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Q1:4.11 Steam enters a one-inlet, two-exit control volume at location (1) at 360°C, 100 bar, with a mass flow rate of 2 kg/s. The inlet pipe is round with a diameter of 5.2 cm. Fifteen percent of the flow leaves through location (2) and the remainder leaves at (3). For steady-state operation, determine the inlet velocity, in m/s, and the mass flow rate at each exit, in kg/s.See Answer
Q2: Liquid acetic acid is being cooled in a heat exchanger from 105°C to 40°C by water flowing through a bundle of 50 tubes. The water enters the tubes at 20°C with a total flow rate of 8.75 kg s1 and leaves at 45°C. Using the data and appropriate equations from TABLE Q4, you are required to calculate the following: а)The acetic acid volumetric flow rate. (b)The log mean temperature difference if the fluids are in counter-current flow. (c)The film heat transfer coefficient inside the tubes if they have 20 mm inside diameter. (d)The length of the tubes if the overall heat transfer coefficient isW 2K1, assuming the tubes are thin-walled. See Answer
Q3: (a)State the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Use one example for each law to describe how they are applied in engineering practices. (b)A given amount of ideal gas is expanded from volume VA to VB as shown below in Figure Q 2. Use the characteristics of state functions to design a reversible path and prove that the process is irreversible. (c)Carbon dioxide gas (CO2) enters an adiabatic compressor at 0.2 MPa and300 K with a mass flow rate of 1000 m3 h-1 and leaves at 1.0 MPa.Neglecting kinetic energy changes and treating CO2 as an ideal gas,determine: (i)the work input through the compressor; (ii) the power consumption of the compressor if it works at an efficiency of 75%.See Answer
Q4: For the binary mixture of Liquid 1 and Liquid 2, the constants are given in TableQ1 for the Antoine equation, Eq. Q1, where all pressures are in kPa and all temperatures in °C. \ln P^{0}=A-\frac{B}{T+C} \quad \text { Eq. } Q 1 ) Calculate the boiling temperatures of the pure liquids 1 and 2 at101.32 kPa. (i) State the equation for the total pressure of an ideal binary system (ii) write down the expression for the partial pressure of a compound and (iii) write the expression for the mole fraction of the compound in the gasphase. (c)(i) Use Gibb's phase law to analyse the degrees of freedom of a given binary system and name a set of independent variables to specify the system. (d) Calculate the liquid mole fractions, x1, for compound 1 at temperatures of40, 60, 80, 100°C and at the operation pressure of 303.96 kPa. (e) Calculate the corresponding mole fractions of component 1, y1, to the x1 in(d). (f)Sketch the vapour liquid equilibrium phase diagram from your results.See Answer
Q5: (a) Explain the concepts of fugacity and fugacity coefficient and where and how these are used in problem solving. (b) For a pure gas compound, its fugacity coefficient can be calculated by the following equation: \ln \phi_{i}=\int_{0}^{P}\left(Z_{i}-1\right) \frac{d P}{P} \quad \text { Eq. } \mathbf{Q} 3 (1) Derive this equation through the concept of chemical potential. (ii) Calculate the fugacity of propane at 200°C and 10 MPa using Eq. Q3and the generalised compressibility Chart in Figure Q3. See Answer
Q6: 3. Nitrogen and hydrogen react to form ammonia. \mathrm{N}_{2}+3 \mathrm{H}_{2} \rightarrow 2 \mathrm{NH}_{3} This reaction provides the basis for most of synthetic fertilizers and is catalyzed by Fe or Ru catalysts A. Calculate the Gibbs Free Energy of the reaction at 298 K (3 pts). B. Calculate the enthalpy of the reaction at 298 K (3 pts) C. Nitrogen (100 mol/h) and hydrogen (300 mol/h) are fed into a gas-phase flow reactor maintained at 20 bar and 773 K. Calculate the Gibbs Free Energy of reaction at that temperature. You may assume the enthalpy of the reaction is constant. (6pts) D. Calculate the equilibrium constant of the reaction at 773 K (3 pts) E. Calculate the extent of reaction at equilibrium (7 pts). You may assume that the gas phase is ideal. F. How would you calculate the extent of reaction if the gas phase were not ideal? (4pts) G. The equilibrium extent of reaction will be highest at (2 pts): i. High temperature, high pressure ii. Low temperature, high pressure iii. High temperature, low pressure iv. Low temperature, low pressure H. Explain (3 pts) Why does the industry not run the reaction at the conditions you chose above? (3pts)I.See Answer
Q7: Question 1 (35%). Below is a flow diagram of a mono-pressure nitric acid plant. This is a very common type of nitric acid plant throughout the world. A key part of the process if the oxidation of ammonia to nitrous oxide in the NH3 converter: \mathrm{NH}_{3}(\mathrm{~g})+1.25 \mathrm{O}_{2}(\mathrm{~g}) \rightarrow \mathrm{NO}(\mathrm{g})+1.5 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(\mathrm{g}) How much heat needs to be removed from the NH3 converter if the exit temperature is 900 °C?The inlet can be considered to consist of air (79% nitrogen and 21% oxygen) and ammonia only and the only significant reaction is the one above. The air to ammonia molar ratio is 8:1, the feed temperature to the reactor is at 300 °C, the ammonia flow is 100 mol/s, and the conversion of ammonia is complete. Use the data attached and perform any integrations numerically.However be clear about what you integrate and give the results of each integration. Include your m-files (or similar).See Answer
Q8: Question 2 (30%). The mono-pressure nitric acid process is given its name because it maintains a high pressure from the reactor (where it is 1 MPa) through the whole process (less equipment pressure drops) until it reaches the expander where it is expanded to 1.2 bar. This expander is very important as it produces most of the power used to drive the air compressor. If this turbine was not used the power consumption of the plant would be about 3 times higher! Obviously this would make a massive difference to the economics and carbon footprint of the process. If the is returned to the inlet of the turbine at 600 °C and 0.9 MPa at a flow of 630 mol/sgas(assumed to be only nitrogen), what is the maximum work possible from this turbine? Please use the heat capacity data attached and be very clear about calculations done numerically. See Answer
Q9: 3. Humid air at 30°C and 80% relative humidity is cooled to 15°C in an air conditioning unit.In inlet flow rate of the dry air is 5 kg/min. How much heat is removed from the air? What is the mass flow rate of the liquid leaving the AC unit?See Answer
Q10: As you already know, the units of -r, are always in terms of concentration per unit a me (mol/m/s), and the units for k will vary with the order of the reaction. So, a) write the power law for a 0th, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd overall reaction order and b) the units for k for each order (A products)See Answer
Q11: Liquid toluene with a temperature of 25°C flows into a flash vaporization unit at a rate of0.5 kg/min. A vapor stream at 150°C flows out at the same rate. How much heat (in Watts) must be supplied to the vaporization unit?See Answer
Q12: A metal consists of an equal mass ratio of lead and magnesium at 20 c estimate the mass density of this metal See Answer
Q13: 5. Buoyancy: Consider an iceberg that has the shape of a rectangular prism with the following dimensions: length of 200 meters, width of 100 meters, and a height of 20 meters. The density of the ice is 920 kg/m³, while the density of seawater is 1,027 kg/m³. On a volume basis, what percentage of the iceberg sits above the level of the seawater? Include a schematic of the floating iceberg with your solution.See Answer
Q14: Fluid force on vertical plate: Determine the total force on the vertical plate that holds backwater (forces on plate are in equilibrium, and the plate is stationary) stored in a large rectangular tank at a depth from 0 to 20 meters, as indicated in the Figure 1 below. Consider the plate is held in place by pins at the A and B positions. The width of the plate (distance into the page) is 50 meters. Provide the answer in metric units (Newtons). See Answer
Q15: . A tank is filled with 100.0L of water which contains a solute A. The initial concentration of A in the tank is 10 g/L. Pure water flows into the tank at a rate of 2 L/sec. The solution flowing out has the same flow rate. We can assume that the concentration is dilute enough that the concentration of species A does not impact the volume of the solution so the volume in the tank will remain constant. (a) Derive an expression for concentration of A as a function of time. (b) How long will it take to reduce the concentration in the tank my 90% ? (c) How long will it take to reduce the concentration in the tank by 99%?See Answer
Q16: 4. Evaluation of tank wall thickness: Your boss tells you that the company has an unused 2.2 m3carbon steel tank (4 meters long) that he wants you to evaluate as to whether it is suitable foruse as a pressurized stirred tank reactor. He says the carbon steel walls of the tank have a thickness of 6 mm, and you are able to find that the tensile strength (ơtens) O of carbon steel is 260MPa. If your boss says you need to have a 2X safety factor in this pressure calculation, then what is the maximum working pressure that you calculate that this tank can be subjected to without any risk of rupture? Give your answer for the working pressure in psig. You will first need to calculate the tank diameter from the information given in the problem.See Answer
Q17: In a specialty gas preparation plant, gas cylinders are filled with a mixture of 10% H2 and90% N2 (mole percentages - also known as "forming gas"). A gas cylinder can fit approximately 300 mol. Initially, the two gases are mixed at 25 °C and 1 bar. What is the enthalpy change? Why? (3 pt) B. Calculate the entropy change upon mixing of the two gases. (7 pt) C. The molar entropy of pure H2 at 25 °C and 1 bar is the partial molar entropy of H2 in the mixture at 25 °C and 1 bar. i. Greater than ii. Less than iii. Equal to D. The molar enthalpy of pure H2 at 25 °C and 1 bar is isentropy of H2 in the mixture at 25 °C and 1 bar. (2 pt)the partial molar i. Greater than ii. Less than iii. Equal to E. After the initial mixing, the gases are compressed to 200 bar and cooled back down to 20 .c calculate the fugacity coefficient of the two gases you may assume the lewis fugacity rule The molar entropy of pure N2 at 25 °C and 200 bar isentropy of N2 in the mixture at 25 °C and 200 bar. (2 pt)the partial molar i. Greater than ii. Less than iii. Equal to The molar enthalpy of pure N2 at 25 °C and 200 bar is ---- the partial molar entropy n2 in the mixture at 25 .c and 200 bar i. Greater than ii. Less than Equal toSee Answer
Q18: Problem S-28. Background. Lead contamination of water in older buildings often comes from lead pipes used to carry drinking water. Although the water chemistry can get complicated, over time a solid lead carbonate (PbCO3) corrosion layer can build up and line the inner surface these pipes. At a drinking water pH of 8 and above, the lead carbonate corrosion layer is not very soluble in water. However, if the water pH is lowed to pH 7 or below, and if dissolved chlorine (Cl2) is also present in the water, then lead carbonate reacts to form lead chloride (PbCl2), which is soluble in water. This process renders lead of limited solubility at the interface of the corrosion layer and the water flowing through the pipe. For example, at pH 7 and 20 oC, the solubility of lead is 0.630 mmol/m3 (CAL*) and the diffusion coefficient of PbCl2 dissolved in water is 1.95 x 10-5 cm2/sec. The lead concentration of drinking water that is considered safe by the U.S. EPA is 15 µg/L (0.072 mmol/m3). 1000 mmol = 1 gmol. Additional properties for water: u = 0.010 g/cm-sec, p = 1.0 g/cm3. properties for water: u = 0.010 g/cm-sec, p= 1.0 g/cm3.Problem Statement. Drinking water at pH 7 flows through a corroded lead pipe of 2.0 cm inner diameterand 16 m length at volumetric flowrate of 62.8 cm3/sec (1.0 gal/min) (Figure 1). A 12 m section of theinner surface of the pipe is uniformly corroded with lead carbonate at the region shown in Figure 1. Estimate the mass transfer coefficient (kL) of lead chloride (solute A) in water flowing through thepipe.а. b. What is the soluble lead concentration in the drinking water exiting the pipe, CAL? As part of your analysis, perform a material balance for solute A on a differential volume element of the pipe, and then integrate to get the final model. Is this water safe to drink? с.Often, a low flow of water can make the concentration of dissolved lead in the pipe flow even higher.Assume that “fully-developed laminar flow" exists inside the pipe. What is the new kL under this condition? If the bulk fluid velocity vo is increased, with all other parameters kept constant, kL (1) is not affected; (2) increases by væ0.2; (3) increases by v20.83 If the fluid velocity is vo is increased, with all other parameters kept constant, CAL (1) is not affected; (2) increases; (3) decreases See Answer
Q19: Ammonia is produced in a reactor using nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas. The molar flow rate of the hydrogen is 3 moles/min and the nitrogen is fed in at 1 mole/min. The fractional conversion of the nitrogen is 15%. If the inlet stream is at 25°C and the outlet stream is at 500°C, how much heat is supplied to the reactor?See Answer
Q20: Atmosphere equations: Develop an EXCEL spreadsheet that contains comparative calculations of the atmospheric pressure at the specific altitudes listed in the Table P.1 below. Use all four equations we went over in class, namely (a) the isothermal, (b) the constant density, (c) the isentropic, and (d) the standard atmosphere equations. The pressures (in psia) given in the table below are actual measured values. Plot the actual measured values (as points) and the results from all four equations (each plotted as a separate line) on a single graph in EXCEL,versus the elevation (pressure plotted on y-axis and elevation plotted on a logarithmic scale x-axis). Then write a one-sentence description of the accuracy of each equation as compared to the actual data. See Answer

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