistics, find at 298 K (a) the probability of electron occupancy in the metal at its Fermi energy level; and (b) the probability of electron occupancy in the semiconductor and in the insulator at their respective conduction band edges. You must show your work for credit. E Conduction Band Conduction Band Em Conduction Band EL E₁ = 6.0 eV Ed Efi E Eg = 1.4 eV Efs Ex Ev Ev Valence Band Valence Band Valence Band Metal Semiconductor InsulatorSee Answer
Q14: -3 Consider a silicon pn junction diode having doping concentrations of NA= 1x10¹5cm ‍³ and ND= 1x10¹4 cm³. Use textbook for any data not specified (same data as Homework #1). Use AFORS to simulate C-V measurements: a) Screenshot of Afors generated plot of 1/C2 versus applied bias in the sweep range of Va +0.1 V to -5 V. b) Show selected results in Table below: Parameter Capacitance at Va = 0.1 V Capacitance at Va = 0 Capacitance at Va = -5.0 c) Submit a single pdf file. AFORS simulationSee Answer
Q15:(1) Consider the OpAmp circuit. Assume operation in the linear range. Let Rout = 0 Ω and Rin = 00 Ω. a) Determine the Thevenin equivalent for the input circuit with Vsa and Vsb, i.e. values for VTH and RTH. (4 pts.) + Vsa Re Re Av Vo Rb Ra b) Determine the relationship vo in terms of vsa and Vsb. Solve with a finite A and then let A go to infinity. (Hint: Note that V₁ = VTH. Solve for the input and output in terms of vi and then eliminate Vi.) (4 pts.) c) Calculate values of Ra and Rb for which vo = 4(Vsa+Vsb). (4 pts.) (2) Consider the OpAmp circuit shown. Each OpAmp has Rout = 0 and Rino 2. Assume operation in the linear range. a) Determine the relationship Vo/vs. for the ideal case. Ra + Vs b) If Ra = Rb = Rc = Rd 3000 Q2 and vs = = Hint: consider two stages. (8 pts.) (3) Consider the OpAmp circuit shown. Assume operation in the linear range. Let R = 2000 2, Rout = 0, and Rin = 00 Q. a) b) Draw the equivalent circuit with a finite A. (2 pts) If is = 3.0 mA and A is infinite (ideal case), calculate the output voltage vo. (3 pts.) Avi Rb Av2 Vo Rd Re 5.00 V, calculate v₁ and Vo. is Av R Vo SHOW YOUR WORKSee Answer
Q16:Problem 1: A distance sensor is able to sense something at a minimum distance of Lmin = 5cm and a maximum distance of Lmax = 50cm. Its sensitivity is Sl = 0.1cm. How many discrete levels can you sense? L max: = 50cm ( min = 5 cm S(=0.1 cm Number of discrete levels: N=Lmax - L min +1 st N 50-5 0.1 N = 451 451 +1 discrete levelsSee Answer
Q17:(4) Consider a Ge crystal that is doped with 3.0x10¹3 Ga atoms/cm³. Assume all of the dopants are ionized and that the semiconductor is at room temperature. Calculate the equilibrium electron and hole concentrations. Show the quadratic solution. (5 pts.)See Answer
Q18:(3) Consider a Si crystal which is doped 3.0x1013 Ga atoms/cm³. Assume all of the dopants are ionized and that the semiconductor is at room temperature. Calculate the equilibrium electron and hole concentrations. Show the quadratic solution. (5 pts.)See Answer
Q19:(2) A silicon crystal has an unknown number of acceptor dopants (one hole available from each) and no donor dopants. Assume all of the dopants are ionized and that the semiconductor is at room temperature. The equilibrium electron concentration is no = 0.50 x 100 cm³. Calculate the hole concentration po and the acceptor concentration Na. (6 pts.)See Answer
Q20:Unit Learning Outcomes: LO1 Apply an understanding of fundamental electrical quantities to evaluate simple circuits with constant voltages and currents LO2 Evaluate simple circuits with sinusoidal voltages and currents LO3 Describe the basis of semiconductor action, and its application to simple electronic devices LO4 Explain the difference between digital and analogue electronics, describing simple applications of each Assignment Brief and Guidance: Scenario: You have just been employed as a Junior Electronics engineer at Gizmos Electricals, a high quality electronic retail and repair shop, which deals with developing, testing and maintaining various analogue and digital electrical products. You will be working on a variety of electronic products, including the study of fundamental electrical quantities to analyse simple circuits, analogue and digital electronics and amplifier characteristics. You will be testing various electronic products coming in to the shop and apply your knowledge of electronics to analyse them. As a part of your job, you will also have to give training to the interns on different topics like the difference between analogue and digital electronics, their relative applications and benefits, by giving examples wherever applicable. You need to work on the following two cases as part of your job./nAssignment Brief & Guidance: Case 1 - Laboratory Portfolio Perform the following test experiments in the lab by applying your knowledge of Electronics. Produce written reports to include results, analysis, evaluation and conclusion. 1) Test a digital Multimeter to check the battery voltages and resistors. 2) Experiment demonstrating Ohm's Law 3) Experiment demonstrating Kirchhoff's laws 4) Experiment demonstrating periodic waveforms 5) Experiment exploring R-L, R-C and R-L-C circuits 6) Experiment demonstrating rectification and smoothing. 7) Conduct a lab experiment demonstrating simple logical functions with electronic logic gates Case 2 - Report You need to prepare a report for interns, with sections, to explain the following 1) Describe and Critically evaluate the behaviour and performance of PN junction in terms of semiconductor behaviour, for a Solar Cell. Evaluate a range of semiconductor devices by giving examples of its use in a typical amplifier and few other applications. NREL/nFosi Audio TBA TRA3116 MINI POWER AMPLIFIER Fo Ball 2) Evaluate the application of analogue electronics in an Audio amplifier, by describing the amplifier characteristics. Also evaluate how the concept of digital electronics is applied in a Digital meter. Explain the difference between analogue and digital electronics. Describe and critically evaluate some more applications where Analogue and Digital Electronics are applied. SNDWAY 3-4354 68.9 8/0See Answer

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