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Q1:Submit your solutions on Gradescope. 1. [Total: 16 pts] The figure below shows a schematic control block diagram of the control of respiration, with the respiratory controller representing the respiratory chemoreflexes, brain respiratory neural centers and the respiratory muscles, and the lungs representing the CO₂ exchange in the lungs. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig's disease), motor neuron degeneration results in weakness and eventual paralysis of the respiratory muscles. Note that the regulation of ventilation model here is slightly different (more simplified) from the one we discussed in class. V/₁ Respiratory controller Lungs Pacoz a) [2 pts] Suppose that, in a particular ALS patient, the (steady-state) respiratory controller equation (which characterizes the chemoreflex response) is given by the following equation: V₁ = Paco2 - 37 Where V represents the alveolar ventilation (in L/min), and Pacoz is the partial pressure for CO₂ in the arterial blood (in units of mmHg). Draw (as accurately as possible on the provided graph) the line representing the steady-state controller response to Paco2- Note that we are neglecting the effects of O₂ here. Label this line as "(a)". b) [2 pts] Assume that gas exchange in this patient is normal and can be characterized by the following plant equation: Paco2 = 200/V Draw (as accurately as possible on the provided graph) the relationship between Pacoz and V. Label the curve as "(b)"./nVdotA (L/min) 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 40 41 (mm Hg) c) [2 pts] Estimate the steady-state operating values of Pacoz and V₁ in this patient. d) [4 pts] In a normal healthy person, the controller response is given by V₁ = 2(Paco2-37). Draw this controller response on the graph below. Estimate the steady-state operating values of Paco2 and V in the normal subjects. Label the curve as "(d)". 35 36 37 38 39 P aCO2 42 43 44 45 e) [4 pts] A pressure support ventilator can be used to provide assistance to the ALS patient - such a ventilator would produce an increase of x L/min on top of the subject's own natural ventilatory output, independent of the Pacoz level. However, the ventilator has to be triggered by a minimal inspiratory effort by the patient himself. If the patient does not generate any effort, the ventilator does not provide any ventilatory assistance. Draw on the graph below the total controller response (patient+ ventilator) required to restore the steady-state V and Pacoz values to the levels seen in the normal subject. Label the total controller response as "(e)". f) [2 pts] What is the value of x (L/min)?See Answer
Q2:2. [15 pts] Assume the metabolic hyperbola for CO₂ given by the following equation: 863 - Vcoz V₁ PACO2 Pico2+ where the normal steady-state CO₂ production is 235 mL/min and the inspired CO₂ concentration (or volumetric fraction) is 0. Also, assume a dead-space ventilation rate of 1 L/min. Also, suppose the steady-state ventilatory response to CO₂ is given by the following equation: 32 Vc = Drive external +(1.46 + (Paco2-37) and Vc 20 Pa02-38.6) Note that the above equation is slightly modified from what we derived in class in that a constant term, Drive external is added to the equation. This drive represents an additional source of control that affects ventilatory response e.g., sleep-wake state, alertness, etc. At normal state (resting and awake), let Drive external = 0. a) [5 pts] Use MATLAB to plot the metabolic hyperbola for CO₂ and the ventilatory response to CO₂ under normal condition. Show both graphs on the same figure (see hold function). Label both axes with appropriate units. Also indicate which graph represents the me the metabolic hyperbola for CO₂ and which graph represents the ventilatory response to CO₂ (see legend function). The plot should show the range of ventilation from 0-20 L/min and the range of PACO₂ from 30-60 mmHg (see xlim and ylim functions). Determine the normal steady-state values of ventilation and Pacoz from the plot (e.g., click on the plot where you want to obtain the x-y coordinates). Note: For the metabolic hyperbola for CO₂, please plot V against PACO₂ i.e., you would take the dead-space ventilation into consideration. b) [4 pts] The onset of sleep causes the external drive to breathe to drop by -5 L/min. State which parameter changes and to what value. Show the graphs representing this situation and report the steady-state values of ventilation and Pacoz. c) [4 pts] Follows from b), how would inhalation of a gas mixture containing 3% CO₂ in air (i.e., volumetric fraction of 0.03) during sleep affect the steady-state values of ventilation and Pacoz? State which parameter changes and to what value. Show the graphs representing this situation and report the steady-state values of ventilation and Pacoz. You may assume that the subject is at sea level. d) [2pt] Copy and paste the MATLAB code you used in this question (all parts). You may take a picture of your MATLAB script, but please make sure that the code is clearly readable from the image.See Answer
Q3:3. [7 pts] At the onset of moderate exercise, the tensing of the muscles involved plus an increase in venomotor tone produces a decrease in venous compliance, thereby raising Pms- Sympathetic stimulation leads subsequently to an increase in heart rate by 40% and doubling Qc,max from its normal value. Vaso- and venomotor tone also increased by 40%. Then, local vasodilation of the muscular vascular beds produces a marked decrease in peripheral resistance by 40% in both arterial and venous vasculatures. The following are the parameter values under normal resting conditions: f CD Cs Qcmax РА Ppl RA Ry CA Cy V = 72 beats min¹² = 0.035 L mmHg ¹ = 0.0007 L mmHg¹ 13 L/min = 100 mmHg = -4 mmHg = 19.2 mmHg min L¹¹ = 0.4 mmHg min L²¹ = 0.028 L mmHg ¹ = 0.5 L mmHg¹¹ = 3.7 L (total blood volume that exerts stress, aka stress volum) a) [5 pts] Use MATLAB to plot the cardiac output and venous return curves during moderate exercise on the same plot as the normal curves (see hold function). Add legend to the plot (see legend function to indicate which graph is Qc or QR and under which condition - normal or exercise. b) [1 pt] From the plot, determine the steady-state operating value of cardiac output if an increase in heart rate and Qc,max are the only responses to moderate exercise. c) [1 pt] From the plot, determine the steady-state operating value of cardiac output when heart responses change with the systemic circulation. d) [1 pt] Copy and paste the MATLAB code you used in this question. You may take a picture of your MATLAB script, but please make sure that the code is clearly readable from the image.See Answer
Q4:2. [5 pts] Contrast agents are substances used to enhance the radiodensity of a targeted tissue by altering the way that electromagnetic radiation or ultrasound waves pass through the body. A patient is administered contrast agent intravenously. The contrast agent first gets distributed in the plasma. The contrast agent can diffuse from the plasma into the targeted tissue as well as diffuse from the targeted tissue back into plasma. The contrast agent is eliminated by glomerular filtration in the kidneys and leaves the body with urine. Draw a flow diagram to show how the contrast agent travels through the body (from when it enters the body to when it leaves the body). Use arrows to represent the flow. Make sure that you capture all the main components of the described process. [Continues on next page]See Answer
Q5:3. [Total: 19 pts] Blood glucose and insulin regulation The equations that characterize the steady state regulation of glucose and insulin can be derived by taking into account the main factors that affect the appearance and disappearance of each of these substances in the body. The mass balance for blood glucose (x) is given by: Q₁ = λx +vxy (Eqn. 1) where Q₁ represents the flow-rate (assume to be constant) at which glucose enters the blood through absorption from the gastrointestinal tract or through production from the liver, xx represents the rate at which the body tissues utilize glucose without help from insulin, and vxy is the rate at which glucose is metabolized with facilitation from insulin. The blood concentration of insulin is represented by y, and λ and v are constant parameters. Thus, Eqn. 1 represents the "glucose response to insulin". By applying similar mass-balance considerations to the production of insulin from the pancreas and the subsequent destruction of insulin, we can derive the following expression for the "insulin response to glucose": (Egn. 2a) (Eqn. 2b) where and are constant parameters. Insulin is not produced when glucose is lower than the threshold parameter (Eqn.2a). Note that the insulin production and destruction rates are combined into one parameter, (zeta). By using empirically derived values for the model parameters (Q₁, A, v, 3, 4) in Egns. 1 and 2a/b, these equations allow us to predict the blood concentrations of glucose (x) and insulin (y) under various conditions. The figure below displays the plots corresponding to these responses in normal and diabetic subjects. Point N is the operating point of a normal subject. B с D Insulin concentration (mu.mL-¹) 0.2 0.15 y = 0, x≤0 y = {(x-4), x> 0.1 0.05 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 N 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2/na) [2 pts] Estimate from the figure the operating values of glucose and insulin in the blood of a normal subject. b) [3 pts] Suppose this person eats junk food everyday and does not exercise, and after many years, develops "insulin resistance" (i.e., the body requires more and more insulin to metabolize the same amount of glucose). Assuming his pancreas still functions normally. Which parameter(s) need to change to simulate this condition? Determine his new operating values of glucose and insulin. Label the new operating point "b". Briefly explain how you arrived at your answers. c) [3 pts] After many years of untreated insulin resistance, this subject's pancreas can now operate at half of its full capacity. Which parameter(s) need to change to simulate this condition? Determine his new operating values of glucose and insulin. Label the new operating point "c". Briefly explain how you arrived at your answers./nd) [5 pts] The subject does nothing to change his lifestyle and the pancreas eventually fails. Suppose that his pancreas is removed and replaced by a machine that continuously infuses insulin into his body independent of the glucose level. The machine is adjusted such that it infuses the appropriate amount of insulin, restoring the plasma glucose concentration to the normal level. Sketch as accurately as possible in the provided figure to reflect the described condition. Label the curve(s) "d". Briefly explain how you arrived at your answer. e) [3 pts] From the provided figure, is it possible for you to estimate the parameter of a normal healthy person? If so, provide your best estimate of pp. Briefly explain how you arrived at your answer. f) [3 pts] From the provided figure, is it possible for you to estimate the parameter < (Eqn. 2b) of a normal healthy person? If so, provide your best estimate of and from which graph. Briefly explain how you arrived at your answer.See Answer
Q6:4. [Total: 23 pts] Cardiac output and venous return The figure below displays the cardiac output (Qc) and venous return (Q₂) curves that represent the steady state characteristics of the heart and the rest of the circulation of a subject who is bleeding badly from a knife wound in the abdomen. Point N shows the steady state operating point of the system under normal circumstances prior to the stabbing and subsequent bleeding. Venous return and cardiac output (mL/min) 2800 2400 2000 1600 1200 800F 400 E 0 G -8 B D -4 0 4 8 Right atrial pressure (mmHg) a) [3 pts] Bleeding reduces blood volume and increases circulatory resistance. Which curve (A, B, C, D, E, F or G) best represents these changes from the normal case? Briefly explain the reason for your selection. 12/nb) [5 pts] From the information displayed in the figure, provide a rough estimate of the total volume of blood lost, assuming that the sum of arterial and venous compliances is 0.53 L-mmHg¹. Briefly explain how you arrived at your answer. c) [4 pts] In the compensated stage of shock from the bleeding, the heart becomes hypereffective (i.e., it generates a higher cardiac output for the same Pra). Label on the figure "c", the new steady state equilibrium values of Pr. and cardiac output in the compensated stage of shock following blood loss. Briefly explain your answer. d) [3 pts] If this subject remains in this state without medical care, the irreversible stage of shock sets in. The heart is no longer able to sustain its hypereffective performance and deteriorates progressively. Which curve (A, B, C, D, E, F or G) best represents this situation? Briefly explain your selection. Label on the figure "d", the new steady state equilibrium values of Pra and cardiac output in the irreversible stage of shock./ne) [4 pts) Assuming arterial pressure (PA) to be 40 mmHg and pleural pressure (Pi) to be -4 mmHg, provide your best estimate of what the ratio of systolic to diastolic compliance (Cs/Co) of the heart would be in the irreversible stage of shock from the bleeding, based the information displayed in the figure. f) [4 pts] if the subject were to receive blood transfusion at the irreversible stage of shock, can the blood transfusion restore the cardiac output to the normal level? Assume that the body has not yet adjusted to the replenished blood volume. Explain your answer.See Answer
Q7:5. [Total: 8 pts] Muscle stretch reflex The figure below shows a simplified model of muscle stretch reflex in an experimental anesthetized animal. The model describes how the muscle stretch reflex regulates the muscle length. All variables shown have been linearized and represent fluctuations around its mean value under normal resting condition. Z represents external neural frequency stimulating the spinal cord. fa represents the total change in afferent neural frequency. The spinal cord, represented by the gain Gc, converts the incoming neural input to the neural output fe- The changes in the efferent neural frequency, fe, are relayed through motor neurons to the muscle. The muscle converts the efferent neural frequency to changes in muscle length L. The gain of this conversion is-G. Note that the gain is negative because increases in efferent neural frequency lead to decreases in muscle length. The change in the muscle length is sensed by the muscle spindle. The muscle spindle relays the neural output, fs, to the spinal cord through sensory neurons. This process is represented by the gain Gg. fa fe Gc Z -GM Gs fs L a) [4 pts] Suppose that animal A is injected with a drug that disrupts neurotransmission, blocking the sensory neurons. Under such condition, is the system operating as a negative feedback system? Explain your answer. Please also state which gain(s) is affected by the sensory nerve blockade. b) [4 pts] Under which condition between normal and sensory nerve blockade would result in stronger muscle contraction for the same level of the external stimulation Z? Explain your answer.See Answer
Q8:6. [Total: 9pts] Chemical regulation of ventilation An investigator wants to investigate the effect of exercise on ventilation and Pacoz in a healthy volunteer. Assume that the baseline ventilatory response to CO₂ and the subject's metabolic hyperbola prior to participating in the study yields an operating point labeled "BL" in the figure below. In order to measure ventilation during the exercise study, when the volunteer has to be on a treadmill, she has to wear a face mask connected to a long breathing tube which is then connected to a device used to measure ventilation. This device does not provide any ventilation support, but it can provide different levels of inhaled oxygen. The graph below shows metabolic hyperbolas and ventilatory response to CO₂ under different conditions. в с VdotE or VdotC (l/min) BL A Measures ventilation PACO₂ or P or Pacoz (mmHg) O E F a) [3 pts] First, the subject's ventilation and Pacoz are measured while she is standing at rest on the treadmill and she breathes in air (21% O₂). Considering the long tube in this experimental setup, which curve (A, B, C, D, E or F) best represents this situation? Briefly explain your selection. Label on the figure "a", the new steady state equilibrium values of Pacoz and ventilation for the volunteer at rest.See Answer
Q9:1. [5 pts] Construct the glucose-insulin regulation model in Simulink as outlined in Fig. 3. The parameter values shown in Fig. 3 are the values of a normal adult. Set the Simulink model to run simulations for a total duration of 24 hours. Although Simulink generally assumes time to be measured in seconds, the units of the model parameters give time in hours-so, you can treat the durations you enter into Simulink as hours (instead of seconds). The initial conditions of normal blood glucose and insulin concentrations are 0.81 mg/mL and 0.055 mU/mL, respectively. These initial values of blood glucose and insulin concentrations should be set in the respective Integrator blocks (shown as in Simulink). To set the initial values in the integrator block, double click the block to open the Block Parameters window. Enter the initial value (e.g., 0.81 for glucose) in the Initial Condition field, and click OK. Run a simulation for a normal adult (Subject N) over 24 hours without any external glucose input (i.e., U(t) = 0). Show the graph of glucose and insulin concentrations as a function of time as 2-by-1 subplots i.e., the glucose concentration is the top subplot and the insulin concentration is the bottom subplot. Label all axes. You may plot using the Scope in Simulink or plot in MATLAB using the simulation results that are sent to MATLAB Workspace. Save this Simulink model as "glucose_N.slx".See Answer
Q10:3. [5 pts] Simulate the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in N and D1 subjects. During the OGTT, a large amount of glucose is infused rapidly and the corresponding blood glucose and insulin trajectories are tracked over a period of up to 5 hours. Assume the total amount of glucose infused is 25,000 mg and the infusion is carried out in the form of a bolus lasting 15 minutes (0.25 h), starting from t = 1 h. Plot the trajectories of blood glucose and insulin predicted by both models. To aid comparison across the 2 cases (N and D1), plot the glucose responses of both N and D1 cases using the same time- and glucose concentration axes i.e., there are two graphs in the top subplot for glucose concentration. Similarly, plot the insulin responses of both cases on the same axes. Label all axes and add a legend indicating which graph belongs to which case. You may plot these simulation results in MATLAB using the simulation results that are sent to the MATLAB Workspace. Report the values of blood glucose and insulin from your simulations: just before you impose the glucose challenge, and at times 1, 2 and 3 hours following the start of the challenge. Glucose concentration (mg/mL) Insulin concentration (mU/mL) D1 N D1 N Time Before OGTT Time = 1 hr Time = 2 hr Time = 3 hrSee Answer
Q11:4. [5 pts] Modify glucose_N.slx and glucose_D1.slx to simulate glucose-insulin dynamics under more realistic conditions where each of these subjects eats 3 meals over 24 hours: - Breakfast starts at hour = 1, duration=30 minutes, glucose infusion rate = 15,000 mg/hr - Lunch starts at hour = 5, duration=45 minutes, glucose infusion rate = 10,000 mg/hr - Dinner starts at hour = 12, duration=1 hour, glucose infusion rate = 12,000 mg/hr You may assume that the glucose rate per meal is constant within the given duration (i.e., the external glucose infusion rate takes the form of rectangular pulses with different durations). Note that in this question, we are not incorporating any oral glucose tolerance test (as in Q.3). In this question, you would create 3 subplots: i) Plot the trajectories of the external glucose infusions (i.e., the meals). ii) Plot the trajectories of blood glucose predicted by both models (normal and type-1 diabetic) over 24 hours on the same axes. iii) Plot the trajectories of blood insulin predicted by both models (normal and type-1 diabetic) over 24 hours on the same axes. Label all axes. For the glucose and insulin subplots, add a legend indicating which graph belongs to which case (normal or type-1 diabetic). From the simulation results, calculate and report the average and standard deviation of blood glucose and insulin concentrations over 24-hour period. Glucose concentration (mg/ml) N D1 Average SD Insulin concentration (mU/mL) N D1See Answer
Q12:6. [10 pts] Here, we assume that D1 uses a programmable insulin infusion pump, instead of the first one that was only able to generate a constant infusion rate. This new pump is capable of infusing insulin in rectangular pulses of different durations and insulin amounts at various times during the 24-hour period. Imagine you are subject D1, program your insulin pump to achieve the following goals: a) Bring your mean blood glucose level over 24 hours as close as possible to the corresponding level in Subject N; b) Reduce the fluctuation in blood glucose level (as measured by the standard deviation) to as low as possible over the 24 hours; and c) Minimize the total amount of insulin (in mU) infused over 24 hours, since insulin is an expensive drug. Explore a variety of insulin infusion patterns. After some trial and error, try to learn from the results what you think are the best strategies. Select the 3 infusion patterns that best satisfy the above criteria. For each pattern that you design, plot the trajectories of: i) glucose infusion, ii) insulin infusion, iii) blood glucose concentration and iv) blood insulin concentration over 24 hours of simulation. For each of these three selected cases, quantify the metrics that correspond to the 3 criteria (a, b and c) described above. Be sure you specify the formulas employed to arrive at each of the 3 criteria. Case N (from Q.4) I 24-h mean glucose conc. (mg/mL) 24-hr glucose conc. fluctuations (mg/mL) Total insulin infused over 24 hours (mU) Briefly justify why you chose these 3 patterns to be your "best 3", and what considerations you used to arrive at each pattern. Save the Simulink model, the best of the 3 cases, as glucose_D1_pump.slx.See Answer
Q13:4. You are imaging a liver and need to cover a volume of 19.2 cm x 19.2 cm x 10 cm at a resolution of 1 mm in all directions. Compare the minimum total acquisition time and the SNR for a 2D GE sequence and a 3D GE sequence, assuming all other parameters are constant. Name at least one reasonable factor that might lead you to choose one sequence over another other than time and SNR.See Answer
Q14: BE 312 Lab #8 Lab 8: ECG Noise and Filtering I. Background The Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) is an electrical signal produced by the heart muscle. It has an amplitude of about 1mV, so a good amplifier is necessary. Electrical noise or electromagnetic interference (EMI), is generated by many common appliances, such as: power lines, lights, computers, cell phones, etc. When the ECG signal is amplified the noise is amplified as well and often swamps the ECG signal. Signal conditioning the ECG signal is necessary to acquire a good quiet ECG. The IX-TA-220 Recorder has the ability to output through the Stimulator any signal that is being recorded on its input, including the iWire ports. In this lab, we are going to perform two experiments. Experiment 1 focuses on using software filters to remove noise from the ECG signal. Experiment 2 uses a hardware filter that you assemble on the breadboards to remove noise from the ECG signal. Experiment 1 1) Record the ECG from the subject using the iWire-B3G. 2) Introduce some 60Hz noise into the ECG recording, by spreading the electrode cables. 3) Identify the frequency of the noise using the spectrum analyzer. 4) Filter the signal using various software filters. 5) Compare the ECG recorded by the iWire-B3G with the filtered ECG. Experiment 2 1) Record the ECG from the subject using the iWire-B3G. 2) Output the signal recorded by the iWire-B3G using the S1 Stimulator. 3) Send the ECG signal to the breadboard, using the C-BNC-BB cable. 4) Filter the signal on the breadboard. 5) Send the filtered signal back to the IX-TA-220, using the C-DIN-BB cable. a. The C-DIN-BB cable also provides +5V and -5V power to power the circuit. 6) Compare the ECG recorded by the iWire-B3G with the filtered ECG II. Setup Equipment Required • PC or Mac Computer • IX-TA data acquisition unit and power supply • USB cable • ROAM Wireless ECG • Labscribe: Settings>BioInstrumentation>ECGFilter-ROAM • C-DIN-BB: Din to Breadboard cable • C-BNC-BB: BNC to Breadboard cable A-BREADBOARD: Breadboard • • Alcohol swabs • Disposable ECG electrodes 1 BE 312 Lab #8 Build the Filter Circuit The first step is to construct a filter on the breadboard. The “breadboard” is a board that is used to create simple prototype electrical circuits without circuit boards or soldering to connect the components. An example is shown in Figure 1. GLOBAL SPECIALTIES alalalala Va Vb Ve Figure 1. Example breadboard. The one you use may look slightly different. Breadboards have internal electrical connections that are common for all breadboards. Some holes are are electrically connected to each other inside the breadboard, while others are not. As shown in Figure 2, the long rows or columns of holes (usually indicated with a blue line, or black line, or red line along them) are all electrically connected inside the board. Thus a wire plugged into one of these holes will be electrically connected to all the others in that long row or column. The central array of holes are connected differently. These are shown with the letters (A B C D E), (F G HIJ), and numbered rows (1,2,3,4...). In each row A-E are all electrically connected. And F-J are electrically connected. But, (A-E) are not connected to (F-J). Rows are not connected either. Also note that if there are multiple (A-E) or (F-J) columns, they are all separate and not connected. 2 BE 312 Lab #8 SPECIALITES 5 ABCD FGH 5 10 10 All the holes in this row are electrically connected in the breadboard All the holes in this row are electrically connected in the breadboard (5 holes) All the holes in this row are electrically connected in the breadboard (5 holes) All the holes in this column are in the breadboard. electrically connected A and B are separate, and are not electrically connected (although the holes in A are connected to each other and the holes in B are connected to each other). Figure 2. Close-up of the breadboard explaining the internal connectivity. For this lab, you will use a second order (2-pole) low pass filter as the hardware filter. The schematic is shown in Figure 3. C2 0.22μF U1 R2 + R1 Output_A5 S1_Input V1 TL062 V2 30.1k 30.1k C1 0.22µF 5v -5v Figure 3. Schematic of the low pass filter you will build and use. This filter is a Sallen Key 2-pole low pass filter. Its job is to remove 60Hz electrical noise picked up from fluorescent lights, computers, and AC power lines. Figure 4 shows this circuit as a “Fritzing diagram” which is a picture representation of what your circuit on the breadboard should look like 3 BE 312 Lab #8 when completed. 0000000 Figure 4. Fritzing diagram of the low pass filter. TL062 Construct the circuit as shown and double check that the wires and components are all connected correctly. Once this is done, go to the breadboard setup and connect to the iWorx. Breadboard Setup 1. Insert the BNC connector on the end of the C-BNC-BB cable into the S1 stimulator port of the TA. 2. Connect the other end of the C-BNC-BB cable to the breadboard. 3. Insert the DIN8 connector of the C-DIN-BB cable into the A5 port of the TA. 4. Connect the other end of the C-DIN-BB cable to the breadboard. See Figure 5 and Figure 6 for pictures of these connections. Do these after the circuit has been assembled. Once everything is connected, continue to the next step and place the ECG electrodes. 4 BE 312 Lab #8 C-DIN-BB Ground C-BNC-BB Ground C-BNC-BB Signal C-DIN-BB +5 V C-DIN-BB-5 V C-DIN-BB+ Input C-DIN-BB- Input HI Vb a abcde TO 220 25 Figure 5. Photo of the breadboard with circuit. Note the wires to be connected to the iWorx box. ECG Setup BREADBOARD iWorx TA-ROAM RAM A1 ROAM Wireless A2 iWire A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 PT 2 C-BNC-BB LV Stim $1 $2 Figure 6. Breadboard connection to the iWorx box. 15See Answer
Q15:NEED TO DO Q5-Q10. Provide required screen captures and explanations organized appropriately Instructions: Plagiarism free Solutions generated from any AI platform is strictly Prohibited Referencing and formatting Style APA Need Typed Solutions only./nBE 312 - Lab #8 Lab 8: ECG Noise and Filtering I. Background The Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) is an electrical signal produced by the heart muscle. It has an amplitude of about 1mV, so a good amplifier is necessary. Electrical noise or electromagnetic interference (EMI), is generated by many common appliances, such as: power lines, lights, computers, cell phones, etc. When the ECG signal is amplified the noise is amplified as well and often swamps the ECG signal. Signal conditioning the ECG signal is necessary to acquire a good quiet ECG. The IX-TA-220 Recorder has the ability to output through the Stimulator any signal that is being recorded on its input, including the iWire ports. In this lab, we are going to perform two experiments. Experiment 1 focuses on using software filters to remove noise from the ECG signal. Experiment 2 uses a hardware filter that you assemble on the breadboards to remove noise from the ECG signal. Experiment 1 1) Record the ECG from the subject using the iWire-B3G. 2) Introduce some 60Hz noise into the ECG recording, by spreading the electrode cables. 3) Identify the frequency of the noise using the spectrum analyzer. 4) Filter the signal using various software filters. 5) Compare the ECG recorded by the iWire-B3G with the filtered ECG. Experiment 2 1) Record the ECG from the subject using the iWire-B3G. 2) Output the signal recorded by the iWire-B3G using the S1 Stimulator. 3) Send the ECG signal to the breadboard, using the C-BNC-BB cable. 4) Filter the signal on the breadboard. 5) Send the filtered signal back to the IX-TA-220, using the C-DIN-BB cable. a. The C-DIN-BB cable also provides +5V and -5V power to power the circuit. 6) Compare the ECG recorded by the iWire-B3G with the filtered ECG II. Setup Equipment Required . PC or Mac Computer · IX-TA data acquisition unit and power supply · USB cable · ROAM Wireless ECG · Labscribe: Settings>BioInstrumentation>ECGFilter-ROAM . C-DIN-BB: Din to Breadboard cable · C-BNC-BB: BNC to Breadboard cable • A-BREADBOARD: Breadboard . Alcohol swabs · Disposable ECG electrodes 1 BE 312 - Lab #8 Build the Filter Circuit The first step is to construct a filter on the breadboard. The "breadboard" is a board that is used to create simple prototype electrical circuits without circuit boards or soldering to connect the components. An example is shown in Figure 1. GLOBAL SPECIALTIES Va Vb Vc ! ABCDE - FONIJ ABODE FGHI .. 5 35 40 ABCD Figure 1. Example breadboard. The one you use may look slightly different. Breadboards have internal electrical connections that are common for all breadboards. Some holes are are electrically connected to each other inside the breadboard, while others are not. As shown in Figure 2, the long rows or columns of holes (usually indicated with a blue line, or black line, or red line along them) are all electrically connected inside the board. Thus a wire plugged into one of these holes will be electrically connected to all the others in that long row or column. The central array of holes are connected differently. These are shown with the letters (A B C D E), (F G HIJ), and numbered rows (1,2,3,4 ... ). In each row A-E are all electrically connected. And F-J are electrically connected. But, (A-E) are not connected to (F-J). Rows are not connected either. Also note that if there are multiple (A-E) or (F-J) columns, they are all separate and not connected. 2 BE 312 - Lab #8 SPECIALTTES + ABCDE FGHIJ + 5 5 All the holes in this row are electrically connected in the breadboard All the holes in this row are electrically connected in the breadboard (5 holes) All the holes in this row are electrically connected in the breadboard (5 holes) 10 10m KEL 15 KER A 20 25 All the holes in this column are electrically connected in the breadboard. A and B are separate, and are not electrically connected (although the holes in A are connected to each other and the holes in B are connected to each other). Figure 2. Close-up of the breadboard explaining the internal connectivity. For this lab, you will use a second order (2-pole) low pass filter as the hardware filter. The schematic is shown in Figure 3. C2 0.22µF R2 R1 U1 + S1_Input + Output_A5 V1 V2 30.1k 30.1k C1 TL062 + 0.22JF 5v -5v Figure 3. Schematic of the low pass filter you will build and use. This filter is a Sallen Key 2-pole low pass filter. Its job is to remove 60Hz electrical noise picked up from fluorescent lights, computers, and AC power lines. Figure 4 shows this circuit as a "Fritzing diagram" which is a picture representation of what your circuit on the breadboard should look like 3 BE 312 - Lab #8 when completed. 1 in 10 FGHIJ TL062 ABCDE Figure 4. Fritzing diagram of the low pass filter. Construct the circuit as shown and double check that the wires and components are all connected correctly. Once this is done, go to the breadboard setup and connect to the iWorx. Breadboard Setup 1. Insert the BNC connector on the end of the C-BNC-BB cable into the S1 stimulator port of the TA. 2. Connect the other end of the C-BNC-BB cable to the breadboard. 3. Insert the DIN8 connector of the C-DIN-BB cable into the A5 port of the TA. 4. Connect the other end of the C-DIN-BB cable to the breadboard. See Figure 5 and Figure 6 for pictures of these connections. Do these after the circuit has been assembled. Once everything is connected, continue to the next step and place the ECG electrodes. 4 BE 312 - Lab #8 C-DIN-BB +5 V C-DIN-BB -5 V C-DIN-BB + Input C-DIN-BB - Input C-DIN-BB Ground C-BNC-BB Signal C-BNC-BB Ground 25 25 20 25 Vb abcde - + Figure 5. Photo of the breadboard with circuit. Note the wires to be connected to the iWorx box. iWorx TA-ROAM hij a REKAM ROAM Wireless HV Stimulator O A2 A4 iWire LV Stim A3 A5 A6 A7 PT 1 .2 S1 S2 BREADBOARD WB-104-1 Va C-BNC-BB Figure 6. Breadboard connection to the iWorx box. ECG Setup 5 BE 312 - Lab #8 1. Disconnect the ROAM from the dock and place the electrodes as shown in Figure 7. REKAM Figure 7. Electrode placement for ECG signal acquisition. 2. Instruct the subject to sit quietly with their hands in their lap. If the subject moves, the ECG trace will move off the top or bottom of the screen. If the subject moves any muscles in the arms or upper body, electromyograms (EMGs) from the muscles will appear on the ECG recording as noise. 6 BE 312 - Lab #8 III. Experiments Aim: To record an ECG and identify the noise and use software filters. Procedure 1. The provided ECGFilter LabScribe setting file has been preset with the following settings. The instructions in the Appendix are for your information and to help you modify other iWorx lab experiments to add the option for additional signal conditioning. 2. If you set everything up and connected the breadboard correctly, you should be able to see the hardware filtered data in Labscribe during/after the ECG data collection (Channel A5) 3. Introduce noise into the ECG signal, by spreading out the ECG leads. Separate the black cable (negative) from the red (positive) cable so environmental noise is picked up by the amplifier. 4. Click on the Record button, located on the upper right corner of the LabScribe Main window. The signal should begin scrolling across the screen. Note: If the user clicks the Record button and there is no communication between the iWorx unit and computer, an error window will appear in the center of the Main window. Make sure the iWorx unit is turned on and connected to the USB port of the computer. Click OK and select the Find Hardware function from the LabScribe Tools menu. 5. Click on the AutoScale All button on the LabScribe toolbar, to Autoscale all the channels. Half Display Double Display New File Save File Analysis XY Plot Journal Marks Time Time Two Cursors Preview View Menu Macro 1.23 Default View IXTA View Off M review Open File Main/Home FFT Find/Found Hardware Meters Stimulator Zoom Between Cursors Auto One Cursors Rec/Stop Scale Figure 8. Labscribe toolbar. 6. Record for two minutes. 7. Click Stop to halt the recording and click File -> Save As to save your data file. . Channel A12: Raw ECG is the Raw ECG signal recorded by the iWire-B3G. · Channel S1: Stim 1 is the output of the Stimulator that is sent to the breadboard · Channel A5: Filtered ECG is the Filtered output of the ECG signal, after signal conditioning on the Breadboard. 8. The signals on A12 and S1 are the same, and should be noisy. Experiment 1: ECG and 60 Hz Noise - Software Filters The first analyses will be performed using software filters. 7 BE 312 - Lab #8 Identifying the frequency of the noise. Click on the FFT icon to switch to FFT window (see Figure 9). SnapToGrid < FFT > V2-V1 T2-T1 Mea Add Function Raw ECG 28.430 18.000 6220.88€ 4 5% -5.5K- -6K-J -6.5K- -7K- -7.5Kč 0 msec 4.855 sec 9.710 sec 14.565 sec 19.415 sec < * Power Spectrum of Raw ECG Q Q Q AQ & # Freq. Resolution = 1 Hz Normalize Power1 Power2 Frea1 Frea2 Add Function 0.000 4.000 75.000 1 0.95ª 0.9 0.85 0.75- 07 0.65 06 Power 0.55 0.5- 0.45- 0.4 0.35- 0.3- 0.25 02 0.15- 0.1 0 € 20 40 60 80 Figure 9. Raw signal and FFT of the signal. · Choose the Raw ECG channel (highlighted in the image above). . Make sure you have enough data in the window, You may need to click on the double display time to increase the displayed data. · Place the cursors in the Raw ECG channel to select the region to perform the FFT. . Click the AutoScale All button above the FFT graph. You will then see the FFT of the selected signal in the bottom graph. · The signal strength near DC is too high in this case to see the noise components. · Place the Cursors in the FFT window around 4 Hz and around 75Hz, Then click on the Zoom Between Cursors icon above the FFT graph. · The FFT graph will now show data between 4 Hz and 75 Hz. . Click on the Autoscale All button for the FFT graph to autoscale the data. · Place the second cursor on the peak, you will see that it is at 60Hz. We have thus determined that the main source of our noise is at 60 Hz. 8 BE 312 - Lab #8 Snap ToGrid < > V2-V1 T2-T1 Mean Add Function Raw ECG 640.890 16.795 6248.905 NUL 0 msec 4.855 sec 9.710 sec 14.565 sec 19.415 sec < * Power Spectrum of Raw ECG & #* Freq. Resolution = 1 Hz ] Normalize Frea Frea2 Power1 Power2 Add Function 6.000 50.000 1365.067 4245.915 4 6K- 4.4K- 4.2K- 4K 3 8K- 3.6K 3.4K 3.2K 3K 2.BK 2.6 Power 2.4K 22K 2K 1.8K 1.6K- 1.4K- 1.2K 1000 800 600 400 200- . . . 10 15 . 20 25 30 . . . . . 35 40 50 . . . . . 55 60 65 70 7 Figure 10. FFT power spectrum zoomed. Software Filters for reducing the noise: Option1: Notch Filter: The notch filter can be used to remove 60Hz noise. To create a channel with the notch filter. . Click on the fx on the Raw ECG channel bar. · Choose 60 Hz notch filter. You may select to filter out the harmonics as well. . . . . Notch Filter Dialog X 50 Hz Notch Filter 60 Hz Notch Filter filter 3rd harmonic filter 2nd harmonic OK Cancel . Click OK. A notch filter channel is now created. Option2: FIR Filter: A FIR (finite impulse response) filter can be used to reduce the noise in the signal. To create a channel with an FIR filter: . Click on the Raw ECG channel bar. · Set the Low and High cutoff. For human ECG, a low cutoff of 0.1Hz and a High Cutoff of 35Hz works well. · Choose the filter type and the order of the filter. 9 BE 312 - Lab #8 Filter Setup Dialog X Filter Type : Hamming Window(default) V Low Cutoff 0.1 Filter Order ( odd number) 2001 High Cutoff 35 0 50 100 Frequency Frequences in Color are passed while those in white are blocked OK Cancel Figure 11. FIR filter setup window. Labscribe window with the two filter options is shown below. Speed: 200 s/sec Display Time: 7.110 sec Mark ALL T2-T1( 10.930 sec - 8.560 sec)= 2.370 sec - A1:Raw ECG Spirometer Q Q Q fx V2-V1= 107.050 mV -4.5K- -5.5K- -6K- É -6.5K- -7K -7.5K- C1:Comp Ch 1 Notch Filter(Raw ECG) @ @ @ fx V2-V1= 83.387 mV -5.25K- -5.75K- >-6.25K- É -6.75K-playerml -7.25K- -7.75K C2:Comp Ch 2 FIR Filter(Raw ECG) @ @ @ fx V2-V1= - 11.419 mV 1.25K 750- 250 mV -250 -750 -1.25K_ 6.190 sec 7.965 sec 9.745 sec 11.520 sec 13.295 sec Figure 12. Signals compared. Experiment 2: ECG and noise - Hardware Filter Refer to the channels S1 and A5 in Labscribe for these analyses. Compare peak values of the signal before and after filtering. Try to use the FFT analysis on the filtered signal. IV. Wrap Up When you are done with the lab, carefully remove all components and wires from the breadboard and return all to the case. Please be neat and careful! 10 BE 312 - Lab #8 V. Report Questions 1. Include screen captures/pictures of all channels recorded. 2. Provide a screen capture of the FFT the raw signal. What is the frequency of the noise? Does this match what the lab says it should be? 3. Provide a screen capture image of the filtered signal using the Notch Filter. Does this remove the noise? 4. Provide a screen capture image of the filtered signal using the FIR Filter. Does this remove the noise? 5. Which software filter was better? Why do you think this was the case? 6. (a) What is the TL062? (b) Provide a pin label diagram for the TL062. What pins did you use? 7. Assuming all electronic components in your hardware filter are "ideal," derive the H(jw) transfer function for the low pass filter. Use Matlab or Excel to create a Bode plot showing |H| in dB vs frequency. Frequency plot should start at 0.1 Hz and go up to 10,000 Hz (log scale, of course). Indicate the "cut-off frequency" on the plot. 8. Does the hardware filter remove the noise from the raw signal? 9. Can you apply the FFT analysis to the hardware filtered signal? If so, what does it show about the noise? Can you compare this to the software filtered noise? 10. Which of the three filters seemed to work best removing noise? 11 BE 312 - Lab #8 VI. Appendix A: Labscribe Setup information Open the Preferences dialog, by choosing Edit->Preferences from the Main Menu. . Channels Tab. · Enable the Channels to be recorded and Label them. These channels will be used: - A5 (Filtered ECG): This is the output of the Filter - il 2 (Raw ECG): This is the ECG measured by the iWire-B3G - S1 (Stimulator): This is what the Stimulator is outputing, which is same as the Raw ECG Channel. You do not have to enable this channel. Preferences Dialog X Channel Stimulator Views Sequences Options Events Acquisition Mode Start Stop Chart V User Speed 1000 V Samples/Sec v v User 2 Display Time 12.184000 sec Title Mode/Function Y Max Y Min Add Function Units Color A A1 Raw Ch 1 Off 5.000000 -5.000000 Add Function Units A2 Raw Ch 2 Off 5.000000 -5.000000 Add Function Units A3 Raw Ch 3 Off 5.000000 -5.000000 Add Function Units A4 Raw Ch 4 Off 5.000000 -5.000000 Add Function Units A5 Filtered ECG DIN8 0.334837 -0.202036 Add Function Units A6 Raw Ch 6 Off 5.000000 -5.000000 Add Function Units DO2 DO2 Off 5.000000 -5.000000 Add Function Units A8 Raw Ch 8 Off 5.000000 -5.000000 Add Function Units EM1 EM1 Off 5.000000 -5.000000 Add Function Units EM2 EM2 Off 5.000000 -5.000000 Add Function Units i1 1 i1 1 Off 5844.3311 -1897.861 Add Function Units i1 2 Raw ECG DC-10kHz 50mV -0.962093 -2.382150 Add Function Units i13 i1 3 Off 1.944953 -1.486055 Add Function Units i1 4 i14 Off 0.380391 -0.202361 Add Function Units SpO2 Sp02 Off 5.000000 -5.000000 Add Function Units HR HR Off 5.000000 -5.000000 Add Function Units S1 Stim 1 Record 0.628298 -0.461561 Add Function Units S2 S2 Off 5.000000 -5.000000 Add Function Units > OK Cancel · Stimulator Tab · Choose S1 stimulator · Set the mode to Analog Channel · Choose A12: Raw ECG as the analog channel to be send to the Stimulator output 12 BE 312 - Lab #8 Enable Start Stimulator with Recording. Channel Stimulator Views Sequences Options Events S1 v Import Settings Analog Channel A12:Raw ECG v Analog Channel > Start Stimulator with Recording Time Resolution 0.05 msec v Toolbar Steps Frequency 1 Amplitude (V) 0.1 Time 0.1 A 13See Answer

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